$H Acerbas.
|
The traditional name of the husband of Que=
en
Dido. He was properly called Zicharbad, which=
see.
(1876c1) |
$H =
Acerna (See Acerra )
$H = Acerra. Roman
|
Acerra or Acerna, R. (prob. from acer, maple). A small square =
box
with a hinged lid; a coffer used to hold the incense for sacrifices; when=
ce
its Latin names arca turalis=
, arcula turalis=
, acerra turis <=
span
class=3DSpellE>custos. The acerra appears on certain bas‑reliefs among the
sacred utensils. It is to be seen represented on the altar of the small <=
st1:PlaceType
w:st=3D"on">temple of |
|
Acerra. A small box used by the Romans to hold incense at
sacrifices. The incense was not burned in the acerra, but only taken ou=
t of
it and thrown on the altar. Boxes of this kind are frequently figured on =
bas‑reliefs,
from one of which our illustration is taken. ILLUS. accera (1891a1)
|
|
Acerra. (Lat= .) An incense-box of a square form, used by the Romans at their sacrifices, = and particularly at feasts and funerals; like all vessels used at sacrifices,= it is of importance in Art, and is met with on many bas-reliefs. According to Festus, the Acerra was also a small portable altar on which incense was b= urnt to the dead; but Virgil and Ovid mention it as a box in which the incense= was kept;* the twelve tables of = the law forbade the use of the Acerra as an unnecessary luxury. Acerra thuraria is the vessel us= ed in the church to keep the incense in. FIGU= RE * =
Our cut
exhibits the Acerra as a box with a lid, and standing on legs fashioned l=
ike
those of an animal. It occurs in a bas-relief, representing sacrificial
implements, preserved in the Museum of the Capitol at Rome.(1855f1)
|
![](3D"ace_files/image029.gif")
![](3D"ace_files/image030.gif")
$H Acetabula. Roman
|
R. A kind of bronze =
cymbals,
attached to the hands and feet, as also to the knees. The same name was a=
lso
given to silver cymbals which were played by striking them with a stick of
hard wood. (1883m1) |
$H Acetabulum. Roman
|
Acetabulum. A small vase used by the Romans to hold vinegar, a= nd employed by jugglers in playing the game of thimblerig. ILLUS. acetabul (1891a1)<= o:p>
|
|
Acetabulum. R. (from acetum, vinegar). A cup for vinegar used by the Romans at meals. The acetabul= um was also a goblet used by jugglers among the Greeks and Romans to make nutmegs disappear. By the latter these jugglers were called praestigiatores, by the former <= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier"'>R= 0N= @6= 8X= BJ= "4 [=3Dpsephokleptae] or R= 0N= @B= "\= 6J= "4[=3Dpsephopaektae]. Lastly, we find in= Pliny the Elder that acetabulum was the name given to a dry measure of capacity, equal to the quarter of a hemina<= /i> or the half of the quartarius, a= nd equivalent to .1238 of a pint. [The Greek Oxybaphon.] (1883m1) |
|
Acetabulum. (Lat.) In Roman antiquities, a vessel of porcelain, silver, bronze, or gold, in = the form of a goblet or tea-cup, = 224; in which vinegar and other liquids were brought to table: also the goblet which the Roman jugglers (Acetabularii) used. Properly the word means a m= easure, and corresponds to the Greek Oxyb= aphon. FIGURE † An
utensil of this kind is represented in the cut. The original is preserved=
in
the Museum at Napes, and is of a fine red clay, with its name inscribed
beneath it.(1855f1)
|
![](3D"ace_files/image031.gif")
![](3D"ace_files/image032.gif")
$H Acha, Achia, Hac= hia.
|
Acha, Achia, Hachia. Lat. A battle‑axe. (1883m1) |
$H Acharya. Hindu
|
The Hindu term for a spiritual teacher or
preceptor. (1876c1) |
$H Achechu. Egypt
|
One of the mystical deities of the Egyptian
Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1) |
$H Achelor, Achlere, Ash= lar. (Architecture) = Hewn stone (1883m1). See Ashlar.
$H Achem. Egypt
|
Se=
e Sept Achem, an Egyptian deity, worshipped at the town of=
|
$H Achen. Egypt
|
Achen. "Recluse.=
" An Egyptian title, applied to =
the
ladies of the royal harem. (1876c1) |
$H Achencheres. =
Egypt
|
The Greek =
name of
an Egyptian king, which is supposed to have been the same as Khuenaten, t=
he
heretical surname of Amenophis IV. (1876c1) |
$H Acheri. Egypt
|
Acheri.
"Enemy." The name =
of a
mystical animal which was symbolical of evil in the Egyptian mythology.
(1876c1) |
$H Acherres. Egypt
|
The name of two Egyptian kings of the XVIIIth dynasty according to the Greek lists. They =
are
not certainly identified. (1876c1) |
$H Aches. Egypt
|
A king of the IIIrd
Egyptian dynasty. He reigned forty-two years. (1876c1) |
$H Achia, Hachia, Ach= a.
|
Acha, Achia, Hachia. Lat. A battle‑axe. (1883m1) |
$H Achitu. Assyria
|
A town in |
$H Achmeir. Egypt
|
The modern name for the city and nome in |
$H Achoris. Egypt
|
A
king of Dynasty XXIX., who according to Diodorus Siculus, joined forces with the King of Cyprus in an
unfortunate campaign against Artaxerxes II.
(1902b1) |
|
The Greek form of the Egyptian royal name =
Hakar, which see. (1876c1)=
|
$H Achromatic. Greek
|
Achromatic. Gr. (=
"[=3Da]
priv. P=
D`=
:@=
H[=3DChromos],
colour). The effect of an arrangement of =
lenses
by which a coloured ray of light is rendered =
colourless. (1883m1) |
|
Achromatic. A term derived from the Greek, signifying
"free from colour." Objects viewed through a lens in which no
provision is made for the correction of the chromatic aberration - that i=
s,
through a single piece of glass - are always fringed with colours. An Achromatic lens is a combination=
of
two dissimilar glasses, as crown and flint glass, so arranged that the co=
loured
or chromatic aberration of the rays passing through a single glass is cor=
rected,
and the light passes undecomposed, and is therefore free from colour. The=
better
class of telescopes and similar optical instruments have always Achromati=
c lenses;
and in the camera obscura, when used for photographic purposes, Achromati=
c lenses
are indispensable. (1855f1) |
$H Achromatism.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
An achromatic lens is a complex lends which prevents the
appearance of the iridescent colours seen by a person looking at an object
through a single lens. (1891a1) |
$H Achsuf. Egypt
|
One of the mystical deities of the Ritual =
of
the Dead. (1876c1) |
$H Achsurus. Persia
|
A Persian royal name; by some historians
thought to have been intended for that of Ahasuerus<=
/span>.
(1876c1) |
$H Achzib.
|
The Hebrew name of the city called by the
Assyrians, Akzibi, which see. (1876c1) |
$H Acicula. Greek
|
Gr. (dimin. of acus,
a needle or pin). In particular a bodkin =
used
by the Roman ladies to keep the hair in its place when curled or plaited,=
and
to keep on false hair. The words acicula and acus are however all but synonymous. The former does n=
ot
denote a bodkin of smaller size than the acus, but an object made =
of an
inferior material; the acus
being of silver, ivory or gold, while the acicula was simply of bon=
e or
some hard wood such as box, myrtle, olive, &c. (1883m1) |
$H Acierage. Engraving
|
(Engrav.) A process invented=
by
Salmon and Garnier, and brought to perfection=
by Jacquin. It consists in covering copper‑plate=
s with
a very fine film of steel by means of electroplating. The object of acierage is to
obtain a metal surface with more power of resistance than copper, and not=
so
likely to be worn out by the continual wiping which printing necessitates=
. In
addition, the process can be repeated if the wear and tear of the plate <=
span
class=3DGramE>render it necessary or if the artist wishes to retou=
ch the
plate. The removal or renewal of the steel coating is an operation of ext=
reme
facility. (1891a1) |
$H Acinaces. Near East
|
Acinaces. Orient. (= •6= 4<= V6= 0H[=3Dakinakes]; orig. a Persian word). A straight poniard resembling a very short Roman sword, used by the Eastern nations of antiquity, especially, the Medes, Persians and Scythians. It w= as worn by soldiers suspended from a belt round the waist, but the weapon hu= ng either at the right or the left side, according to the nationality and accoutrements of the soldier. When, however, he wore a sword, this was al= ways placed at the left, and the acina= ces at the right side of the body. The handles of these weapons are generally extremely rich. Fig. 6. Acinaces. (1883m1)
|
|
Acinaces. A short dagger won by the Persians, Medes, and Scythians=
. It
was suspended round the waist and so arranged as to lie against the right
thigh. ILLUS.<=
span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-no-proof:no'>
|
|
Acinaces. A short straight dagger, worn on the right= side, peculiar to the Scythians, Medes, and Persians. It is seen on the figure = of a Persian prince in the celebrated Pompeian mosaic of the Battle of Issus. = This weapon was not a sword, but a dagger, and worn on the opposite side of the body to that weapon, suspended from a belt round the waist, so as to hang against the right thigh. Our illustration is copied from Ker Porter's pla= tes of the Persepolitan Sculptures, among which are numerous examples of this peculiar mode of wearing the dagger, which appears to have been entirely confined to the Eastern nations. FIGURE= (1855f1)
|
![](3D"ace_files/image033.gif")
![](3D"ace_files/image034.gif")
![](3D"ace_files/image035.gif")
$H Acis.
|
A river-god, the tutelary deity of the tow=
n of
|
$H Acisculus. Roman
|
R. (Diminutive of ascia, an adze =3D a small adze). A small pick employed by stone‑cutters a= nd masons in early times. Representations of it may be seen pretty frequentl= y on medals, in especial those of the Valerian family. [See ASCIA.] (1883m1) |
$H Acketon. Costume
|
Acketon. <=
/span>Fr. A quilted leathern jacket, worn under the <=
span
class=3DSpellE>armour, introduced from the East by the Crusaders.
(1883m1) |
|
Acketon. <=
/span>(Cos.) A
sleeveless tunic of buckram or buckskin worn under the armour, to which a
reference will be found in Chaucer's "Sir Topaz." At the end of=
the
15th century the term was applied to defences of plate. (1891a1) |
|
Acketon. (=
Fr.) A quilted leathern jacket w=
orn
under the armour, probably derived from the Asiatics at the time of the
Crusades. The Greek term for a tunic is ho-kiton,
whence the numerous corruptions, =
hoketon,
hauqueton, hauketon, aketon,=
actione, |
$H Aclis or Aclyx. Roman
|
Aclis or Aclyx. R. A sor=
t of
harpoon, consisting of a thick short stock set with spikes. This massive
weapon was chiefly employed by foreign nations, but not by the Romans. It=
was
launched against the enemy, and drawn back by means of a cord to which it=
was
attached, to be launched a second time. This weapon bears some resemblanc=
e to
a particular kind of angon
(or trident). (See ANGONES.) (1883m1) |
$H Acoris. Egypt
|
A chief town in the C=
ynopolite
nome of the Heptanomos.
It is now called Tehnah. (1876c1) |
$H Acoustic Vases. Roman
|
R. (Gr. =
•6=
@L=
FJ=
46=
ÎH[=3Dakustikos], pertaining to the sens=
e of
hearing). Vases of earthenware or more of=
ten of
bronze, which, in the theatres of antiquity, served the purpose of
strengthening the voices of the actors. Vases of this kind would also see=
m to
have been employed for the same purpose during the middle ages, for the a=
rchitect
Oberlin, when repairing the vault of the choir, in the ancient church of =
the
Dominicans at Strasburg, discovered some acoustic vases there. (1883m1) |
$H Acraganes. Assyria
|
An Assyrian royal name (quoted by Syncellus from Ctesias;=
Eusebius
writes it Ocrazapes). It is supposed by some
writers to have been another form of the name of Ass=
urbanipal.
(1876c1) |
$H Acratophoron.= Greek & Roman
|
A term used by the Greeks and Romans to denote the vesse=
l in
which unmixed wine was put on the table. (1891a1) |
$H Acratophorum.= Greek & Roman
|
Gr. and R. (=
•6=
D"=
J@‑=
N`=
D@=
H[=3Dakrato‑phoros],
holding unmixed wine). A table vessel for
holding pure wine, while the crater (6D"J¬D[=3Dkrater]), on th=
e other
hand, contained wine mixed with water. These vessels were often dedicated=
to
Bacchus. They were made in earthenware and metal, but those that were
dedicated to the gods were of gold and silver, and had their place among =
the
treasures of the temples. Fig. 7 represents a silver acratophorum
found at
|
![](3D"ace_files/image036.gif")
$H Acrocephalic.=
|
Acrocephalic. "Highheaded." A
term employed by Anthropologists to denote a skull which in a degree exce=
eds
the height of the average skulls of a race or class. (1876c1) |
$H Acrolith, Acrolithes= . Greek
|
Acrolith. Gr. (=
–6=
D@=
<[=3D |
|
Acrolithes. (Gr.)
Extremities of stone. Those statues of the earlier Greek artists, which w=
ere
made of wood and stone. The sculptors antecedent to Phidias, says Vitruvi=
us,
made only the extremities of their statues of marble; the head, hands, and
feet were of stone, while the body was of bronze or gilt wood; and, in or=
der
to make the extremities conspicuous, the whitest marble was selected. It =
is
an error to suppose that these Acrolithes were invented by the latter art=
ists
to give greater variety to their work, and to lessen its cost. These stat=
ues
certainly belong to the early age of Hellenic Art, in the first efforts of
which marble was only used for the extremities; but, as skill increased, =
the
figures were formed entirely of that material. Acrolithes existed long be=
fore
the time of Phidias, who executed a Pallas at Plateae in this style. The
Greek artists departed only by degrees from the wood first in use. To the
clothed or even gilded bodies of wood were attached arms and feet of ston=
e;
ivory also was joined to the wood, or it was entirely overlaid with gold.=
- Vide MULLER'S Ancient Art and its Remains. (1855f1) |
$H Acropodium. Greek
|
Gr. (=
–6=
D@=
<[=3D |
$H Acropolis. Architecture, Greek
|
Gr. (=
•6=
D`‑=
B@=
84=
H[=3Dakro‑polis],
upper or higher city). From its primary m=
eaning
the term came to signify a fortified city. They were very numerous, in
ancient times, in |
|
Acropolis. (Arch.) The citadel in ancient Greek towns. The
acropolis was generally a lofty rock, constituting a natural fortificatio=
n,
which was further strengthened by the construction of walls proof against=
any
attack. On it was built the temple consecrated to the deity under whose
protection the city existed. The most famous acropolis in ancient times w=
as
that of |
|
Acropolis. A walled city on the summit of a hill; the
citadel on the top of a rock, which usually included the most sacred
buildings. The Acropolis at |
$H Acrostic. Christian
|
Chr. (=
–6=
D@=
<[=3D |
$H Acrostolium.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Greek & Roman
|
A sculptured ornament, generally in the shape of a volut= e, which surmounted the prow of ancient galleys. It sometimes presented the = form of an animal's snout, or of some defensive arm, such as a helmet or buckl= er. ILLUS. acrostol (1891a1)<= o:p>
|
|
Gr. and R. (=
•6=
D@=
FJ=
`8=
4@=
<[=3Dakrostolion],
extremity of beak of a ship). An ornament
employed by the ancients to decorate the upper extremity of the prows of
ships. This ornament often figured among trophies, since it was the custom
for the victor in a naval combat to take the acrostolia from the captu=
red
ships. It is frequently to be met with on the bas‑reliefs of triump=
hal
monuments. Fig. 8 shows an acrostolium taken from a bas‑relief in the Museu=
m of
the Capitol. The object seen projecting from the acr=
ostolium
is a sounding lead. Fig. 8. Roman acrostolium. (1883m1)
|
![](3D"ace_files/image037.gif")
![](3D"ace_files/image038.gif")
$H Acroteria, Acroterium. Graeco-= Roman Architecture
|
Acroterium. Gr. and R. (=
•6=
DT=
JZ=
D4=
@<[=3Dakroterion], the extremity of
anything). In a signification more restri=
cted
than the primary one, yet generally admitted, the term acroteria is applied to t=
he
plain socles and pedestals placed at the summ=
it of
buildings to support statues, groups, or other crown=
ings.
ACROTERIUM was the common name for the acrostolium, and the taki=
ng of
it away as a trophy was called acroteriazein. (1883m1) |
|
Acroterium. (Arch.) A pedestal placed at the cor=
ners
as well as on the summit of the pediment in Greek and Roman temples. Thes=
e acroteria were sometimes of great importance, and c=
onsisted
of pedestals carrying figures of colossal size. We still find, in some
monuments of the Romanesque period, examples of acro=
teria
placed as end‑ornaments on the gable of the apse.
|
|
Acroteria=
. A Greek word,
generally used to signify the pedestals placed on the summit and angles o=
f a
pediment, to receive statues or other ornamental figures. It sometimes me=
ans
the wings, feet, or other extremities of a statue. FIGURE(1855f1)
|
![](3D"ace_files/image039.gif")
![](3D"ace_files/image040.gif")
$H Actia. Greek
|
Gr. Actia,
Gr., festivals held every fourth year, at Actium,
in |
$H Actinic
|
Actinic (rays of light:) chemically active. (1883m1)= |
$H Action.
|
The effect of a figure or figures acting together. I= n the general acceptation of this term, it signifies the principal event which forms the subject of a picture or bas-relief. We also say that a certain figure or personage takes, or does not take, part in the action; and that= a figure has action when it has the attitude, muscularity, and physiognomic= al expression of a person acting naturally, giving the idea of an action mor= e or less vivid. (1855f1) |
$H Actuariae. Roman
|
R. (see Naves). Open boats, built to attain a high d= egree of speed, propelled by sails and sweeps, and never fitted with less than eighteen oars. Pirates used this class of vessel exclusively. (1883m1) |
$H Actuarii. Roman
|
R. The shorthand wri=
ters who
took down speeches in the senate. Also certain officials who answered to =
our
commissariat officers. (1883m1) |
$H Acu. The Chaldean name of the moon, when spoken of astronomica= lly. See Agu. = (1876c1)
$H Acuminated. Architecture
|
Arch. Finishing in a=
point,
like a lofty Gothic roof. (1883m1) |
$H Acus. Roman
|
Acus. A Latin term for a pin or needle. It especially denotes a
pin, made of gold, silver, bronze, ivory, or wood used to fasten garments=
or
pass through plaited hair. ILLUS. acus (1891a1)
|
|
Acus. R. (Gr. =
•6=
¬[=3Dake],
a point). A bodkin, needle, or pin. The <=
span
class=3DSpellE>acus de=
noted
both a needle for sewing and a pin for fastening anything. When used for =
the
hair it was called acus crinalis or
comatoria.
In Christian archaeology the word applies to the jew=
elled
pins used as fastenings to papal or archiepiscopal vestments. The Roman <=
span
class=3DSpellE>acus is=
worn in
the hair by the Italian peasant woman of the present day. (1883m1) |
|
Acus. A Latin term, signifying a pin or needle,
represented in ancient works of Art as employed in dressing the hair (Acus comataria), and in fastening
garments. They were made of various metals, wood and ivory, and varied in
length from an inch and a half to eight inches. Numerous examples are fou=
nd
in the works of Art taken from
|
![](3D"ace_files/image041.gif")
![](3D"ace_files/image042.gif")