$H Agalma, Agalmata. Greek

Agalma, Agalmata, Gr. (= –(= "8= :"[=3Dagalma], from •= (V= 8= 8T[=3Dagallo], to glorify). Any work of art dedicated to a god, whether it= were placed in his temple or not; such as tripods; [braziers for incense], or other accessories of a temple. The low pillar placed over a tomb, or the statue of a god might be agalmata . (1883= m1)

$H Agane. Babylon

A city in Babylonia, founded by the mythic= al king Sargon I., who peopled it with the mixed races whom he carried off in his various wa= rs. Here he established a palace, named Ekiamizallak, and a national library, the remains of which have not yet been recovered. (1876c1)

$H Agate.

Agate. A siliceous stone of great hardness. The varieties of ag= ate most generally employed by gem‑engravers are the cornelian and sardonyx. The chrysopras is used exclusively for jewellery, while vases, pedestals, &c., of much richness are manufactured from the onyx and the numerous other varieties = of agate. (1891a1)

Agate. A variety of = quartz often employed by the engravers of antiquity. The term is a corruption of= the word Achates= , a river= of Sicily, on the banks of which nu= merous varieties of the stone abound. Among these may be mentioned the cerachates, or white wax‑like agate; dendrachates, or arborescent agate; hemac= hates, or blood‑agate, so‑called from its blood‑like spots; an= d leucachates, or white agate. Agates were often carved into scarabaei= by the Egyptians, and Babylonian cylinders have been found, made of the s= ame material. The oriental agate is semi‑transparent, the occidental is opaque, of various tints, often v= eined with quartz and jasper; hence its fitness for cutting cameos. (1883m1)

Agate. A stone much used by the ancients for gem engraving; the oriental Agate is semi-transparent; the occidental is opaq= ue, of various tints, often veined with quartz and jasper. The stone obtained= its name from the circumstance of great quantities being found in the river Achates, in Sicily. They were known as Leucachates when tinged with white; Cerachates= when veined with striae of a waxen= hue; and Haemachates when of a war= m red or blood colour. Cameos are formed from these stones, when they possess t= wo or more strata of colours; one of which is removed partially, and produce= s an additional effect, whether the work be raised for gems, or incuse for sea= ls, &c.; one tint being used to relieve the other. (1855f1)

$H Agatha. St.

Agatha, St. A martyr saint of Catania, who was tortured and put to de= ath by Quintian, a governor of Sicily. She is represented in art as holding in one hand a palm, in the other a dish or salver, on which is a woman's breast. She wears a crown of martyrdom and a veil, and beside her lie the shears, the instrument with whi= ch her breast was cut off. The best known picture of her martyrdom is by Sebastian del Piombo, and is at the Pitti<= /st1:PlaceName> Palace. (1891a1)<= o:p>

Agatha, St., when represented as a martyr, is depicted crowned, with a long veil, and beari= ng the instruments of her cruel martyrdom, a pair of shears, with which her breasts were cut off. As patron saint, she bears in one hand a palm branc= h, and holding with the other a plate or salver, upon which is a female breast. = The subject of her martyrdom has been treated by Sebastian del Piombo, Van Dyck, Parmigiano, and others. (1855f1)

$H Agathodaemon, Cup of= . Greek

Gr. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier"'>z= !(= "2= @‑*= "\= :T= <[=3DAgatho‑daemon]). A name given by the Greeks to a cup consecrate= d to Bacchus, and meaning literally, the "Cup of the Good Genius." It was sent round after a feast, in order that each guest might partake of t= he wine. (1883m1)

$H Agbatana. [See Ecbatana - = Editor.]

$H Agdites.

An Arabian people who came from Yemen about the third century, A.D., and introduced pure Arabic into the Amalekite nations of Arabia Pe= trea. They were also called Ghassanites. (1876c1)

$H Agea. Roman

R. A narrow passage = or gangway in a boat, by means of which the boatswain (= hortator) communicated wi= th the rowers. (1883m1)

$H Agger. Roman

R. A general term to= denote a mound of any materials, such as that formed by a dyke, quay, roadway, or earthwork; and particularly a rampart composed of trunks of trees and employed in offensive or defensive warfare. A celebrated agger was that of Servius Tullius at Rome. The art o= f constructing aggeres<= /span> and other fortifications, had been learnt by t= he Romans from the Greeks, who in their turn had derived it from the East. It was after having penetrated into the heart of Asia under Alexander the Gr= eat, that the Greeks learned the use of siege works employed in the attack or = defence of strong places, and became acquainted with various kinds of warlike engines such as the ACROBATICON, &c. (1883m1= )

$H Aggrappes =

Aggrappes.= (Fr.) Hooks and eyes used in armo= ur, or in ordinary costume. (1855f1)=

$H Agiel.

In Cabalistic mythology the Intelligence of the planet Saturn. (1876c1)

$H Agisa. Babylon

An obscure officer who was raised to the throne of Babylon= on the death of Sargon II. He only reigned a month, at the end of which t= ime he was slain by Merodach Baladan, who had himself been deposed by the king of Assyria, and who was again dr= iven into exile by Sennacherib, the son of Sargon II., who defeated him at the battle of Kisu. (1876c1)

$H Agnes, St.

Agnes, St. The favourite saint of the Roman women. She refuse= d to marry the son of the prefect of Rome, declared herself a Christian, and was put to d= eath. In art she bears the palm of martyrdom and sometimes the book. She is also represented as crowned with olive and with a lamb by her side.(1891a1)

Agnes, St. This saint is represented as a martyr, holdin= g the palm-branch in her hand, with a lamb at her feet or in her arms, sometime= s crowned with olives, and holding an olive-branch as well as the palm-branch. At <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Windsor is a spl= endid altar-piece by Domenichino, in which St. Agnes is represented as a young girl, standi= ng, leaning on a pedestal, in rich costume, with her long hair confined by a tiara. An angel is descending with the palm-branch; another is caressing a lamb, her attribute, and symbol of her name and purity (Agnus, a lamb). In a picture, by Paul Veronese, at Venice, she appe= ars as the patroness of maidenhood, and presents a nun to the Virgin Mary. Domenichino has also painted the martyrdom of St. Agnes, in which she is represented kneeling on a pile of faggots, the fire extinguished, and the executioner about to slay her with a sword. Representations of St. Agnes = in Christian Art are of the highest antiquity, as high almost as those of th= e evangelists and apostles; but the introduction of the lamb as an attribute is an addi= tion of modern times, when she became recognised as the patroness of maidenhood and maidenly modesty. (1855f1)

$H Agni.

The Vedic name of the Supreme Being under = the character of the deity of fire. The analogue of the Hephaestus of the Gre= eks. (1876c1)

$H Agnus Bell. Christian

A sacring bell. (1883m1)

$H Agnus Dei. Christian

Agnus Dei [See Lamb of God.] (1891a1)

Agnus Dei, Chr. The LAMB= OF GOD, or lamb bearing the banner of the cross. The te= rm is also used to denote certain ornaments or medallions of wax impressed with= a figure of the lamb. They represented the ancient custom of distributing to worshippers, on the first Sunday after Easter, particles of wax from the consecrated paschal taper. (1883m1)

Agnus Dei = (Lamb of God). The figure of the Saviour under the form of a Lamb, in accordance w= ith the symbolical words of St. = John. The holy lamb bears a staff headed with a Greek cross, and his head is surrounded by animbus, also taking the form of a cross, within the arms of which occasionally appear smaller crosses, thus duplicating the prevailing idea of the whole symbolization - the glory of the Lamb through the redem= ption of the world. This sacred figure is so represented in our engraving from = an Italian sculpture of the tenth century, published by M. Didron in his Iconographie Chrétienne. = The name is also given to the oval medallions, which are made either from the= wax of the consecrated Easter candles or of the wafer dough. They are also sometimes made of silver, and have on one side the Lamb, with the banner = of Victory, or St. John, and on the other the picture of some saint. They were first made about the fourteenth century, and, being supposed to prevent misfortune, were consecrated by each new Pope at Rome, from the Easter Tuesday until the following Friday in the year of his accession to the Papacy; but latterly they were solemnly consecrated every seven years and distributed among the people. (1855f1) FIGURE=

$H Agolum. Roman

R. A long, sharpR= 09;pointed shepherd's stick used by the Roman herdsmen for driving their cattle. The= agolum = was made out of a straight shoot of the prickly pear; it is still in use among the herdsmen of the Roman campagna at the present= day. (1883m1)

$H Agonalia or Agonia. Roman

R. A Roman festival,= which derived its name from the word agone (shall I proceed?) the question asked of the rex sacrificulu= s by the attendant, before he sacrificed the victim. The Quirinal was calle= d Mons agonus, from a festival being he= ld there on the 17th or 18th of March, in honour= of Mars. The day itself was called Agonium martiale or day of the Lib= eralia. Another explanation of the etymology of the name is that the sacrifice was offered on the Quirinal hill, which was originally called Agonus. (Consult Ovid. Fasti, i. 319‑332= , he suggests several explanations.) (1883m1)

$H Agonistic.

(•(= T<= 4F= J4= 6¬[=3Dagonistike], from •= (ã= <[=3Dagon], a contest). With the ancients, that part = of gymnastics in which athletes contended with arms. (1883m1)

$H Agora. Architecture, Greek

(Arch.) A public place where the Greeks held their assemblies and dispensed justice. It was an enclosure richly decorated wi= th porticoes, statues, and altars. (1891a1)

Gr. (= •(= @D= [=3Dagora], from •= (,= \D= T[=3Dageiro], to assemble). A place of assembly or public market. The agora was to the Greeks what the forum was to the Romans. There were numerous agorae in Greece and Asia M= inor. Fig. 11, represents the plan of the agora of Antiphellus; in which a an= d b indicate the sites of the corn= ‑pits; c, that of a basilica. Agora is also used to denote the general assembly of freemen in contradistinction to the Boulè (q.v.). Fig. 11. Agora of Antiphellus.(1883m1)

$H Agrafe. Architecture

(Arch.) In the art of construction an agrafe is a piece of iron= or copper, the purpose of which is <= /i>to hold together or consolidate. In decorative architecture the agrafe = is the keystone of an arch, the voluted ornament of = which, as it were, clasps together the mouldings of the arch. By an extension of meaning the term is applied to any decorative projection which breaks a moulding. 2 ILLUS. agrafe1, agrafe2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p;

$H Agraulia. Greek

An Athenian festival. (1883m1)

$H Agreement.

Agreement.= An union or concord of all portions of a design which forms a satisfactory total, and in no one part contradicts another. (1855f1)

$H Agrenon. Greek & Roman

Gr. and R. A net, or garment of netted wool, worn over their other dress by the priests of Bacchus and by soothsayers. (1883m1)

$H Agriculture. Egypt

The extraordinary fertility of the soil rendered agriculture in one sense an = easy matter. The land uncovered after the inundation would produce easily thre= e or four successive crops. But a great amount of irrigation was necessary in order to bring the later crops to perfection. For this the Shadoof= (q.v.) was largely used, and men = also carried two pots attached to a yoke over the shoulders. The implements in= use in ancient times were very much like those still used by the Fellâhin. The clumsy wooden plough was attach= ed to the horns of a yoke of oxen. The hoes were of wood, with broad blades and short handles. The seed having been sown, it was then trampled into the s= tiff muddy soil by sheep being driven over it. The corn when ripe was cut with= a small sickle, not near the earth, but just under the ears. The sickle is = in most cases short-handled, slightly curved and made of wood, set with flint teeth, so that the process of reaping must have been one of sawing rather than cutting. As soon as the corn was cut, the tax collector came to gath= er the official tenth before the grain was stored. The “treading out t= he corn” was most frequently done by donkeys under the Old Empire, but later, oxen were usually employed. Barley and wheat are both represented = on the monuments, and occasionally a crop which is in all probability the mo= dern dhurra. This crop was pulled up by the roots, and the heads separated from the st= alks by a peculiar implement that looks like a comb. Vegetables must also have been extensively cultivated, since they figure so largely among the offerings. Vines and olive trees were also grown, the former being trained over trellises supported by forked poles. Certain papyri and tomb inscriptions give most doleful accounts of the hard life and miserable condition of the agricultural labourer. This poverty is not necessarily t= o be attributed to harsh treatment from their superiors, but rather to their o= wn improvidence. (1902b1)

$H Agron. Lydia

Agron. "The Fugitive." In Lydian mythology the founder of the Lydian dynasty of the H= eraklidae. The name being Assyrian, he has been conjectured to have been a fugitive Assyrian prince. (1876c1)

$H Agu.

Another form of the name of the Accadian Moon-god, Acu,= which see. (1876c1)

$H Aguinia. Mediaeval

Med. A corruption of= ingenia, engines of war. (Meyrick.) (1883m1)

$H Agukakrimi. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Babylon

Agukakrimi. "The Moon= the Maker of Brilliance." An early Babylonian king, the son of Tassigurubar. He was a great warrior, and recovered= some images of the deities Marduk and Ziratbanit, which had previously been carried away = to the land of= Hani= . He also restored the temple of Bel at Babylon, enlarged the Babylonian territory, and colonized the land of Asnunnak, an unknown district.(1876c1)

$H Aguragas. Babylon

An early Babylonian king of the Kassite dynasty. He was the son of Ummiahzirita. Nothing else is known respecting him. (1876c1)

$H Agus. Syria

The father of Matihil= , a Syrian prince, which see. (1876c1)

The father of Aram, a petty Syrian chief, conquered by Shalmaneser = II. (1876c1)

$H Aguzo. Italian

It. A spear‑he= ad; a spear. (1883m1)

$H Ah. Egypt

The Egyptian name of an unidentified count= ry. (1876c1)

The Egyptian name of a town near Esne. (1876c1)

A name of the Egyptian god Lunus; more properly written Aah, which see. (1876c1= )

The eponymy of the eighteenth day of the l= unar month. (1876c1)

An unknown Egyptian medicine. (1876c1)

$H Aha. Or Ahu. The Egyp= tian name of the "House of the King," or palace. See Ahu (1876c1).

$H Ahab. Egypt

The Pehu of the twenty-second nome of Upper Egypt. See Pehu.(1876c1)

Ahabbu. Or Akhab= bu. The Assyrian form of the Hebrew royal name Ahab, which see. (1876c1)

Ahab. Assyrian, Akhab= bu. The son of Omri, who reigned over Israel twenty-two years. He married Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, king of= Zidon, and introduced the worship of Baal and Ashteroth into Israel, persecuting the pro= phets and worshippers of Yahveh (Jehovah). He is the first Israelite king mentioned in the Assyrian inscriptions, having been defeated by Shalmaneser at Karkar (Aroer), in B.C. 854, along with the other al= lies of Benhadad, of Damascus, to whose aid he had brought= a force of 10,000 men. Ahab had been attacked twice by Benhadad, and once besieged in vain in Samaria. In the second invasion he had defeated the Syrians at Aphek; the result being a league between the two countries, the restoration of t= he Israelitish cities taken by Be= nhadad, and a permanent Israelite embassy in Damascus. Ahab met his death at Ramoth-Gilead, which he= had attacked and endeavoured to take from the Syr= ians, then weakened by the defeat of Karkar. Ahab w= as weak and luxurious, and a great builder. Jericho was rebuilt in his reign. (18= 76c1)

$H Ahabbu. Or Akhabbu. The Assyrian form of the Hebrew royal n= ame Ahab, which see. (1= 876c1)

$H Ahakefah. Egypt

The Egyptian name of an unidentified count= ry. (1876c1)

$H Aharri.

Aharri. "The West." In Accadian, Mar-Tu; "The path of the setting sun." The name by which Phoenicia is known in the Assyrian inscriptions. (1876c1)

$H Ahehu. Egypt

An uncertain Egyptian town, sacred to the deity Samtati. (1876c1)

$H Ahem. Egypt

The Pehu of the seventh nome o= f Upper Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Ahenum or Aenum= .

(1) A bronze vessel furnished with a handle for suspending it over the fire, and so‑named from the material out of which it was made.

(2) The coppers used in the public baths for heati= ng the water in. (1883m1)

$H Ahfur. Egypt

The Egyptian name of an unidentified town. (1876c1)

$H Ahhotep. Egypt

Ahhotep. "Fields of Peace." A mystical loca= lity in the Egyptian mythology, mentioned in the Ritual of the Dead. See also Aa= hhotep, "Peace of Aah." (1876c1)=

$H Ahi. Egypt

Ahi. A form of HARPOCRATES (q.v= .), son of Hathor. (1902b1)

Ahi. An Ethiopian t= own, held for Rameses VI., by Pannu, prince royal of Et= hiopia.(1876c1)

Ahi. A mystical div= inity, called also, "Lord of the Heart." He is mentioned in the CLth chapter of the Ritual of the Dead.(1876c1)

Ahi. "Assistant." A tit= le of the Egyptian deity Horus, as the performer of= the religious rites called the Assistances of Horus to his father Osiris. (1876c1)=

$H Ahimelek.

Ahimelek<= /span>. "Brother = of the King." One of the ten competitors for the throne of Arvad, after the death of king Yakinlu. (1876c1)

$H Ahimilki.

King of Ashdod. He was one of the tributaries of Esarhaddon. (1876c1)

$H Ahit. Egypt

An Egyptian sacerdotal office, holdable by both sexes. Its duties are not exactly = known. See also Ahi, of which this name is the feminine form. (1876c1)

An Egyptian sacerdotal office, generally rendered priestess. (1876c1)

$H Ahiyababa.

An inhabitant of Bit = Adini, who slew the viceroy of the king of Assyria at Suru. He was taken captive by Assurnazirpal, and flayed alive. (1876c1)

$H Ahizuhina. Mesopotamia<= /st1:place>

A city or country in Mesopotamia, governed by Nergal-uballid, in the reign of <= span class=3DSpellE>Tiglath Pileser II. (18= 76c1)

$H Ahlami. Mesopotamia<= /st1:place>

A people in the mountains of Mesopotamia, = who were subdued by Assur-risilim, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Ahmes. Egypt

A priest of the god K= honsu of Thebes, in the reign of Amenhotep I. of the XVIIIth dynasty. His wife's name, like= his own, was Ahmes. (1876c1)

A royal personage of the XVIIIth dynasty, the son of the lady Tallau. He must = not be confounded with Ahmes or Aahmes the king. (1876c1)

An Egyptian officer, and chief of the soldiers in the period of Darius. His father's name was = Psabenhor, and that of his mother, Taapenha. (1876c1)

$H Ahmesseker. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

A royal steward in the XXVth dynasty. He was the son of the steward Psametikkhu. (1876c1)

$H Ahmessenetuahbra. Egypt

An Egyptian Officer Who Was Smer, Commandant Of The Palace, Commandant Of The Temples, Keeper Of The Throne, Commandant Of The Gates, And Chief Of The Councils Of The King. His Mothe= r's Name Was Tapera. He Lived About The Time Of <= st2:Sn w:st=3D"on">Uaprahet I. Of The Xxvith Dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Ahmur. Egypt

A town in the third n= ome of Upper Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Ahra. Egypt

An Egyptian priest. The time when he lived= and the deity to whose worship he was devoted, are unknown. (1876c1)

$H Ahriman.

In Zendic myth= ology the great malevolent principle: the author of all evil, physical and mora= l; the enemy of mankind, and the constant but not eternal antagonist of Ahuramazda. He was sometimes considered to have bee= n the same as Afrasiab, which see. (1876c1)

$H Ahsana. Babylon

A city in Babylonia, which was conquered b= y Samsivul or Samas Rimmon III., king of Assyria= , towards the close of his reign.(1876c1)

$H Ahsenut. Egypt

A place in the twenty-first nome of Upper Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Ahsera.

The son of Ullusunu, king of Minni. On ascending the throne, he br= oke the treaty of tribute with Assyria, and plundered some of the border towns. Upon this, Assur= banipal, king of Assyria, assembled a large army at the town of Duran, to invade Minni. Ahsera made an attempt by a slight surprise t= o rout the Assyrian army; but he was completely defeated, and fled in haste to h= is capital city, Izirtu; and when that surrender= ed, to the fortress of Istatti or Adrana, leaving his troops to be slaughtered by the victor at Izirtu. He was unable to resist the forces of Assurbanipal, although ably assisted by his general, Raidisadi, and his people revolting from him, he and all his family but one, were massacred, and his body treated with great ignominy. His son Valli succeeded him, and made peace with Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Ahshu. Egypt

A place in the twenty-second nome of Lower Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Ahtamer. Egypt

The Pehu of the fourteenth nome of Lower Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Ahti. Egypt

An Egyptian goddess, having the head of an uraeus and the body o= f an hippopotamus. She was one of the Typhonic or malevolent deities. (1876c1)

$H Ahu. Egypt

Ahu. Or Aha. The Egyptian name of the "House of the King,&quo= t; or palace. (1876c1)

Ahu. An Egyptian de= ity; another name of the god Atum or Tum, the setting sun. (1876c1)

Ahu. A variant of the name of the= god TUM or ATUM (q.v.). (1902b1)<= /span>

$H Ahuni. Mesopotamia<= /st1:place>

The son of Adini, and king of Lahlahte and of the territory of Bit <= span class=3DSpellE>Adini, in M= esopotamia. He submitted himself and his country to Assurnazirpa= l, king of Assyria; but after his death rebelled, and vainly attempted to resist the arms of Shalmaneser II., by whom he and his army were utterly defeated after several battles,= and all his allies were dispersed. (1876c1)

$H Ahura. Egypt

An Egyptian princess, the daughter of Merinebpthah, an unidentified Egyptian king. She is= one of the heroines of the ancient romance called the Story of Setnau. She married her brother Pthahneferka, by whom she had a son, named Merhu.(1876c1)

$H Ahura. Iran

The Iranian name of the Supreme Being. A s= hort form of the following name. (1876c1)

$H Ahuramazda.

Ahuramazda. "Wise Spirit." The great and beneficent creator of good in the Zendic myth= ology. He was called also "The Good Spirit," and he has been considere= d as in some points resembling the Assyrian deity Merodac= h. The world was created by him for the residence of mankind, and all the go= od angels were made by him also. His chief mission, however, was to preserve= the human race and to defeat the evil being, Ahriman. His name is often contracted into Ormazd. (18= 76c1)