$H Ba. Egypt

An Egyptian deity who was worshipped at the town of Bakhtan. (1876c1)

The Egyptian name of the metal iron. It is sometimes written Baa, Baaenepe, and Bet. (18= 76c1)

ba: the soul in its form as the bird jabiru (mycteria aphipporhyncus= ). (1894e1)

Ba. "The Soul." In Egyptian mythology one of the five component parts of the human being. See Akh, Kha, Khaba, etc. It was represented as a human-headed bird, often with the cross of life in its claws. (1876c1)

In Egyptian pneumatology the Ba was the anima, the soul of ma= n, which at the death of the body flew to the gods. But it did not remain th= ere entirely, for it came back at intervals to comfort the mummy. It was represented in the form of a bird with human head, and hands which freque= ntly hold the ankh (q.v.) and the nif (q.v.)= Thus in one scene it is represented as flying down the tomb shaft to the decea= sed. In another it is resting with out spread wings on the top of the mummy. In this form it is sometimes sculptured on a sarcophagus lid. The conception= was not, perhaps, wholly immaterial, for a chapter in the “Book of the Dead” assures abundance of food to the Ba of the deceased. ILLUS. The Ba.= Ba visiting mummy.(1902b1)

&nbs= p;

$H B= aa. "Bronze Vessels." Egypt

The use of bronze vases, called by the Egyptians baa, baaenta, or khenemt, from the earliest times, is proved by the discovery of statuettes, arms, and vessels of this material, some of which bear inscriptions as old as the VIth Egyptian dynasty. The number of utensils wrought in bronze is very numero= us, consisting of jugs or ewers, with long spouts for pouring out water, wash= ing vases or basins, of the shape of the flower of a water-plant, small jugs,= khenems= , with spout for holding oil, cauldrons with handles, libation vases, the bowl a= nd end of the handle of the amshoir or censer, and situlae or buckets with handles, for holding water in the temples: these latter a= re often represented in Ptolemaic works of art as being held in the hands of= the goddess Isis. Many little votive baskets or buckets have in relief the figures of the god Amen-Horus, Khem or Mentu, and other deities, adored by a worshipper. Bowls for drinking were also sometimes made of bronze. The br= onze vessels of the Egyptians were remarkably well made, and are generally fai= rly preserved. (Birch.) (1876c1)

$H Baaenepe. Egypt

One of the Egyptian names of the metal iro= n. (1876c1)

$H Baal Egypt

See BAL.(1902b1)

A Tyrian who after the fall of Tyre was raised to the honour of kingship, as a vassal to Babylonia,= by Nebuchadnezzar the conqueror. He reigned ten years, and was then deposed = in a popular revolt. (1876c1)<= /p>

Baal. Assyrian, = Bilu. A Semitic word, meaning" Lord," which was applied to a god as a term of adoration. Hence the plural, Baalim, in the Old Testament is equivalent to "= ;gods." We hear of Baal-Berith, Baal-Peor, Baal-Gad (the god of fortune), Baal-zebub (&q= uot;The Lord of Flies"), Baal-Khamman or Ammon (the sun as "Lord of Heat"), Bel-samen (= Baal-shemaim, "The Lord of Heaven"), etc. = In Assyria, Merodach, the patron deity of Babylon, was usu= ally called Bel-Merodach, and was distinguished as= "The Younger Bel" from "The Old Bel," Bellithon (Baal-éth= an), the creator of the universe. The latter was Bel, Bêlus, par-excellence, and answered to the Accadian Mul-ge or "Lord of t= he Underworld." Bel-Merodach was a form of = the Sun-god, and so was identical with the Phenician Baal (Bel-samen and Bel-= Ammon). Human sacrifices were offered to the Phenician Sun-god Baal, and he was represented by the khamman, an upright stake= or pillar of stone (erroneously translated "image" in the Authorised Version). At Tyre, Baa= l, there called Melkarth, or "King of the City,&q= uot; had two pillars, one of gold and one of smaragdus, or emerald, in front of his temple (comp. 1 Kings vii. 21). The organised worship of the Pheni= cian Baal was introduced into Israel by the marriage of Ahab with Jezebel. The Canaanite Baal and Baalim worshipped before the time of Samuel were Sun-gods, but not the special state-gods of Phenicia= . With Baal were conjoined Ashtoreth (Assyrian,= Istar), the Moon-goddess, and = Ashera (wrongly rendered "grove" in the Authorise= d Version), the goddess of fertility, who was represented by an upright pil= lar. Bel-Merodach, originally the Sun, came afterw= ards to be identified with the planets Jupiter and Mercury. (1876c1)

$H Baalator. Tyre

King of Tyre. He came to the thron= e on the deposition (?) of the cosuffetes, Muthon III., and Gerashtoreth<= /span>. He reigned one year, and then he was dethroned, and was succeeded by Meherbaal, who was placed on the throne by the king= of Babylon. (1876c1= )

$H Baal-Chon. Phoenicia

A title of the Phenic= ian deity Baal, as "The Preserver of All Things." (1876c1)

$H Baaleazar I.      Tyre

King of Tyre. He succeeded his fat= her Hiram II. He reigned seven years, and was succeeded by his son Abdashtoreth, which see. (1876c1)=

$H Baaleazar II.<= /span>      Tyre

The king o= f Tyre. He was the= son of Ethbaal, that priest of Ashtaroth who terminated the Tyrian anarchy by usurping the throne himself. He reigned only six years, and was succeeded= by his son Mathan. (1876c1)

$H Baal-Hamon. "Burning Baal."

A form of Baal as the national deity of the town of Carthage<= /st1:place>, to whom human victims were burnt alive. (1876c1)

$H Baal-Hermon.

The name of the divinity Baal as the local deity of Mount Hermon<= /st1:place>. (1876c1)

$H Baali.      Cyprus<= /p>

The king o= f the city of Upri, in the Island of Kypros (Cyprus). He was one of the tributaries of Esarhaddon. Another form of the name of Upri was Puzus, and also Aphrodisia, which see. (1876c1)

$H Baalim.=      Phoenicia

In Phenician mythology the names of certain minor deities emanating from Baal. They we= re the eponymous, or local deities, of certain to= wns. See Baal-Si= don, etc. (1876c1)

$H Baalitsapuna.<= /span>

An Egyptian sanctuary near Mount Kasios. It is supposed by some Egyptologists to have been the Baalzephon of Hebrew history. (1876c1)

$H Baal-Jarhi. "Baal of the Moon."

In ancient Nabathean<= /span> mythology a form of the national deity Baal. (1876c1)

$H Baal Moloch.      Phoenicia

A title of the Phenic= ian deity Baal, as "The Destroyer." (1876c1)

$H Baal-Pisgah.

The name of the deity Baal as the local di= vinity of the town of Pisgah. (1876c1)

$H Baalram.

A Kypriote nob= leman who erected a temple at Idalion, or Cyprus, to the Phenician deity R= eshep Mikal. (1876c1)

$H Baal-Samin. Or Samem.

The name of the deity Baal as the deity of= the sun or heavens. See Samas. (1876c1)

$H Baal-Sidon.

The name of the divinity Baal as the local deity of the city of Sidon. (1876c1)=

$H Baalsyllech.

The father of Ecnibaa= l, the king or suffete of Tyre. See Ecnibaa= l.

$H Baal-Tamar.      Phoenicia

A local name of the P= henician deity Baal. The town of which he was the eponymous is uncertain. (1876c1)=

$H Baal-Tars.

The name of the divinity Baal as the local deity of the city of Tars. (1876c1)

$H Baal-Thammuz.<= /span>

A title of the deity Baal, as the deity of procreation. He was called also, Adon or "Lord." (1876c1)

$H Baal-Tsur.

The name of the deity Baal as the local divinity of Tsur. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Baal-Zebab.

The name of the deity Baal as the Lord of regenerated things, or of life from the dead. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Baau. "Night."      Phoenicia

In Phenici= an mythology the primaeval goddess Night, the wife of Colpias, wind, and the mother of AEon and Protogonos, the two first mortals, which see. (1876c1)=

$H Baba.      Egypt

Certain executioner deities of the Ritual = of the Dead. There were many such inhabiting the Egyptian hell; and they had generally the heads of various savage animals, and held swords in their hands. They were the Β= έβων of Plutarch and the Cabereii of the Greek mythologists. (1876c1)

$H Babarurai.

A country near Media, which was conquered = by Samas-Rimmon or Vulnirari, king of Assyria. (1876c1)=

$H Babduna.

An early Babylonian city which was destroy= ed by Sargon or Sargina I. Its site is not at pr= esent identified. (1876c1)

$H Babdur.=

An Elamite cit= y, on the borders of Babylonia. It was conqu= ered by Sargon II. in his war with Sutruknanhundi, king of Elam. (1876c1)

$H Babel.

The name of a Ziggurat or tower which was built by the early post-diluvians as a protec= tion against another deluge. It was destroyed by the gods by night as fast as = the sons of men built it up by day. It is said to have been 272 feet square, = and to have been erected in seven stages analogous to the temple of Vul or Bel at Borsippa, which was erected by Nebuchadnez= zar, and the ruins of which are indeed still considered to mark its site. The = name of the tower was originally Babilu; "Gat= e of the Gods," which was misrendered by the = Hebrew writers Babel, "Gate of Confusion." (1876c1)

$H Baberu.=

An Egyptian name of the town of Babel or Babylon,= in Chaldea. (1876c1)

$H Babi.      Egypt

In Egyptian mythology another name of the mystical spirit Rubi, which see. (1876c1)

$H Babilat-Nukhsi. "Stream of Gladness."

An ancient name of the river Tigris in Lower Babylonia. (1876c1)

$H Bab-Ilu. "The Gate of (the God) Ilu."

The Babylonian name from whence, by an ironical alliteration, the name of Babel, "Gate of Confusion," was derived by the Hebrew historians. (187= 6c1)

$H Babios.=

The form in which the name of the city of = Babylon is prese= rved as that of a king in the annals of Moses of Khorene. (1876c1)

$H Babite.=

The capital city of = Zaboul, king of Da= gara, where he was defeated in battle with great loss by A= ssurnazirpal, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Babmouth.      Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the mother of Psenio, which see. (1876c1)

$H Babylon<= /st1:City>.      Egypt

A town in Egypt near to the present s= ite of Old Cairo. According to Diodorus Siculus it was founded by a large number of Assyria= n and Chaldean prisoners who were working in the quarries= near Memphis, and who, being unable to submit to the excessive hardships impos= ed upon them, revolted, and possessing themselves of a strong fortress alrea= dy existing there, defied the army of Sesostris = (Rameses II.) and harassed the = neighbouring country. After having in vain attempted to subdue them by force, the king= of Egypt was obliged to make an agreement with them. He accorded them a general amnesty and left them in possession of the fortress which they had seized, and which they therefore named after the capital city of the empire from whence they came, Babylon. The event was probably historical but there is no record of it in the Egyptian inscriptions. The town was afterwards famous in Hebrew history as the resting place of the tribes who were driven out of Palestine by Nebuchadnezzar. (1876c1)=

$H Babylon<= /st1:City>.      Babylonia

The great central city or the early empire= of Babylonia. In its first appearance in history it occupies the position simply of one of the towns of the associated tribes= of Mesopotamia, who were called by the Egyptians the= Rotennu. Tradition ascribed to the national god the= first erection of the walls of Babylon, but the Cuneiform inscriptions give that honour to Hammurabi, one of the earliest monarchs of Babylonia. He not only raised the town to the pos= ition of a capital city, but considerably strengthened and adorned it, excavati= ng a canal from it to the river Tigris, on = the banks of which it was situated, calling the canal "The Delight of Men." Subsequent monarchs still further enlarged the city and built a number of magnificent temples, one of which, that of Bel, was long one of the wonders of the world. To Sammura= mat, the queen of Vulnirari III. and the Semiramis of the Greeks, was due the construction of the massive walls, 360 stadia= long or more than 40 miles, by which the city was enclosed, as also the great = quay and royal palace. Nebuchadnezzar still more adorned and strengthened the capital; and his father Nabopalassar caused t= he hanging gardens and terraced walks to be executed, to please his wife, Amytis. After the fall of the first Assyrian empire= Babylon became practically the chief city of the world, and when it was finally destroye= d by the Persians under Darius it possessed a splendour and wealth which has never since been equalled. The chief ruins of the city now are the mounds which go by the name of Hillah, after the name of Hill= at, one of its ancient districts. The mounds were first described by Mr. Clau= dius Rich in 1818, and opened by M. Botta in 1842,= since which time they have been repeatedly explored and a new world of history brought to light. With respect to its magnitude, Ba= bylon is considered by Mr. Bonomi to have covered a= n area of 225 square miles, while that of London (in 1869) was only 114; on the other hand it did not contain more than 700,000 inhabitants as against the 3,000,000 of the capital of England. Other particulars concerning Babylon will be found under the names Ham= murabi, Nebuchadnezzar, Amytis, Bit, Bel, Borsippa, etc. (1876c1)

$H Babylonia.<= /b>

One of the earliest and greatest empires o= f Archaic history. It is supposed to have been founded by an Hamitic or Cushite race anterior to the time of the VIth Egyptian dyn= asty. The first historical notice of the country which exists shows that it was divided between two races, the Sumir and the = Accad, who spoke two different languages, the one Turanian and the= other Semitic. The Turanians or original Cushites appear to have been the inventors of the Cuneiform system of writing, but they were early subjugated by the Semitic peoples who blended together with them. The chief cities of Babylonia wer= e Nipur, the earliest seat of power and for many cent= uries the centre of the national religion, Eridu, U= r, Karrak, Urukh (Erech), Larsa, Sippara, Zergulla, and = Agane. The early history of Babylonia is unknown, a= ll the great temples having been built by the predecessors of Hammurabi, the first conqueror and king of the Kassite dynasty, by whom the city of Babylon, the ultimate capital of the empire,= was founded. After the destruction of the Assyrian monarchy, between which and that of Babylon there were continual wars in one of which Babylon was its= elf destroyed, Nebuchadnezzar raised the restored empire of Babylonia to an unrivalled degree of glory, and it continued the chief nation of the world till the fall of Babylon under Cyrus and Darius, B.C. 518. Under the Pers= ian conquerors many attempts were made by the native princes, especially Merodach-baladin III., t= o regain their independence, but always in vain. The new dynasty of the Seleucidans completed the commercial ruin of the co= untry, and in the time of Pliny Babylon was a desert, and the empire of Bel and Nebo parcelled = out into a series of subordinate Roman provinces. See also Agane, Sargon, = Merodach-baladin, and Nebuchadnezzar. (1876c1)

$H Baccalarii.    Mediaeval

Med. Lat. A contraction of bas‑chevaliers: p= oor knights; distinct from knights bannerets who = were also termed rich knights.(1883m1)

$H Baccelleria.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    Mediaeval

Med. Lat. The order = of bachelors. Thus we read, "La flor de France et la bachelerie."

Bachelor or Bachelier has been derived from bas échelle, the lowest st= ep of the ladder. (Meyrick.)(1883m1)

$H Baccha.    Greek & Roman

Gr. and R. A Bacchan= te; a woman who celebrates the mysteries of Bacchus, in the temples of the god,= or in the Bacchic orgies. In the numerous representations of Bacchantes which occur on monuments of ancient art, th= ey carry the th= yrsus in their right hands, and wear a wreath of ivy or vine‑leaves on th= eir heads. They appear also in the disguise of Lenae, Thyades, Naiads, Nymphs, &c.(1883m1)=

$H Bacchanalia.    Greek

R. (Greek, Dionysia). Festivals held in honour of Dionysus or Bacchus.(1883m1)

$H Bacchantes.    Greek

The inspired worshippers of Bacchus, the wine‑god.= In every branch of ancient art they were popular as subjects. In sculpture t= he school of Praxiteles and Scopas was particularly attracted towards= their representation. They are frequently found painted on vases, and Bacchic heads are carved in many of the finest Greek gems. They are generally represented with vine‑leaves in their hair, with loose‑flowing ungirt garments, and= with a tiger‑skin thrown over their shoulder. They carry the thyrsus, timbrels, port= ions of kids, and serpents. They are also known under the names of Thyades, Maenades, &c.(1891a1)

$H Bacchos.    Greek & Roman

Gr. and R. A short, = richly‑ornamented thyrsus<= /span>, carried by the Mystae, at Eleusis, = on occasion of their being initiated in the mysteries. There was a proverb i= n Greece which said: "Many carry the Bacchos, b= ut few are inspired by the gods."(1883m1)

$H Bacchus.=     [See Dionysus.]= (1891a1)

$H Bacillum.

(dimin. of BACULUM, q.v.). A small wand especially the licto= r's wand.(1883m1)

$H Back.

The part of a seat, either vertical or slightly sloping, against which one leans one's back ‑ the back of a chair for instan= ce. The term is also applied to the tapestries or decorated panels placed at = the head of a bed.(1891a1)

$H Back‑enamel.    Decoration

(Dec.) Enamel applied to concave surfaces.(1891a1)<= /o:p>

$H Backgammon.

Backgammon, original= ly called table board, is mentio= ned in a MS. of the 13th century. The name of bag‑gamon is first found in 1646.(1883m1)

$H Back‑ground.

In painting the back‑ground is the space round a portrait or group of figures, which is so rendered as to appear behind th= em. In the treatment of back‑grounds infinite variety has been shown. In the portraits of the old masters, such as Vandyke, Titian, and Rembrandt,= the back‑grounds only represented space, and were generally of a warm brown grey tone. In the hands of modern arti= sts, however, back‑grounds have become more ambitious and minute, so min= ute, in fact, as very often to detract from the main interest of the picture.(1891a1)

$H Back‑painting.

A method of giving to prints and photographs the appeara= nce of painting on glass, by affixing them to glass and staining them with varnish colours. This process was popular in the last century with mezzotints, and has been applied of late years to photographs under the fanciful name of crystoleum.(1891a1)

$H Back‑plate.

The part of the cuirass (q.v.) which protects the back; = it is fastened to the breastplate by a hinge and clasp or by leather‑s= traps.(1891a1)

$H Back‑yard.     Architecture

(Arch.) A courtyard which serves to light the rooms of a house, and is, generally speaking, a clear space situated at some distance from the principal facade of a building.(1891a1)

$H Baculum, Baculus.

Baculum, Baculus, R. A general term to denote any kind of staff, except such as form the insignia of any rank or office, or are employed in certain professions.(1883m1)

Baculus. A rod or staff, upon which persons are often represented as leaning in ancient works of art. The long baculus was only borne by divinities, kings, and perso= ns of dignity, while simple folk carried a far shorter one, as in our illustration. ILLUS. ba= culus(1891a1)=

<= /p>

$H Badge.    Heraldry

Badge. (Her.) A mark of distinction, differing from both= the crest and the device, which was worn during the Middle Ages, and was the origin of all armorial bearings. It was generally worn to distinguish the servants or retainers of a feudal lord, and it is said that the Normans adopted a badge at the battle of Hastings. Natio= ns as well as individuals have had their badges. Thus St. George's Cross and the Red Rose are the badges of England, the thistle that of Scotland, and the harp that of Ireland. Badges worn by servants were embroidered on the back, breast, or sleeve, = or executed in metal and attached to the arm. They were also used as decorat= ions for buildings, furniture, &c. ILLUS. badge(1891a1)

Badges. Small herald= ic shields, worn by servants and others, showing, in embroidered cloth or silver, a figure or device; common also "in the furniture of houses,= on robes of state, on the caparisons of horses, on seals, and in the details= of Gothic edifices." (Lower, "Curiosities of Heraldry.'') Fig. 54 from the co= rnice of King Henry's chantry in Westminster Abbey shows the adaptation of hera= ldic badges in architectural ornament. (The description is inserted under BLAZ= ON, q.v.) The Badges worn by the military followers of the feudal leaders answered the purpose of our modern uniforms. Among remarkable badges are = the "Bear and ragged staff" of the Earls of Warwick, the red and wh= ite roses of Lancaster and York, the sprig of broom (Fig. 53) of the Plantagenets. Fig. 53. Planta gen= ista, or broom. Fig. 54. Badge of King Henry V. in his c= hantry in Westminster Abbey.(1883m1)

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$H Badger.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    Panting

Brushes of badger's = hair, for blending softening. (See BLENDING.)(1883m1)

(Paint.) Brush= es made of badger hair, broad, flat, or cylindrical in form. By means of badgers = two colours freshly laid on are blended the one with the other. They give a pict= ure a smooth appearance, but as they destroy outline their use cannot be recommended. ILLUS. badgers= (1891a1)

$H Badigeon.     Painting

(Paint.) A coarse method of painting. Many buildings are coated with a badigeon of a yellow tint. Sometimes it consists of chalk and ochre with some fine= ly‑ground freestone added to it.(1891a1)

$H Badnub.=

The Arabic name of the ancient Egyptian ci= ty Penub, which see. (1876c1)

$H Baetylia.

In ancient Arabian mythology the name of certain sacred stones, originally aerolites, worshipped in Phenicia and all over India and Arabia; of which the black stone of the Caaba at Mecca is an example. This stone-worship has been thought by some writers to have b= een probably a rude form of Linga cultus. (1876c1)

$H Bagabarta.

Another form of the name of the great deit= y of Armenia, Bagamazda. which s= ee. (1876c1)

$H Bagamar.

An Elamite dei= ty, of whom nothing is known. (1876c1)

$H Bagamazda.

The supreme deity of Armenia in the time of the ancient Assyrians. The name can also be read as Baga= barta. (1876c1)

$H Bagdadu.      Babylonia

The original name of a famous city in Babylonia which is now called Bagdat. It occupied a prominent place in the Saracenic history of the Dark Ages, and was for many centuries one of the principal seats of learning in Asia. (1876c1)

$H Bagdatti.      Armenia=

The leader of the great Armenian rebellion against Sargon II. He caused Aza, king of Minni, to be slain for his fidelity to the king of = Syria, who in return, when he had put down the great revolt, had him flayed alive over the same place where he had slain his master. (1876c1)

$H Bagistan.

A country in Mesopo= tamia, which is supposed to have been the Bakhtan of= later Egyptian history. (1876c1)

$H Bagmasti.      Armenia=

A famous Armenian goddess, the consort of = the deity Haldi. She was worshipped at Muzazin, in Ararat. Her temple, together with that = of Haldi, was plundered and burnt by Sargon II., king = of Assyria, who carried her statue into captivity.(1= 876c1)

$H Bagordare.    Mediaeval

Med. It. A burlesque tournament in which the combatants were attended by fools instead of hera= lds and esquires.(1883m1)

$H Bagpipe.    <= /h1>

This ancient and favourite instrument of the Celtic races is represe= nted in an O.E. MS. of the 14th century. Several of the Hebrew instruments mentioned in the Bible and in the Talmud were kinds of bagpipes. So was a Greek instrument called "Ma= gadis." In Russia and Poland, and in t= he Ukraine, it used to be made of a whole goat's skin, and was called "Kosa," a goat. It is of high antiquity in Ireland<= /st1:place>, and a pig playing the bagpipe is represented in an illuminated Irish MS. = of A.D. 1300.(1883m1)

$H Bague.    Architecture

(Arch.) An annular moulding encircling the shafts of pillars, either half‑way between base and capital or at lesser intervals.(1891a1)

$H Baguette.     Architecture

(Arch.) A moulding with a semicircular profile. In architecture plain baguettes are generally used, but for decorative purpo= ses cabinet‑makers employ baguettes ornamented with beadings, garlands,= and foliage. ILLUS. baguett= e(1891a1)

$H Bah. "The Inundation."      Egypt

A mystical divinity, w= ho is mentioned in the CXLth chapter of the Ritu= al of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Bahaka.=      Egypt

The name of a species of white hunting hou= nd, called also Mahut. It was used in the earlier Egyptian dynasties, and is represented in the tomb of Antefaa of the XIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Bahal.      Tyre

King of Tyre. He was one of the tributaries of Esarhaddon. His name is someti= mes written Baal. (1876c1)

$H Bahalhanun.

One of the ten competitors for the crown o= f Arvad, after the death of their father, King Yakinlu. (1876c1)

$H Bahali.=

A Phenician ci= ty, conquered by Vulnirari III., or Rimmon-Nirari, B.C. 804.(1876c1)

$H Bahalizabuna.<= /span>

The Assyrian name of the Syrian city of Baalzephon<= /st1:City>. It was conquered by Tiglath Pileser II. (1876c1)

$H Bahalmaluk. "Baal the King." <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Another of the ten competitors for the thr= one of Arvad after the death of King Yakinlu. (1876c1)

$H Bahalyashub.

Another of the ten competitors for the cro= wn of Arvad, after the death of King Yakinlu. (1876c1)

$H Bahbait.      Egypt

An Egyptian town on the site of the ancien= t Sebennytus. It was called by the Greeks Isidis. It was famous for its grand granite temple of Hathor, which was erected by Ptolemy Philadelphus. (1= 876c1)

$H Bahilu.=

Queen of Idilu= , a petty kingdom in Arabia, which was conquered and annexed to Assyria by Esarhaddon. (1876c1)

$H Bahlirasi.

The name of a city or district on the coas= t of the Mediterranean, where Shalmaneser II. carved an image of himself in the rock, to record his victories. The place is now called Nahr-el Kelb or the Dog River. (1876c1)

$H Bahr Yûsuf.     Egypt

The great canal which runs parallel with the Nile on the west side, commencin= g in the Crocodilopolite Nome nearly opposite Akhmîm, and joining the Nile at the modern El= Wasta in the Arsinoïte Nome, a distance by river of 350 miles. It is rather a continuous series = of canals than one, and it is only navigable throughout its length during the inundation. "It is evident from Strabo a= nd Ptolemy that, in their time, the important canal known as the Bahr Yusûf did not flow as it does now. If, as is probably the case, its bed is natural, and not the work of man, a great p= art of it would have been silted up in the time of the Greek writers, and according to an Arab tradit= ion it was reopened by the famous Sultan Saladin, who then gave it his name of <= span class=3DSpellE>Yûsuf." We are thus led to the conclusion that, according to the Greek writers, the Bahr Y&uci= rc;suf in its present course cannot be very old. It is probably a work of nature enlarged and modified by the hand of man. Possibly the kings of the XIIth Dynasty may have begun this system of water regulation in connection with the works of Lake Moer= is, which is always attributed to them." After Der&= ucirc;t the Bahr Yûsuf changes its name success= ively to Ibrahimîyeh, So= hagîyeh, and Raiân. Its ancient name is unknown.(1902b1)

$H Bahu.

An Accadian synonym of the name of the Assyrian goddess Gula, the "Lady of Death." (1876c1)

$H Bai.      Egypt

A priest of Apis, in the reign of Tirhakah, of the XXVth dynasty. (1876c1)

A keeper of the bulls of Amen Ra. The peri= od when he lived is uncertain. (1876c1)

The name of a special priesthood, which was attached to the worship of the god Apis. It w= as held by hereditary descent, but its duties and ceremonies are as yet unkn= own. It was probably sacrificial, as it is hieroglyphically expressed by a kni= fe. (1876c1)

A great chancellor of Egypt in the court of Merenpthah I. By his influence after that monarch's death, the usurper Sipthah and the princess <= span class=3DSpellE>Tauser were acknowledged as joint sovereigns over t= he land of Egypt at the city of Chev, and the legitimate heir of the crown, Prince Seti, afterwards Seti II., was made to acquiesce in= their accession. Nothing further is yet known of his life or acts. (1876c1)

$H Baienneter.

The third king of the IInd Thinite dynasty of Egypt. Having no male heir,= he introduced a law by which the succession of the crown devolved to his daughter. He reigned forty-seven years, and was the = Binothres of the Greek historians. (1876c1)

$H Baijoire.

(1) A medal or coin = on the obverse or reverse of which were two faces in profile, placed one over the other. (2) An ancient silver coin of Genoa, and an ancient Dutch gold coin= . The term is certainly derived from an old word Baiso= ire [baiser<= /span>, to kiss].(1883m1)

$H Bai‑Kriem.    Hindu

Hindoo. Literally, roasted ric= e; a stone employed in some of the monuments of the ancient Cambodia. (See BIEN‑H= OA.)(1883m1)

$H Bailey. (See BALLIUM.)    (1883m1)

$H Bailu.

The queen = of Ikhilu, an Arabian country. She was conquered and put to death by Esarhad= don, king of Assyria. See Bahilu. (1876c1)

$H Baïn. "Illustrious."

The name of an order of military nobles in= the Sabaean kingdom of Yemen in Arabia. (1876c1)

$H Bainbergs.

Bainbergs (Germ. Bein‑bergen). Shin‑guards or modern greaves.(1883m1)=

Shin‑guards introduced in the 13th century as an additional protection for the legs, and worn over chain‑armour. At a later date they gave way to greaves or joints. Our illustration is from a monumental brass in Westley Waterless Church, in Cambridgeshire. ILLUS. bainberg(1891a1)

$H Baisoire. (See BAIJOIRE.)    (1883m1)

$H Baium.

A royal fortress of the kingdom of Sabaea, near to the city of Zafar. (1876c1)=

$H Bak.      Egypt

An Egyptian prince of the blood royal of t= he XVIIIth dynasty. He was the son of the lady Tauau, and the brother of an A= ahmes who does not however appear to have been the king of that name. (1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Bakaa.      Egypt

The father of Rere, an important officer of state in the reign of Seti I. of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Bakana.=

The name of a Libyan tribe, which was subjugated by Rameses III. of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)=

$H Bakasu.=      Egypt

A kind of short two-edged dagger, which was used by the ancient Egyptians. It was generally made of bronze, with a ha= ndle either of gold, silver, or ivory. (1876c1)

$H Bakat.      Egypt

An Egyptian lady who was raised to the ran= k of a princess upon her marriage with Nehara, a g= reat prince in the time of the XIIth dynasty. (187= 6c1)

$H Bakenkhonsu.      Egypt

A first prophet of Amen, and the chief architect of Thebes, under the reigns of= Seti= I. and Rameses II. of the XIXth dynasty. He= appears to have been one of the most important officers of his time. (1876c1)

$H Bakennifi.      Egypt

An Egyptian officer, who was the chief of = the troops under Piankhi Mer= amon of the XXVIth dynasty. He was also governor o= f the city of Anamat. (1876c1)

$H Bakenranf.      Egypt

A chief priest or Sam, and governor of a district in the reign of Psametik I. of the XXVIth dynasty. His tomb at Sakkarah is one of the most beautiful and important= in existence for its magical and liturgical texts. (1876c1)

A king of Egypt of theXXIVth dynasty. He was the son of Tafnekht, or Thnephactus. He was a wise and brave but unfortunate king; and several miracles, such as the prophecy of a monstrous double ra= m, are said to have happened in his reign. He was conquered by Sabako, king of the Ethiopians, who burnt him alive= after he had reigned six years. He was the Bocchoris of the Greeks. (1876c1)

$H Bak-en-ren-f.=      Egypt

See BOCCHORIS.(1902b1)

$H Bakh      Egypt

Bakh, the Greek Bacis, was the name of the sacred bull at Hermonthis (Erment) in which the god MENTU was incarnate. (See MENTU.)(1902b1)

$H Bakhdi.= "Bactria."

In Zendic myth= ology the name of the third resting-place of the Iranians, after their exile fr= om Aryanem-Vaedjo, which see. (1876c1)

$H Bakhen.=      Egypt

An Egyptian town, the site of which is unknown. It was sacred to the deity Ba. (1876= c1)

$H Bakheperuneb.<= /span>      Egypt

The prenomen o= f King Tutankhamen, of the XVIIIth dynasty, which se= e. (1876c1)

$H Bakhtan.      Mesopotamia<= /st1:place>

A country in Mesopo= tamia, which has been supposed to have been the Bagistan of Classic history. One daughter of the king of that country married Rameses XII., king of Egypt: and another, the princess Bentaresh, was poss= essed by a demon who was only expelled from her by t= he presence of the sacred ark of the deity Khonsu, of Upper Egypt. See Rameses XII. (1876c1)

$H Baking. <= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>    Pottery

(Pot.) The operation of hardening pieces of pottery after they have been moulded by submitting them to the action of the fire. The operation is simple when the paste and the glazing require the same amoun= t of baking. A double baking is necessary when the paste, which then becomes biscuit (q.v.), has to be baked = at one temperature and the glazing has to be obtained at another.(1891a1)

$H Bakrans.      Egypt

An Egyptian lady, of the family of Bocchoris, or Bakenranf= . Her mummy and sarcophagus are in the British Museum. (1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Bakurnro.      Egypt

A queen of Egypt, the wife of King Amenmeses, who was one of the last monarchs of the = XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)