$H Amiantus.

Amiantus, (= •:= \"= <J= @H[=3Damiantos] [? undefiled]. A fibrous uninflammable mineral substance. It = was used by the ancients for making, fire‑proof clothing. It was known = by the name of = asbestus (= –F$,FJ@H[=3Dasbestos], uninflammable). (1883m1)

$H Amice. Costume

Amice. A piece of fi= ne linen in the form of an oblong square, suspended over the shoulders of the cler= gy. Pugin s= ays it is "a white linen napkin or veil worn by all the clergy above the fo= ur minor orders." Durand sa= ys it is a proper covering for the head, typical of = the helmet of salvation alluded to by the apostle; or of the cloth with which= the Jews covered the Saviour's face, when they as= ked him to prophecy who struck him. Milton, in Paradise Regained, alludes= to it, ‑

"Morning fair<= /span>

Came forth with pilgrim steps,= in amice grey." (1883m1)<= /o:p>

Amice. (Cost.) The first of sacerdotal vestments, consis= ting of a piece of linen, which was worn on the head like a hood, until the pr= iest appeared at the altar and was then thrown back (see cut). It came into use about the 7th century. ILLUS. amice (1891a1)

<= /o:p>

Amice. An oblong piece of linen with an APPAREL sewe= d upon one of its edges, worn by all the clergy above the four minor orders, and resembling an embroidered collar when reposing on the shoulders (Fig. 1).= It had two strings attached to the ornamental part, by which it was fastened beh= ind the back and tied on the throat. It then covered the neck, and might be drawn up over the h= ead like a hood (Fig. 2). It was gradually introduced during the seventh and eighth centuries, and was considered to symbolise the helmet of salvation, and, from its surrounding the throat, the restraint of speech. It is frequently met with on monumental brasses. * FIGURES 1 & 2

* Our illustration = is copied from Pugin's Glossary of Ecclesiastical Costume. (1855f1)

<= /o:p>

$H Amictus.

Amictus. (= Lat.) Under this general term was expressed the various articles of outer clothing used by the Romans, such= as the ABOLLA, PALLIUM, PALUDAMENTUM, SAGUM, TOGA, &c. It did not apply = to the articles of inner clothing, or those which were drawn on. (1855f1)

$H Amiculum.

Amiculum, diminutive of AMICULUS. This term included all the finer and smaller outs= ide garments worn by both males and females in the manner explained in the previous article, such as the CHLAMYS, SAGULUM, &c. (1855f1)

$H Amida.

A famous city, near the head waters of the Tigris, which was repeatedly attacked by the different kings of Assyria. One of the first to conquer the district= was Vulnirari or Rimmon Nirari III. It was then invaded and ravaged by Assurnazirpal, who took its chief Ilani a prisoner, and slew many of the garrison. The conqueror carried 3000 captives to Nineveh, beheaded 600 of the soldiers, placing their heads in two heaps by the city gate, and crucified or impaled 400 of the chief citizens on the walls. Af= ter this siege it was annexed to the kingdom of Assyria, and i= n the reign of Shalmaneser VI. (Smith's Shalmaneser IV.), was governed by a viceroy or Pash= a, named Merodachbaluzur. Amida subsequently shared in the destruction which befell the Assyrian Empire, = but during the Sassanian period revived again and occupied an important position in early Christian history. It is still ca= lled by the inhabitants Kar Amid, "Castle of Amida," and is generally known to European travellers= under the name of Diarbekr. (1876c1)

$H Amidassi.

Brother of Assurliha<= /span>, king of Karalla. On the death of Assurliha at= the hands of Sargon II., the people raised his brother to the throne. He continued the war of the revolted chiefs against the king of Assyria, but without any success, and his kingdom= was ruined by Sargon and his army. (1876c1)

$H Amika.

A chief of the district or Lamua, who fled from the armies of Assurnazirpal, ki= ng of Assyria, who conquered and annexed his territory. (1876c1)

$H Amilanu. Babylon

A tablet writer or official scribe, in the reign of Gamilsin, king of Babylonia. He is the earliest scribe whose name is thus recorded. (1876c1)

$H Amkhent. Egypt

The Egyptian name of the Heracleopolite or twenty-second nome of Upper Egypt. See Seft. (1876c1)

$H Amkhu. Egypt

An Egyptian religious title applied to a y= oung man upon his entering upon maturity, generally in connection with the wor= ship of some deity. (1876c1)

$H Amlatu. Mesopotamia<= /st1:place>

A tribe in Mesopota= mia, who were conquered by Tiglath Pileser II. (1876c1)

$H Amma. Egypt

Egypt. (1) A measure of length= in use among the ancient Egyptians. It was about sixty feet.

(2) A kind of line u= sed inland surveying. (1883m1)

$H Ammah. Egypt

Egypt. The door which formed t= he exit from the abode of the dead. Chapters lxxiii. and cxv. of the Book of the Dead are entitled, ‑ On passing Ammah; i.e. directing one's course to heaven by stepping over the Ammah. (1883m1)

In Egyptian mythology the name of the Gate of the Dead, or of Hades, from whence, according to the Ritual of the Dead, the souls of the deceased went out on their way to heaven. (1876c1)

$H Ammali.

A city near the river Turnat, which was conquered by Assurnazirpal. (1876c1= )

$H Ammana.

A district or city near Lebanon in Northe= rn Palestine, which was conquered by Tigla= th Pileser II. It was the Amana of Hebrew histor= y. (1876c1)

$H Ammanas.

An unidentified Himya= ritic divinity. He was probably a patron of agriculture, as a portion of the produce of the fields and herds was offered to him. (1876c1)

$H Ammankashibar.

An Elamite dei= ty, of whom nothing is known. (1876c1)

$H Ammas.

A city near Armenia, conquered by Dayanassar the Tartan for Shalmaneser II. (1876c1)

$H Ammat. Assyria

An Assyrian measure of length. See Suklu. (1876c1)

$H Ammatgagar. Assyria

The same as the soss in Assyrian metrolog= y, only in this case it was used as a superficial measure equal to 360 square yards. (1876c1)

$H Ammavas. Mesopotamia

A Mesopotamian people who had revolted fro= m, and were re-subdued by = Tiglath Pileser I.(1876c1)

$H Ammenepthes. Egypt

Another form of the Egyptian royal name Amenophis, or Amenhotep= , as written by the Greek historians. (1876c1)

$H Ammenon. Babylon

According to Berosus<= /span>, the fourth antediluvian king of Babylon. (1876c1)

$H Ammeres. Egypt

According to the Greek lists, the name of = an Egyptian king of the XIIth dynasty. He has no= t yet been certainly identified. (1876c1)

According to the lists of the Greek historians, the name of a late king of Egypt. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Ammibahla.

A chief prince who was tributary to Assurnazirpal. He was murdered by another chief nam= ed Buramanu, and his death was cruelly avenged by the = king of Assyria. (1876c1)=

$H Ammidikaga. Babylon

An early Babylonian king, a successor of <= span class=3DSpellE>Hammurabi. Nothing else is known respecting him. (1= 876c1)

$H Ammihitah.

A chief of Vas in the land of Armenia. He was the father of Aikamaru the destroyer o= f the Nabatheans. See Aikamaru. (1876c1)

$H Ammochista.

A petty kingdom in the Island of Kypros, or Cyprus, which paid tribute to Esarhaddon, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Ammonius. Egypt

The father of Cleopatra the wife of Soter. He was the archon of = Thebes in the reign of the Emperor Trajan. (1876c1)

$H Ammuladi.

King of Kedar.= He joined Vaiteh I. in his invasion of Palestin= e against Assurbanipal, king of Assyria, who de= feated him and sent him to Nineveh<= /st1:City>, where he caged him among his hounds, together with V= aiteh and his queen Adiya. (1876c1)

$H Amntmer. Or Amentmer. Egypt

The Pehu of the eighteenth nome of Lower Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Amorceus.

The name given by Cte= sias to Queen Tomyris the Amazon, by whom Cyrus was defeated, slain, and his body treated with indignity. (1876c1)=

$H Amorevole of Verona.

One of the Italian l= iterary academies. Their device was a hedgehog with its spines laden with grapes = (for its young). Motto, "non solum nobis." (1883m1)

$H Amorini.

Amorini, Ital. Cupids.(1883m1)

Amorini. A name given to the C= upids or small love‑gods often represented in art. (1891a1)

$H Amortissement. Architecture

(Arch.) A French term denoting an ornament, generally pyramidal = in form, used to terminate a building. ILLUS. amortiss (1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Ampeh. Egypt

The twenty-first nome= of Upper Egypt. It was called by the G= reeks Arsinoites the Lower. (1876c1)

$H Ampelitis. Greek

Ampelitis, Gr. (= –:= B,= 8@= H[=3Dampelos], a vine). A black pigment prepared by the ancients from the burnt branches of the vine. (1883m1)<= /p>

Ampelitis.= (Gr.) A black or coal-brown pigme= nt used by the ancients. It derived its name from ampelos, a vine; either from the black pigment prepared by the ancients from the burnt branches of that plant, or because ampelitis was = used to cure the diseases to which the vine is subject. Pliny speaks of ampelitis as resembling ASPHALTU= M, and says it ought to dissolve like wax when mixed with oil, and yield, when burnt, a black colour; it readily softened and dissolved, and for this re= ason was added to medicaments and used also for dyeing the hair. It is conside= red by chemists to be a manganeseous and ferruginous coal. In some of the continental countries ampelith is a name given to black chalk. (1855f1)

$H Amphibalus. Christian

Chr. A vestment, used on Sundays and high festival= s; peculiar to the Gallican Church. (1883m1)

$H Amphidromia.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Greek

Family festival held= by the Athenians upon the occasion of the birth of a child. The carrying of the child round the hearth gave the name to the festival. (1883m1)=

$H Amphimallum.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Graeco-= Roman

Amphimallum, Gr. and R. (= •:= N\‑= :"= 8= 8@= <[=3Damphi‑mallon], woolly on both sides). A description of <= span class=3DSpellE>woollen cloth more or less rough, and having a nap = on both sides. (1883m1)

$H Amphiprostyle or Amphiprost= ylos. Graeco-= Roman Architecture

Amphiprostyle. (Arch.) A temple is said to be amphiprostyle when it has a facade of columns at each end. (1891a1)<= /span>

Amphiprostylos. Gr. and R. (= •:= N4‑= BD= `F= JL= 8@= H[=3Damphi‑prostulos]). A temple or other building having two open por= ticoes (porticum and posticum= ), both in front and rear. They are so constructed as to project beyond the = cella, = or main body of the building. (1883m1)

$H Amphitapus. Graeco-= Roman

Gr. and R. (= •:= N\‑= J"= B@= H[=3Damphi‑tapos], hairy on both sides). A particular kind o= f cloth, made of some material resembling Vicuna wool,= and having, like the amphimallum, a nap on both sides. It was probably of Eastern origin. (1883m1)

$H Amphitheatre. Architecture

Amphitheatre. A building of a circular or oval form,= used for public games or exhibitions. (1855f1)

Amphitheatre. In Ro= man architecture amphitheatres were large buildings, circular or elliptical in shape, with a large empty space in the middle. This space or arena was devoted to combats of gladiators or wild beasts, while the spectators sat= on tiers and were protected from the rays of the sun by an immense curtain. = In modern times large halls intended for public meetings or conferences, and containing seats in tiers, where the audience sit, are called amphitheatr= es. The name is also given to certain parts of theatres which contain rows of seats rising one above another. 2 ILLUS. amphith1, amphith2 (1891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; <= /o:p>

Amphitheatre. R. (= •:= N4‑= 2X= "J= D@= <[=3Damphi‑theatron). A building which was at first constructed for the purpose of exhibiting gladiatorial shows to the Roman populace; but later on any kind of specta= cle, even to a naumachia, or sea&#= 8209;fight, was exhibited there. In the engraving, A shows the ground‑plan of an amphitheatre, and B the plan of the seats. Fig. 1= 9. Ground‑plan of an amphitheatre. (1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Amphora, Amphorae. Greek & Roman

Amphora. A name given to a kind of Greek vase, two‑= ;handled, and generally of large size, which was used to hold liquids. Some amphorae were mounted on a foot, others wore not. They were often mere objects of ornament, and specimens have been found with no hollow interior, and therefore incapable of being put to any use. The victors in the Panathenaic games were awarded an amphora as a priz= e. The unit of capacity among the Romans was called an amphora. ILLUS. amphora (1891a1)

<= /o:p>

Amphora, Gr. and R. (= •:= NÂ‑= N@= DX= T[=3Damphi‑phoreo]). A large earthenware vessel, having a handle on each side of its neck (whe= nce the name), and terminating in a point. Amphorae were used for holding var= ious kinds of produce, especially wine; they were placed side by side in an upright position in the cellar, the floor of which was covered with a deep bed of sand. The engravings represent amphorae from Cnidus, Chio, and Samos. Amphorae were also ma= de of glass; and a specimen is mentioned by Nepos of one made of onyx. Homer mentions them of gold and stone; and the Egyptians had them of brass. Fig. 20. Greek Amphorae. (1883m1)

<= /o:p>

Amphora. (= Gr.) A term in Grecian and Roman archaeology, signifying a vessel, pointed at the base, so that it could be stuck in the ground, with a handle on each side the neck, which was narro= w. Double-handled wine-vessels with feet, and shaped like the crater, were a= lso similarly named. Amphorae were used for keeping wine, oil, honey, and oth= er liquids in, and sometimes as coffins, in which case they were divided down the middle to receive the corpse, and the two parts afterwards rejoined. = The usual material of which amphorae were commonly composed was clay of vario= us kinds; sometimes they are found made of glass, and mention is made by Nep= os of one being made of onyx (stalactite alabaster) as a great rarity. The name of the maker, and of the place of manufacture, was frequently stamped upon them, as may be seen on those preserved in the British Museum. FIGURE(1855f1)

$H Amphotis. Greek & Roman

Gr. and R.

1. A brass cap lined= with cloth inside.

2. A simple woollen cap worn by athletes to protect their templ= es and ears from the blows of the cestus, in a boxing match.

3. A wooden vessel i= n use among the ancient Greek peasants, as a milking‑pail. It derived its name from having two handles or ears. (1883m1)

$H Ampka. Egypt

The Egyptian name of an unidentified town. (1876c1)

$H Ampul. Vase

Ampul. A small vessel of clay or glass which contained consecra= ted oil or wine for the Eucharistic service. Such was the holy vase preserved= at Rheims until the first= French Revolution, which contained the sacred oil employed in the consecration of the kings of Franc= e. ILLUS. ampul (1891a1)

<= /o:p>

Ampul. (Lat.) A small vessel, vial, or = cruet, used for containing consecrated oil, or wine and water for the Eucharisti= c service, formed of earth or glass, of an oblong globular form. The ancients used t= he latter for the oil with which they anointed the body after bathing. The famous Sainte Ampoulle, prese= rved at Rheims until the first French Revolution, was a small bottle containing some oil used in anointing the French sovereigns at their coronations. It was said= to have been brought by a dove from heaven to serve originally at the corona= tion of St. Louis. The engraving exhibits an enamelled ampul of the fourteenth century, pres= erved in the Bibliothèque du Roi, at Paris. It is six inches in height, and is elegantly decorated with representatio= ns of angels in coloured medallions, and scroll ornaments of a fanciful kind= distributed over its surface. FIGURE(1855f1)

<= /o:p>

$H Ampulla. Graeco-= Roman Vase

Ampulla. A name give= n to small glass vases of globular form, which were carried by the ancients. <= /span>ILLUS. ampulla (1891a1)

<= /o:p>

Ampulla. Gr. and R. = A phial or flask with short and narrow neck and spherical body, which was used to hold the oil requisite for bathers (ampulla oleria); it could also be used to hold vinegar,= wine, and other beverages, and was then called ampulla potaria. The ampulla generally took the form of a globe or bladder, but not invariably; a lent= il‑shaped variety with rounded sides was very common. Ampulla rubida was the name given to the leather‑covered flasks which were made use of by travellers or sportsmen to carry wine, vinegar, or oil. The vessel or cruet used in Christian churches for the consecrated oil or wine was hence called the AMPUL. (1883m1)

Ampulla. (= Lat.) A bottle. A vessel made of clay, glass, or metal, and sometim= es of these materials covered with leather, of various shapes, but always wi= th a long neck, so that oil or any other liquid could be dropped from it. It w= as used by the Romans, and specimens abound in most collections of antiquities. T= he ampulla olearia, an oil flask (l= entil-shaped), was used in the baths for pouring oil over the STRIGIL, to prevent it abrading the skin, and for other purposes; it was flattened at the sides,= and with a somewhat shorter neck than the other ampullae. The engraving repre= sents both kinds, from Roman originals. 2 FIGURES(1855f1)

<= /o:p>

$H Ampyx. Greek & Roman

Gr. and R. (= –:= BL= >[=3Dampux], from •= :B= XP= T[=3Dampecho], to surround). Latin = frontale. A general term = to denote any net composed of strings, bands, or ribbons, which forms a head= ‑band. It thus denotes at once a woman's head‑dress, or the ornamental str= ips of leather which serve as head‑band for a horse. The ampyx w= orn by women was in some cases very costly, being made of gold or silver, and adorned = with precious stones. The term was also applied, by analogy, to the cover of a vase. Another word for it is ampicter. (1883m1)

Ampyx (Gr.), FRONTALE (Rom.) A broad band or plate of metal, worn = upon the forehead as a part of the headdress of Greek ladies of rank. It is of= ten seen in ancient works of Art, as an attribute of female divinities. Artem= is wears a frontal of gold. The ampyx was sometimes enriched with precious s= tones. It was also worn by horses and elephants. The cut is a copy of a Roman la= dy wearing the ampyx, as given by Montfaucon. FIGURE(1855f1)

$H 'Amran.=

An Himyaritic city in South-western Arabia.

$H Amset. Egypt

Amset or MESTHA, one of= the four funerary genii to whom the canopic jars = were dedicated, and who represented the cardinal points. Some texts say they w= ere the children of Horus, others that Osiris was their father. Figures of these gods have= been found in faïence, and occasionally in bronze. (See CANOPIC JARS.) (1902b1)

Amset. The mystical nam= e of one of the planks of the Boat of Souls, in the XCIXt= h chapter of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)=

Amset. One of the seven= great spirits in the Ritual of the Dead, see also the other funereal and Canopic deities. (1876c1)

Amset. The Carpenter, a= son of Osiris, and also one of the four genii of = the dead who were offered by the deceased to make an aton= ement for his sins, and to whose care the different viscera of the embalmed body were committed. He is generally represented in the form of an ovoid vase = with a human head as a cover; on the vase is often a prayer to the goddess Isi= s on behalf of the deceased. (1876c1)

$H Amshaspands. = Egypt

In Zendic myth= ology the names of the six "immortal saints," a series of genii creat= ed by Ahura Mazdu to= assist him in the government of the world. Their names were Vohumano, Asovahisto, Khsathsovair= yo, Spentaarmaiti, Haurvatat= and Ameretat, which see. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Amshoir. Egypt

The censer of the ancient Egyptians. It was generally made in the form of a human hand and arm holding an open patera, in which the fire for the perfume was laid. (1876c1)

$H Amsu. Egypt

Min. An Egyptian deit= y who was worshipped in the town and nome of Hor-ti and Se-khem. He = was a form of the ithyphallic deity Amen Khem. (187= 6c1)

Amsu, called also Min, Amsi, Armes, or Khem, the ithyphallic nome god of Panopolis, the Apu of ancient Egypt, and the modern Akhmîm (q.v.). As representing the generative power of nature he is sometimes identified with Amen-Ra and called Min-Amen or Amen-Amsu. He is represented on the monuments as a tight= ly swathed figure with only one arm free, that being raised as if waving the= flagellum it holds above the hea= d. For head-dress he wears the long plumes of Amen. Behind him there are usually growing plants.

Petrie found statues of this god at Coptos, and thinks it probable that he was brought by his worshippers from the land of Punt. ILLUS. = Amsu. (1902b1)

<= /o:p>

$H Amt. Egypt

Amt or PA-UAZ. The capital of Am-Pehu, the nineteenth name of Lower Egypt. The mound of Tell Nebêsheh= marks its site. Uazit, A= msu and Horus formed the triad worshipped there. = It was celebrated for its wine. (1902b1)

Amt. One of the mystical demons, called &q= uot;the Devourer of the Dead," in the Egyptian purgatory. He had the head of= a, crocodile, the forepart of a lioness, and the hind quarters of an hippopotamus. See also Apet. (1876c1)

$H Amten. Egypt

A great Egyptian governor in the reign of = King Snefru of the IIIrd dynasty. He had charge of many of the chief nomes of Lower Egypt. His tomb, formerly at = Abouseir, has been removed bodily to the Museum of Berlin by Dr. Lepsius. (1876c1)

$H Amtihu. Egypt

The Egyptian name of a people who are by s= ome writers supposed to have been the Edomites. (1876c1)

$H Amu. Egypt

Amu. = See Aamu. (1902b1)

Amu. The name of the third, or Libyan, nome of Lower Egypt. This name must not be confounded with Aamu, which see. (1876c1)

$H Amuhia.

The Assyrian form of the Median royal name= Amytis, the Queen of Nebuchadn= euar, which see. (1876c1)

$H Amukehak. Egypt

The Egyptian name of an unidentified count= ry to the North of Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Amukkan.

The father of Kinziru= , the last king of Babylonia under the a= ncient dynasty. Nothing is known respecting him. (1876c1)

$H Amula or Ama. Christian

Ama or Amula. Chr. A long phial for h= olding the wine presented at the altar at the moment of offering. (1883m1)<= /o:p>

$H Amulet.

Amulet. A word of Eastern origin applied to objects of v= ery varied character, which were worn round the neck to ward off illness, to = turn away the evil eye, or confer good luck on the wearer. Stones, plants, or parts of animals, such as a hyena's tooth, served as amulets, as well as = all kinds of small ornaments made of metals or precious stone and cut into grotesque forms. ILLUS.<= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-no-proof:no'> amulet (1891a1)

<= /o:p>

Amulets. Objects of = a very heterogeneous description, to which is superstitiously attributed the pow= er of healing certain diseases, or averting them from men and animals. This = is the meaning which attaches, in its widest sense, to the term amulet (amuletum). Amulets are unquestionably of Eastern origin; by the Egyptians they were looked upon as preservatives against dangers, unlucky days, enemies, &= ;c. The varieties of them were very numerous; among others, were scarabaei, small columns, cartouches, symbolic eyes, interlacing fingers, heads of uraeus, &c.= A large number of stones were also employed as amulets; those of commonest occurrence are hematite, jasper, lapis lazuli, amethysts, diamonds, heliotropes, &c. Each of these amulets had its special virtue; for instance, the clear crystal worn during prayer rendered the god propitiou= s, and compelled him to give ear to the suppliant. Coral kept every evil influence away from a house; and in Italy it is looked upon, ev= en at the present day, as a preservative against the evil eye. In Christian archaeology, the name of amulets, or in some instances, ENCOLPIA (q.v.), = was given to relics, or objects of devotion, such as crosses, medals, wood fr= om the true cross, the bones of saints, &c. Amulets were also called periapta (B,D\"BJ"[=3Dperiapta]), i.e. suspended, because they were hung round the neck, and also pyctacium, because some amulets were folded in two. The Arabic word amulet means the same as peri= apta, that which is suspended. (1883m1)

Amulet. Any object worn suspended from the neck, or attached to any part of the body, supposed to have the effect of warding off evils, and of securing good fortune. They consisted of variou= s substances, such as stones, roots, plants, and scraps of writing. Amulets are frequen= tly found preserved in museums, in the shape of beetles, quadrupeds, members of the= human body, &c., cut out of amber, cornelian, agate, &c. "Amulets, from their nature, every where transgress the limits of Art, nay, are eve= n in direct contradiction to artistic taste. The dreaded = invidia, according to the belief of antiquity, was with so much the greater certainty warded off, t= he more repulsive, nay, disgusting the objects held before one; and the nume= rous Phallic bronzes, although originally symbols of life-creating nature, had afterwards, however, only this meaning and aim. The eye, the foot, the hand var= iously applied, are to be met with in symbolical and superstitious signif= icance." * FIGURES 1-4

* See Muller's Ancient Art and its Remains. Fig= s. 1 and 2 in the above cut represent Egyptian necklaces of sacred symbols, the earliest form of amulets. The eye of Osiris; the head of the cat sacred t= o Isis, and figures of gods compose them. Figures 3= and 4 are Roman; one representing the head of Hercules enveloped in the lion's skin; the other a hollow golden bulls, in which the charm was enclosed.(1= 855f1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Amulets, Egyptian &n= bsp;

Egypt= . Amulets, or objects to which were attribu= ted magical powers of protection, were worn by the living and disposed in and about the body of the deceased. Some are inscribed with hekau, i.e. "words of power," and several are menti= oned in the "Book of the Dead." They were used from the earliest tim= es. Every kind of stone or rock besides frit was used in their composition, but some were of more value, made in one particular stone or colour. Amethyst, garnet, turquoise, agate, jasper, l= apis lazuli, felspar, obsidian, amber, hematite, malachite, granite, serpentin= e, and porphyry were all used, and the harder the substance the finer the wo= rk. Scarab. (q.v.)

Ankh symbolizes life, possibly "the life which remains to one even after death," but it is difficult to tell what the figure represents. It was one of the most important of the amulets, and has been found in large numbers in every ki= nd of material. It is sometimes depicted in combination with the dad, and has an independent exis= tence ascribed to it.

Thet. The girdle buckle of Isis. An amulet usually made in some red material, such as carnelian, jasper, porp= hyry or glass. The colour was typical of the blood of I= sis, which washed away the sins of the wearer. It was placed on the neck of the mummy, and frequently inscribed with chapter 156 of the "Book of the Dead."

Dad. An amulet placed on the n= eck of the mummy for its protection. The word signifies "firmness, stabilit= y, preservation." The 155th chapter of the "Book of the Dead" orders it to be made of gold. Like the thet, it had to be dipped= in water in which ankham flowers had lain.

Mut. An amulet usua= lly made of gold, and which the rubric in the 157th chapter of the “Book of = the Dead” commands to be placed on the neck of the mummy on the day of burial. It symbolized the protection of Isis, the “mother” goddess.

Usekh. The collar of = gold which was to be placed on the neck of the mummy on the day of burial, to = give him power to free himself from his bandages. (See Rubric of 158th chapter of "Book of the Dead.")=

Urs. An amulet repr= esenting the pillows, or head-rests, placed beneath the heads of the mummies. It is generally made of hematite. It is described in the earliest ritual of the "Book of the Dead," chapter 166.

Ab. An amulet representing the heart, the fountain of life, sometimes typifying the conscience.

Uzat. The Symbolic Eye,= an amulet fastened to the wrist or arm, which protected the wearer from the = evil eye, against the bites of serpents, and against words spoken in anger or malice.

The two were the Eye= s of Horus, but in some instances the left represents the moon, the right the sun. (See= EYE, THE SACRED.)

Nefer. An amulet sign= ifying “good luck.” It probably represents a musical instrument.(190= 2b1)

Sam. An amulet signifying union.

Akh or Khu. An= amulet representing the sun's disk rising from the horizon. Found in the abdomen= .(1902b1)

Shen. An amulet thought= to represent the circle of the sun's orbit, and hence its object was to secu= re life to the deceased, enduring as the sun.

Uaz. An amulet representing a lotus column. It is invariably made of some green substanc= e, and is symbolical of the gift of eternal youth.

Hez. The white crow= n of Upper Egypt.

Tesher. The red crown of = Lower Egypt.

Menat. A sign of divine protection, the sight of which was supposed to drive away care. Most freq= uent in Saïte times.

Neh, symb= olized protection, and was laid on the breast.

The Frog is not found in u= se until Dynasty XVIII. It was probably symbolical of the resurrection. The hieroglyphic sign means "myriads."

The Fingers. Generally found i= nside the abdomen of mummies.

The Stairs probably signify th= e throne of Osiris and the idea of raising up to heaven.

User. The royal sceptre, which= gave dominion over heaven and earth.

The Plummet. To secure justice= and moderation for the deceased. (1902b1)

$H Amun. Egypt

Another form of the Egyptian divine name A= men when it was used as a prefix; all the following titles may as well be wri= tten with an e or an u, the significance being the= same. See Amen. (1876c1)=

$H Amunhikhopsef. Egypt

The surname of Ramese= s X. of the XXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Amunhikhopsef Miamun. Egypt

The surname of Ramese= s V. of the XXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Amunhikhopsefnuterhikten. Egypt

The surname of Ramese= s VI. of the XXth dy= nasty. (1876c1)

$H Amuniritis. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

A priestess of Amen, and the wife of an obscure Egyptian or Ethiopian king named Kashto, of the XXIVth d= ynasty. (1876c1)

$H Amunmai Thori. Egypt

The form adopted by Sharpe and some other Egyptologists for the royal name Amenemha, wh= ich see. (1876c1)

$H Amunnebkettoti. Egypt

A wife of Amenrut or Amyrtaeus, one of the Greco-Persian monarchs = of the XXVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Amunta. Egypt

A feminine form of the great deity Amen Ra. She was sometimes called Tamun. (1876c1)=

$H Amuntikhet. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

The wife of Taharka, or Tirakah, the third king of the XXVth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Amussis. Roman

R. The exact sense o= f this term is not clearly defined by ancient authors, beyond the fact that it denotes generally any kind of instrument employed by = builders ‑especially masons‑ for testing the accuracy, regularity, and evenness of their work. The term is used to denote sometimes the plumb-li= ne, rule, or square; sometimes the level, measuring-line, &c. (1883m1)

$H Amut. Egypt

The Egyptian name of an unidentified town. (1876c1)

$H Amynus. Phoenicia

In Phenician mythology a son of the deity Agrotus. He is s= aid to have taught men to construct villages and to rear cattle. (1876c1)

$H Amyrtaios I. = Egypt

A petty king of Egypt under the Persian dyn= asty. Aided by Inarus, king of Lybia, he revolted against his master, Artaxerxes, k= ing of Persia, by whom he was after a six-years' struggle sub= dued and driven into the Delta. Inarus was impaled= , and Thannyras placed upon the throne of Lybia, and Pausiris on that of Egypt. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Amyrtaios II.= Egypt

King of Egypt under the XXVIIIth dynasty, after the Persian conquest. He wa= s the only king of that dynasty, and no particulars of his life and reign are known. (1876c1)

$H Amytis.

The daughter of Vakis= tar, king of Media. She married Nabukuduruzur, kin= g of Assyria, and greatly improved the city of Babylon by her artistic influence. The hanging gardens were considerably augmented by her orders, although she w= as not the inventor of the idea, as similar groves existed at Koyunjik, the palace of Assurbanipal. (1876c1)