$H Arm. Egypt

A people of the South of Egypt, who were conquered by Rameses II. = of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)=

$H Arma. Egypt

A city in Upper Egy= pt. Site unknown. (1876c1)

The Egyptian name of the town of Elymais. (1876c1)

$H Armaeus.

The name erroneously given by Diodorus Siculus, and t= he Greek authors, to the king of Egypt by whom the great pyramid was erected. See also Cheops, Chufu, and Chemmis. (1876c1)

$H Armanahuasi.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Peru

Peruv. The baths of the ancient Peruvians. They were remarkable for the elegance and luxury displayed in their ornamentation. = They were furnished with magnificent fountains, some of which threw their jets upwards (hur= aea), others in a horizontal direction (paccha). (1883m1)

$H Armannu.

A deity of the Susian= s, of whom nothing is known. It may have been the secret name of the god Susinak, which see.

$H Armarium. Roman

R. A cabinet, cupboa= rd, or bookcase. Originally a place for keeping arms. Some were ornamented with = plates of brass set in links of gold; others were made of gold inlaid with preci= ous stones of various shapes. (See also ALMERY.) (1883m1)

$H Armathen. Egypt

The Egyptian name of an unidentified Asiat= ic country. (1876c1)

$H Armatura. Roman

(1) In a general sen= se, armour of every kind. Thus armatura levis denoted the light infantry; and soldiers armed only with a hasta, = and the dart, gaesa<= /i> (of Gallic invention) were called leves milites.

(2) The art of fenci= ng.

(3) The pieces of ir= on or bronze which connect stones or the parts of a structure.

(4) The iron framewo= rk in a window or casement. (1883m1)

$H Arm‑chair.

A chair with arms and a back. The arm‑chairs or faldstools (q.v.) of the Middle Ages were simple in construction and easily folded up and transported. At a later period they were decorated with tapestries and, in the 14th century, often covered wi= th a canopy. In the 15th and 16th centuries the arms were more and more ornamented. Finally in the 17th and 18th centuries arm‑chairs assum= ed a curvilinear form; their outlines became more graceful and their comfort w= as much increased. In France, under the First Empire, they were decorated with heads of sphinxes and designed in a pseudo‑classical style. The arm‑chairs of to= 209;day are, as a rule, reproductions of those of former times. If we can be said= to have produced any special form of our own, it is one in which the demands= of art are entirely subordinated to considerations of comfort. ILLUS. arm1chai (1891a1)

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$H Armature. Architecture

(Arch.) Iron bars used for strengthening or sustaining. Architraves, for instance, with a wide free bearing, when placed upon sle= nder columns, are strengthened by armatures. The term is also applied to the i= ron frame‑work of windows. ILLUS. armature (1891a1)<= o:p>

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$H Armed. Heraldry

Her. Having natural = weapons of offence, &c. A lion is arm= ed of his claws and teeth, a bull of his horns, &c. (1883m1)<= /span>

(Her.) Provided with the natural weapons of defence. A l= ion is armed of his claws and tee= th, &c. In blazoning, a knight is said to be armed at all points when he is completely cased in armour. (1891a1)

$H Armenia.

A kingdom in Asia which was repeatedly attacked by the Assyrians, more especially under Shalmaneser II. See Veduri. (1876c1)

$H Armenian Green. (See CHRYSOCOLLA.)= (1883m1)

$H Armenium (Lapis Armenius).

Armenium (= Lapis Armenius). A pigment of the ancients, produced by grinding the Armenian stone, found in Ar= menia, which country also produced the CHRYSOCOLLA, or green verditer. According= to Wallerius, the Armenian stone was blue carbonate of copper, combined with lime, while others maintain that it was the same substance combined with quartz, some mica, and pyrites; it was also regarded as ultramarine, but = the description of armenium given by Pliny agrees in no respect with the pecu= liar qualities of ultramarine; nor has the latter ever been found in Armenia, although there are districts in that country in which carbonate of copper exists. It, however, is not improbable that the ancients prepared a pigme= nt from lapis lazuli, to which they gave the name of armenium. (1855f1)

$H Armes Parlantes. Heraldry

(Her.) Under this term are included arms and crests suggested by the name of the family which bears them, and so forming a ki= nd of rebus. Thus the coat of arms of the King of Grenada in Spain is a grenade. The fam= ilies of Salmon, Sturgeon, and Lamb bear salmons, sturgeons, and lambs respectively. ILLUS.<= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-no-proof:no'> armespar (1891a1)<= o:p>

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$H Armet. Old English

Armet. Old Eng. A kind of helmet of the 16th century, worn with or without the beaver. (1883m1)

Armet. A helmet of uncertain form in use in the latter half of the 15th century. It was worn with or without a beaver, and the cuts here given probably represent it. ILLUS. armet (1891a1)

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Armet. A h= elmet much in use during the sixteenth century, and which may be worn with or without the beaver. Our woodcut is copied from Skelton's Engravings of the Goodrich Court Armoury, and they are thus described:- Fig. 1. The armet gra= nd et petit, so called from being capable of assuming either character, see= n in profile. The wire which appears above the umbril is to hold the triple ba= rred face-guard. Fig. 2. The same viewed in front with the oreillettes closed,= but the beaver removed so as to render it an armet petit. FIGURES 1 & 2= (1855f1)

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$H Armilausa. Costume

Armilausa.= A sleeveless garment open at each side, worn by knights over their armour. = It varied in form considerably. but always retain= ed the name armilau= sa. ILLUS. armilaus (1891a1)<= o:p>

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Armilausa.= Lat. A classical garment adopted in England and elsewhere, worn= by knights over their armour. Strutt describes it as "a round curtal weed, wh= ich they called a cloak, and in Latin armilausa, as only covering the shoulders." (1883= m1)

Armilausa= . (Lat.) A garment similar to the <= span class=3DSpellE>surcoat in use by the Saxons and Normans. It was wo= rn by knights over armour. It originated with the c= lassic nations, and sometimes assumed the form of the palud= amentum, varying in shape, but retaining the name, because it was an external covering. * FIGURE

* Our engraving is = copied from Strutt, who obtained it from an illumination in Royal MS., 20 A. 2, a work of the fourteenth century. (1855f1)

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$H Armilla.

Armilla. In general, any circlet of gold or silver which forms a bracelet for = men or women, whether worn on the wrist, arm, or ankle. Bracelets worn by men often consisted of three or four massive bands of bronze, silver, or gold, and thus covered a considerable portion of the arm. Bracelets were worn by the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Medes, the Persians, the Celts (Fig. = 42), and the Gauls (Fig. 43). The Egyptians in some instances employed ivory and porcelain in their manufacture. Fig. 42. Armilla. Celtic Bracelet. Fig. 4= 3. Armilla. Gaulish Bracel= et. (1883m1)

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Armilla. (ARMLET). The Roman term for the ornaments of the hand and a= rm. The former were generally called by the Greeks pseillon, the latter peribrachionicon; and both kinds ophis (serpent, i.e., serpent-bands= ), when they were shaped like serpents, or were fastened by the heads of tho= se animals. The term ophis completely describes the armlets of the Bacchantes, which consisted of se= rpents exactly resembling those in nature. * The custom of wearing armillae as an ornament= is of the highest antiquity; they were worn by both males and females, and were= given as rewards for military bravery. In the collections of antiquities in the= British Museum are contained great quant= ities of armillae, of infinite variety of form, in = gold, silver, and bronze. FIG= URE

* Our specimen is o= btained from a statue in the Vatican.(1855f1)

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$H Armillum. Roman

R. A kind of urceolus, or small pitcher for holding a particular kind of wine. It was among the num= ber of the sacrificial vessels, and was well known from the Latin proverb: Anus ad armillu= m (an old woman returns to her bottle). (1883m1)

$H Armilustrium.= Roman

A Roman festival for the purification of arms. (1883= m1)

$H Arming Points.

Arming P= oints. The "points" = or ties of armour. (1883m1)

Arming P= oints. The ties holding together the various parts of armour. (1855f1)

$H Armins.

Armins. Cloth or velvet coverings for pike‑handle= s. (1883m1)

Armins. Co= verings of cloth or velvet for the handle of a pike, to give the heated hand a mo= re secure hold. (1855f1)

$H Armoire. See BUFFET. (1855f1)

$H Armorial Bearings. Heraldry

(Her.) The devices painted on a shie= ld which serve to distinguish families, cities, and corporations. In = the 11th century jousts or tournaments were in vogue in Germany, and the knights wh= o competed adopted colours or devices. When they retur= ned from the wars in the East the Western Christians preserved the armorial bearings, which had rendered them recognisable during the combat. That is how, according to Viollet‑le‑Duc, armorial bearings became hereditary like the name and property of the head of the family. Blazonin= g a coat of arms is giving a technical description of it. By the Art of Heral= dry the rules of blazoning were set forth in the 12th century, developed in t= he 13th century, and finally fixed during the 14th and 15th centuries. ILLUS. armorial (1891a1)

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$H Armory. Heraldry

Her.

(1) Heraldry. <= /o:p>

(2) A list of names = and titles with the arms belonging to them. (1883m1)

$H Armour, Arms.

Armour. Defences worn by the ancients as well as by the knights and warriors of the Middle Ages. Among the Egyptians a helmet and cuirass were worn, but the shield was the most important defensive arm. T= he Greeks carried a shield and added greaves to the helmet and cuirass of the Egyptians. The armour of the Romans only differed in detail from that of = the Greeks. In England= mail armour was used until the time of Edward I, when a mixture mail and plate began to be worn.= In the time of Richard II. plate entirely superseded mail, and remained in vogue until the beginning of the 17th century, when the alter= ed conditions of warfare rendered armour unnecessary. ILLUS. armour (1891a1)

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Armour, Arms. In almost every deposit where prehistoric remains are buried, = we find clubs, hatchets, arrows, hammers, or other arms, mostly, even in the= stone age, carefully ornamented.= The ancient Egyptians were armed = with "the bow, spear, two species of javelin, sling, a short and straight sword, dagger, knife, falchion, axe or hatchet, battle‑axe, pole= 209;axe, mace or club, &c. Their defensive arms consisted of a helmet of plate= , or quilted head‑piece, a cuirass, or coat of armo= ur made of metal plates, or quilted with metal bands, and an ample shield&qu= ot; (Wilkinson). Among the Greeks= , the heavy‑armed warrior wore the greaves, cuirass, with the mitra underneath, and the zone or cingulum above; his sword, ensis or gladius, hung on his left side, and the large round shield, s= acus, aspis, clipeus or= scutum, hung from his shoulder; his helmet, corys, cunea, cassis or= galea; his spear, enkus= , doru or hasta, or two s= pears. The defensive armour, the shield and thorax, = were called hopla, and the man hoplites. The light= ‑armed, psiloi, anoploi, = gymnai, gymnetai, had a slighter covering of skins, or cloth, and fought with darts, stones, bows= and arrows or slings. There were also the peltastae, so called from their small shield pelte. All the= above‑mentioned parts of classical armour, and their modifica= tions in that of mediaeval times, are described under their respective headings= ; as well as much of mediaeval armour. Fig. 44. Primitive Roman Armour. (1883m1)

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Armour. Defences worn on the body against the blows of weapons, &c. They were formed of various materials, such as leather, skins of animals, and sometimes of cl= oth. The earliest representations of armed soldiers occur in the monuments of = ancient Egypt, where we find a simple and primitive defence.= It has been thus summarily described by Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson, 1 who says:= - "The offensive weapons of the Egyptians were the bow, spear, two spe= cies of javelin, sling, a short and straight word, dagger, knife, falchion, ax= e or hatchet, battle-axe, pole-axe, mace or club, and the lissau, a curved stick si= milar to that still in use among the Ababdeh and mo= dern Ethiopians. Their defensive arms consisted of a helmet of plate, or quilt= ed head-piece, a cuirass, or coat of armour made= of metal plates, or quilted with metal bands, and an ample shield. But they = had no greaves, and the only covering to the arms were a part of the cuirass, forming a short sleeve, and extending about half-way= to the elbow. 2 The soldier's c= hief defence was his shield, which, in length, was equal= to about half its height, and generally double it= s own breadth. It was most commonly covered with bull's hide, having the hair outwards, sometimes strengthened by one or more rims of metal, and studded with nails or metal pins, the inner part being probably wicker-work, or a wooden frame, like those used by the Greeks and Romans, which were also covered with hide." It will thus be seen that a= rmour of defence naturally originated in hand-weapo= ns of a simple kind, the earliest being the wooden bludgeon, and to which rapid= ly succeeded daggers, swords, and javelins, so that we find the Egyptian sol= dier well armed three thousand years ago with weapons of attack and defence little inferior to those of any succeeding = age, until comparatively recent times. Body armour= did not reach perfection so rapidly, but was of comparatively slow growth, and originated with extra quiltings or paddings of the dress. Thus, "their helmets be= ing thick and well padded," says Wilkinson, "served as an excellent protection to the head, without the inconvenience resulting from the meta= l in so hot a climate." The cuirass consisted of horizontal rows of metal plate, secured by bronze pins, and fastened to a cloth or quilted tunic, which sometimes covered the upper part of the thigh, and sometimes reache= d to the waist only. We shall see this modified, but not essentially altered, = in the succeeding great nations of antiquity. Ultimately the armour covered the whole body, but parts only mere originally protected. Among the Greeks the armour consisted of helmet, cuirass, greaves, and shield, and the arms were a sw= ord and a spear, javelin, dagger, bow and arrow, &c., including all the weapons of ancient Egypt (except the clubbed stick) in improved forms. The woodcut exhibits them all on the figure of a warrior attired for battle. = It is copied from a figure given in Hope's Costume of the Ancients. It will be noticed that the most distinctive and per= fect improvement had taken place in the helmet, which had become a most imposi= ng and useful adjunct to the soldier. It was a metal skull-cap, occasionally very much enriched with ornament, with an abundant crest, from which descended a long tail of horse-hair. It was furnished with a neck-piece behind, and cheek pieces capable of being lifted on each side of the fore= head (as in our cut), or brought down the sides of the face, as a protection to it. The body armour consisted of a quilted, o= r leather tunic, = upon which square or scale-formed plates of metal were secured, but which ende= d at the waist, where the military girdle of metal banded the body; the upper = part of the breastplate was strengthened by the thorax of metal which encircled the throat, and was frequently richly decorated; and shoulder-pieces cove= red the upper part of the arm. The legs were, for the first time, protected by greaves strapped behind the leg, and frequently ornamented; but the arms = and the lower part of the body and thigh were quite unprotected, being barely covered by the tunic beneath. 3<= /b> Their swords, instead of being invariably short and straight, were often narrow= at the hilt, widened and thickened in the centre, from whence they tapered t= o a point, as represented in our engraving; the javelins and spears barbed. T= he shields were of enormous proportion, sometimes covering the body and legs= of the warrior, and having pendent drapery occasionally attached to screen t= he feet. They were so large that, by kneeling and bending the head, the sold= ier was completely concealed, and, under this cover, Pol= yoenus says, they sometimes dug trenches to ensnare the cavalry. They were of me= tal, convex with broad rims (see ANTYX), and frequently decorated with mythological subjects and elegantly designed borders. The armour of the Roman soldiers corresponded in all essential parts with that of the Greeks, except that the former occasionally wore a dagger on his right si= de, instead of a sword on his left. Our next engraving represents these pecu- liarities, and is= copied from the figure of a Roman Legionary on the Column of Trajan, at Rome. The soft or flexible parts of heavy armour were m= ade of leather or cloth, strengthened with bronze and iron; gold and silver were employed to adorn and enrich the armour. Roma= n armour was generally constructed of brass, and their later weapons of steel, the earlier ones being of bronze. The helmet was = of less imposing appearance than those worn by the Greeks. The body armour consisted of the lorica= (or breastplate), so called from being originally made of leather, 4 which was modelled, while wet, like the muscles of the human body, and was imitated in the br= onze breastplate of later Roman times; the throat was guarded by a brazen pectorale, and the shoulders by overlapping flaps of metal. The lorica consisted of plates overlap= ping, in the ancient Egyptian style, which made it of considerable weight. A light= er kind of scale armour, formed of small thin pl= ates, was afterwards adopted, 5 to whi= ch was appended flaps of leather, which covered and protected the thighs. 6 Greaves were worn, but not by common soldiers, 7 whose ord= inary attire is seen in our engraving, where the legs are covered by the feminalia (or short tight trouser) and sandals, which were made with thick soles, and s= ometimes studded with spikes, to aid them in scaling mounds, and give them surer foothold in fighting.

1<= /span> Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, vol. i.

2<= /span> Our engraving is copied from a bas-relief at = Thebes, and exhibits the ordinary appearance of an ancient Egyptian soldier equip= ped for battle. (1855f1)

3<= /span> See out from bas-relief at Marathon, p. 48, an exce= llent specimen of an early Greek warrior. (1855f1)

4<= /span> See cut to FEMI= NALIA.

5 = See CORIUM.

6<= /span> See cuts to ABO= LLA AND PALUDAMENTUM.

7<= /span> See GREAVES(185= 5f1)

In the succeedin= g ages following the fall of Rome, armour became rude in construction and ponder= ous, often obstructive to the wearer. The armour o= f modern times has assumed an infinite variety of forms. That of the Anglo-Saxons consisted at first of a tunic covered with iron rings, afterwards of overlapping flaps of leather; these, with slight variations, such as lozenge-shaped pieces of steel, in place of the rings on the tunic, preva= iled until the end of the twelfth century. 8 In the thirteenth, chain mail= was introduced from Asia by the Crusaders,= who used it as a flexible and entire body guard, covering arms and legs. Over= it was worn the long linen surcoat, of light mat= erial, said to have been adopted in the East as a means of preserving the armour from the heat of the sun. Plate-armour began to be used in the latter part of the t= hirteenth century, but only sparingly, for the genouillières or knee-caps of the knight. To th= ese were shortly afterwards added rere-braces, re= aching from the shoulder to the elbow, and vambraces to the lower arm, the juncture of the two be= ing guarded by c= oudières or elbow-pieces, 9 the forep= art of the leg being protected by jambarts, or shin-pieces. 10 The alterations and additions were made with much rapidity, until entire plate-armour came into use in the fourteenth century. The figure of Edward the Black Prince, in Canterbury Cathedral, on the previous page, is our finest existing example of this period. The subsequent variations were chiefly ornamental; the period of = greatest richness and splendour being the reigns of Ed= ward V. and Richard III. 11 It howev= er began to assume a grotesque air, and become exceedingly unwieldy. This fa= ct can be better elucidated by an engraving than by a mere lengthened descriptio= n; we therefore select an example from the brass of Sir Robert Staunton, who= died 1428, in Castle Donnington Church, Leicesters= hire. The knight is completely cased in steel, consisting of a visored helmet, hauberk, gorget, pauldrons, enormous and peculiar coudières, and s= teel gauntlets, the hips are covered by taces, from which depend tuilles as a protection for the = thighs, the legs and feet being entirely cased in steel. Such heavy arming contin= ued with variations till the middle of the fifteenth century, when highly ornamental suits were constructed for the nobility, and a lighter kind of arms for soldiery adopted. (See ALLECRET.) In the sixteenth century it received much attention, and was again modified and improved, but evident= ly more for display than use - rather to dazzle in jousts of peace and tournaments at great festivals than for absolute service in war. In the seventeenth century armour seems to have been little used, except such portions as defended the head and body, and to h= ave thus subsided to what has been considered as a necess= ary equipment to the modern soldier. It would seem, at last, as if the world = was convinced, as James I. is reported to have been, when he said that "= Armour was an excellent invention, for it not only protected the wearer from harm, but hindered him from harming others.&quo= t; 5 FIGURES

8<= /span> See cut to HAUB= ERK, which is an excellent example of the Norman armour of that period.

9<= /span> See cut to JUPO= K. (1855f1)

10= Sometimes termed BAINBERGS. See cut under that term.

11= Monumental bras= ses furnish excellent authorities for the study of the arms and armour worn in England during the time it continued in use. They are depicted with great care and accuracy in Mr. Waller's Monumental Brasses. = See also Meyrick's Critical Inquiry into Ancient Armour, and the same author's Description of Ancient A= rms and Armour in the Collection at Goodrich Cour= t.(1855f1)

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$H Armourer's Art.

The art of fashioning armour, which was often enriched w= ith gold and silver work, chasing, and damascene, and was sometimes inlaid wi= th ivory. (1891a1)

$H Armpakh. Egypt

The Egyptian name of an unidentified distr= ict which is supposed to have been situated in Palestine. (1876c1)=

$H Arm‑rest. Architecture

(Arch.) A term applied to the arm of church stalls on wh= ich persons leaned their elbows. The = arm‑rest in a flat surface or ledge supported by colonnettes<= /span>, ornamented consoles, or groups of figurines, often grotesque. ILLUS. armrest= (1891a1)<= o:p>

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$H Arms. Egypt

(See WEAPONS.) (1902b1)