$H Bana. Assyria

The son of Kala. He was an Assyrian tax collector at Warka, in the reign of Cambyses. (1876c1)=

<= o:p>

$H Band or= Bands. <= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> Architecture; Costume

Bands, Arch., are either small strings round shaft= s, or a horizontal line of square, round, or other panels used to ornament towe= rs, spires, and other works. (See BALTEUS.)(1883m1)

Band. (Arch.) A continuous moulding, very slightly projecting, carried along a horizontal surface or following the curve of an arch. It is frequently qu= ite flat, but in Gothic architecture many examples of bands are found decorated with sculptured ornaments, and sometimes running round a whole building. 2 ILLUS. band1, band2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp;

Bands. Originally th= e name given to the collars which (in the 17th century) replaced the ruff of Elizabeth's reig= n. At first they were made of stitched linen or cambric edged with lace, stiffe= ned so as to stand up round the neck. Contemporary with these were the falling bands. The engraving (by Hollar, 1640) shows a merchant's wife with collar or falling band of cambric edged with lace. T= he term bandbox has descended to us from those days, when similar boxes were made expressly for keeping bands and ruffs in. (Fig. 58.) Fig. 58. Falling Band.(1883m1)

$H Banded<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Heraldry

Her. Encircled with a band.(1883m1)

(Her.) A charge, such as a sheaf of arrows, bound with a band of a different tincture is said to be banded of that tincture.(1891a1)

$H Ba-n-ded. Egypt

Another form of the name of the Egyptian sacred ram deity Mendes. (1876c1)

$H Bandelet. Architecture

(Arch.) A small and simple moulding, rectangular in form, and approaching more or less nearly to a square according to the height and projection which is given to it. Bandelets se= rve to unite mouldings, the profile of which is a curve. ILLUS. bandelet= (1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Banderia (see Bandum). (1883m1)

$H Banderolle.

(1) A small flag, ab= out a yard square, upon which arms were emblazoned, displayed at important funerals.

(2) In architecture = of the Renaissance, a flat scroll, inscribed.(1883m1)

A band of fine and wavy material sometimes rolled up at = its ends, displaying a legend, inscription, or device. B= anderolles are frequently used in decorative or allegorical compositions, where they either encircle ornaments or are held in the hands of figures who are represented as unrolling them. The name is a= lso given to flags or banners which are carried at the funerals of distinguis= hed persons, and which display the illustrious marriages of the deceased's ancestors. 2 ILLUS. bande= ro1, bandero2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p; <= /o:p>

$H Bandole= er. Costume

A belt of leather fitted with cases for holding cartridg= es. It was worn by musketeers in the 17th century.(1891a1)<= /p>

$H Bands. (See BAND.)

$H Bandum, Banderia. Mediaeval

Med. Lat. A small ba= nner. The French poets called it "= ban," a word probably of Celtic origin, signifying "exalted." (Meyrick= .)(1883m1)

$H Ba-neb-tattu. Egypt

The god of Mendes. He is represented with a ram's head, a fact which gave ris= e, by a curious error, to the statement of the classic authors that the Egyptians called the goat Mendes. His title is “living soul of Ra.”(1902b1)

$H Bankard. Old English

O.E. (Fr. banquier). A carpet or cloth covering for a table, form, or bench.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Banner. Heraldry

Banner. (Her.) A square standard fixed to a vertical staff by on= e of its sides, or attached to the pole by the centre of its upper side, so as= to hang loose. Such were the ensigns of the knights bannerets and the banners of the Church. They were = often fringed and tasselled and decorated with symbols and paintings. The natio= nal banner or standard of Great Britain is religious in character, and= is made up of the three crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick. = ILLUS. banner(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

Banner. In heraldry,= a square, or narrow oblong flag, larger than the pennon (q.v.), charged with the coat of arms of the owner displayed over its entire surface, precisel= y as it is blazoned on a shield, as in the illustration of the Royal Standard, which should properly be styled the Royal Banner. (See STANDARD.) The Union Tack is also a banner, in which the blazonr= y of the two nations of England and Scotland are combined, not by "quartering," but by an earlier process of "blending" the cross and the saltire in a single composition. The profusion of banners at tournaments, in feudal ti= mes, when each noble planted his own in the lists, = was an element of picturesque effect. The term applies to all kinds of flags, or= colours, proper to individuals, or corporations, &a= mp;c., who display them. It does not appear that military banners were used by the ancients. The banners used in Roman Catholic countries bear the representation of patron saints, or symbols of religio= us mysteries. Fig. 59. The Royal Standard, or Banner.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Banner‑cloth. Christian

Chr. A processional flag.(1883m1)

$H Banneret.

A knight entitled to display a banner.(1883m1)

$H Ba-n-neter. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

Third king of Dynasty II., reigned forty-seven(?) ye= ars. In his reign the female succession to the throne was secured.(1902b1)

$H Banquet= te. <= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> Architecture

(Arch.) A French term indicating a narrow window seat.(1891a1)

$H Bantanath. "Daughter of Anaitis." Egypt

The daughter of Rameses II., king of Egypt of the XIXth dynasty. From her being named after a Semitic deity her mother was probab= ly one of the foreign or hostage wives of Rameses. She became a queen, but of what country or who she married are as yet unknown. She was at one time supposed, but wrongly so, to have been a wife, as wel= l as a daughter, of her father. (1876c1)

$H Baphium. Greek & Roman

Gr. and R. (= $V= BJ= T[=3Dbapto], to dye). A dyer's workshop.(1883m1)

$H Baptisterium.= Roman

R. (from $VBJT[=3Dbapto], to dip)= . A kind of cold plunging‑bath, constructed in the FRIGIDARIUM (q.v.), or the room itself. In Christian archaeology, baptistery was the name given to a building adjoining a basilica, or situated ne= ar it, in which baptism was administered. Such is the baptistery of St. John Lateran at Rome<= /st1:City>. One of the most ancient baptisteries in F= rance is that of St. Jean, at Poitiers, represented in Fig. 60. It dates from the fourth century; that of St. Constance, at Rome (Figs. 61, 62), belongs to the same period. Fig. 60. Baptistery of St. Jean, Poitiers.= Fig. 61. Baptistery of St. Constance, Rome. Fig. 62. Interior of the Baptistery of St. Constance.(1883m1)<= /span>

<= /o:p>

$H Baptist= ery. <= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> Architecture

(Arch.) A circular or polygonal building placed near anc= ient basilicae for the performance of the rite of baptism. Later baptisteries were connected with the church by porticoes. After the 11th century baptisteries were replaced by baptismal fonts, large vessels of stone, marble or metal, very often richly decorated, and cover= ed with a movable baldachino of elaborate workma= nship. These baptisteries were placed either in a chapel or near the entrance of= the church. Among separate buildings serving as baptisteries that at Florence must be= placed first. It is decorated with mosaics and its entrance is closed by the celebrated bronze gates of Lorenzo Ghiberti a= nd Andreas of Pisa. ILLUS. baptiste(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Bar. Architecture; Assyria; Heraldry

(Arch.) A name given to gateways in the walls of towns s= uch as were erected in the Middle Ages. (1891a1)

Another fo= rm of the name of the Assyrian deity Ninip. He was called also Adar and Ussur by the early Assyriologists. (1876c1)

Her. A horizontal li= ne across a shield.(1883m1)

(Her.) An honourable ordinary, drawn horizontally, occup= ying one‑fifth of the field; a diminutive of the fess.(1891a1)

$H Bara.

A king of the country of Ginzinai, who paid tribute to Samas Rimmon. (1876c1)

$H Barabur.

A district rendered tributary to Assyria by Samsivul o= r Samas Rimmon III. (1876= c1)

$H Barathron or Orugma. Greek

Gr. (= $V= D"= 2D= @<[=3Dbarathron<= /span>]). A deep cleft behind the Acropolis at Athens, into which criminals were thrown, either under sentence of death by this means, or after they had been put to death by hemlock or other poisons. It was situated near the t= emple of Diana Aristobulê= ;.(1883m1)

$H Barba [See Beard].

$H Barbadoes Tar or Jews' Pitch.

Barbadoes Tar, or Jews' Pitch, is really asphalte and is employed in the manufa= cture of the black varnish used in photography. In the process of heliogravure it is the base which is exposed to the action of the light.(1891a1)

$H Barbara= , St.

A virgin martyr who suffered martyrdom in the year 383 A= .D., having been converted to Christianity by Origen, and so having incurred the anger of her father and the pro‑consul <= span class=3DSpellE>Marcian. She is one of the patron saints of Mantua. Her chi= ef attribute is the tower, in which she was imprisoned by her father, and in addition the sword, the palm‑branch, and the crown of martyrdom. In reference to the belief that those who worshipped her should not die with= out the sacrament she carries a chalice. She is the patroness of fire‑a= rms and the protectress against sudden death.(189= 1a1)

$H Barbatina.

It. A preparation of clay mixed with the shavings of woollen cloth, used in the manufacture of pottery to attach the handles and other moulded ornament= s. (Fortnum.)(1883m1)

$H Barbe. &= nbsp; Costume

A piece of linen worn by women in the 15th and 16th centuries, either over or under the chin, according to the station of the wearer. Ladies of high degree wore it above the chin.(1891a1)<= /span>

$H Barbed. Heraldry

Her. Pointed, as an arrow.(1883m1)

$H Barbica= n. Architecture

A small tower of defence, generally built in the Middle = Ages at the entrance to a bridge, town, &c. ILLUS. barbican(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

Mod. (1) A long narr= ow opening made in a wall, especially in a foundation wall, to let the water flow away.

(2) The term also de= notes an outwork placed in front of a fortified castle or any other military post.= In the latter acceptation the term ANTEMURAL (q.v.) is also used. The illust= ration is taken from the arms of Antoine de Burgundy. In this instance the barbi= can is a small double tower, or out‑post watch‑house, and the shu= tter‑like pent‑house protection of the unglazed window openings bears a strik= ing resemblance to a modern sun‑blind. Fig. 63. Barbican.(1883m1)

$H Barbitos. Greek & Roman

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>$VD$4J@H[=3Dbarbitos]). A s= tringed instrument which dates from a very high antiquity; it was much larger than the CITHARA (q.v.). To strike the long thick strings of the barbitos, a PLECTRUM (q.v.) was used ins= tead of the fingers. The invention of this instrument is attributed to Terpander; Horace, on the contrary, says it was inv= ented by Alcaeus, and Athenaeu= s by Anacreon. It was a kind of lyre with a lar= ge body.(1883m1)

$H Barbotine. &= nbsp;

Fr. A primitive meth= od of decorating coarse pottery with clays laid on it in relief. (Jacquemart.)(1883m1)

A kind of paste reduced to a pulp out of which certain figures may be modelled. The name is in the present age almost exclusively given to vases decorated with flowers and leaves in high relief and vario= usly coloured.(1891a1)

$H Barca.

A boat for pleasure, or for transport. It was also= a long‑boat. (See BARI.)(1883m1)

$H Barde or Barred. Heraldry

Her. In horizontal stripes.(1883m1)

$H Barded = or Bardings. Heraldry

Barded. (Her.) A term describing a charger caparisoned.(1891a1)

Barded, Her. Having horse‑trappings, or ‑= ; Bardings, which were often enri= ched with armorial blazonry.(1883m1)

$H Bardocucullus. Gaul

R. and Gaul. (bardus and cucullus i. e. monk's‑hood). A garment with sleeves and hood worn by the poorer classes among the Gauls. It bore some resembl= ance to the Roman PAENULA (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Barga.

A city of Hamath which was conquered and annexed = to Assyria by Shalmaneser II. (1876c1)

$H Barge‑board or Verge‑board.

Barge‑board, o= r Verge‑board, is the external gable‑board of a house; which is often elaborately ornamented with carvings.(1883m1)

Barge‑board. A broad board, generally richly carve= d, placed in front of a gable. It was used from the 14th century, principall= y in domestic architecture, or in churches with timber porches. Its chief valu= e is decorative not structural.(1891a1)

$H Barge&#= 8209;course. <= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>

That portion of the tiling of the roof which projects be= yond the roof. The barge‑board (q.v.) is placed beneath it.(1891a1)=

$H Bari or Baris. Egypt

Gr. and Egyp. (= $D4H[=3Dbaris]). A shal= low Egyptian boat, used on the Nile to tra= nsport merchandise, and in funeral processions. The Egyptian sacred barks, with which they formed processions on the Nile, were made of costly woods, and ornamented with plates of gold or silver, and carried a miniature temple = (naos), = which contained the image of a divinity. The prow and the poop were ornamented = with religious symbols of the richest workmanship.(1883m1)

$H Barks, Sacred. Egypt

The heavens being conceived of as an ocean, the solar gods were often spoken = of as progressing in their barks. The sun's two barks are the best known of these. At his birth in the morning he entered the Sektit bark,* which took him to = his most southern point at noon. He then travelled till sunset in the Mazit o= r Madet <= span class=3DGramE>bark . During the night he changed into different barks; until received again into the Sektit bark next morning. The pictures of these barks vary. Sometimes the boat is extremely simple and contains only the sun disk. At others it is large, w= ith a cabin or shrine in the centre for the chief gods, who are accompanied by other gods before and behind. Sometimes there are row= ers, at others it is self-propelled either with or without a helmsman to guide= it. Tum and Khepera a= re the gods who most frequently accompany Ra. The bark of P= tah-Seker-Osiris was called H= ennu and that of Nun Neshmet. The temples had models of these boats, in which in some cases the symbol = of the god was kept. These barks were carried in procession round the temple= at stated times. (See MOON.)=

*Erman reverses this order, and calls the Mazit the bark of the mor= ning, and the Sekt= it the bark of the sunset.(1902b1)=

$H Barnaba= s, St. <= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>

Apostle and martyr, companion and fellow‑traveller= of St. Paul. He suf= fered martyrdom by stoning in Cyprus, where he was born, about the year 60 A.D. He is represented as a man of dignified presence holding a stone, the symbol of his martyrdom, and the preacher's staff: but pictures of him are seldom met with.(1891a1)

$H Barnacles or Breys.<= /span>

An instrument used in breaking horses. Fig. 64. Barnacles or Breys.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Baron. Heraldry

Baron, in heraldic l= anguage, signifies a husband. The rank of Baron in the peerage corresponds with th= at of the Saxon Thane; it is the lowest.(1883m1)

$H Baronet. Heraldry

An hereditary rank instituted by James I. in 1612.(1883m1)

$H Baron's Coronet.

Baron's Coronet, first granted by Charles II., has= , on a golden circlet, six large pearls; of which four are shown in representations.(1883m1)

$H Baroque= .

In bad taste, florid= and incongruous ornamentation. The same as rococo.(1883m1)

A term used in decorative art to denote a class of ornamental designs, in which everything is sacrificed to give an impressi= on of richness, meaningless display being more considered than refinement and appropriateness. [Rococo.](1891a1)

$H Barrel&= #8209;vault. <= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> Architecture

(Arch.) A vault built in the shape of a surmounted arch (q.v.), its height being greater than its breadth. The barrel‑vault sometimes has the appearance of a hollow semi‑cylinder. It is also called "Waggon‑head Vaulting."= ; ILLUS. barr= elva(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Barrow.= Archaeology

A term given by archaeologists to the mounds of earth he= aped up in ancient times over the remains of a great warrior or otherwise distinguished person. There are many barrows in existence in England, and they are the oldest monuments which have come down to us. Among famous European barrows the three at Gamla Upsala, in Sweden, should be mentioned, which tradition asserts are the burying‑places of the gods Odin, Th= or, and Freya.(1891a1)

$H Barrulet. &= nbsp; Heraldry

Her. The diminutive of a BAR (q.v.).(1883m1)

(Her.) Diminutive of bar, of which it is one‑fifth in width.(1891a1)

$H Barry.<= /span> Heraldry

(Her.) Said of a shield divided horizontally or barwise.(1891a1)

Her. Divided into an= even number of bars, which all lie in the same plane. Fig. 66. Barry of six.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Barry&#= 8209;bendy or Barry‑Bendy. &= nbsp; Heraldry

Barry‑bendy. (Her.) Divided by lines horizontally = and diagonally into a number of equal parts, alternating the tinctures.(1891a= 1)

Barry‑Bendy, Her. Having the field divided by = lines drawn bar‑wise, which a= re crossed by others drawn bend̴= 9;wise.(1883m1)

$H Barry&#= 8209;pily. &= nbsp; Heraldry

(Her.) Said of a shield covered with piles placed bar= 209;wise.(1891a1)

$H Barry&#= 8209;wavy. <= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> Heraldry

(Her.) Said of a shield covered with undulating lines.(1891a1)

$H Bars Gemelles. Heraldry

(Her.) A term applied to beads or bars arranged two and = two on a shield. When two bars gemelles are placed on a shield, the distance between them is always greater than the distance between the two charges themselves. ILLUS. barsgeme= (1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Barsip.= Or Borsippa. Babylonia

A town in Babylonia= famous for the great temple of the god Bel, w= hich rose in seven spheres, and the summit of which was coated with gold. It w= as erected towards the close of his reign by Nabukuduru= zar II., king of Babylon. See also Borsippa. (1876c1)

$H Bartabba. Chaldaea

In Chaldean as= tronomy the name of an unidentified fixed star. (1876c1)

$H Bartabbadudu.<= /span> "The Doubly Little." Chaldaea

In Chaldean astronomy the name of a star or planet which is not yet certainly identif= ied. (1876c1)

$H Bartabbagalgal. "The Doubly Great." Chaldaea

In Chaldean astronomy the name of a famous star or planet of the West, which has not yet been certainly identified. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Barthol= omew, St.

Apostle and martyr, was crucified head downwards accordi= ng to one account, or flayed alive according to another, at Albanopolis, in Armenia. He is represented in art as holding a knife, with reference to his cruel torture, a book, St. Matthew's Gospel, and a human skin, sometimes with t= he face attached to it.(1891a1)

$H Bartizan, Watch‑turret.    Architecture

Bartizan. (Arch.) A corbelled out turret of stone surmou= nted by a conical roof, and placed either at the angle of walls or at the summ= it of towers in mediaeval castles. Bartizans date from the 12th century. In = the 14th century they were constructed with a view to defence and pierced with loopholes, and then assumed especial importance. ILLUS. bartizan(1891a1)

Bartizan, Watch‑turret. Arch. A small watch‑tower made to project from the top of a tow= er or a curtain‑wall, generally at the angles. City‑gates were in some instances furnished with bartizans. Originally they were of wood, but from the 11th century they were made of masonry, and so formed part of the structure on which rested; they were, in fact, turrets. (Fig. 67.) (Compa= re BARBICAN.) Fig. 67. Bartizan.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Baru.      Assyria

An Assyrian measure of capacity, ten of wh= ich went to the log or lagitu. (1876c1)

$H Baruir.=      Armenia=

A king of = Armenia who combined with the Medes and Persians to destroy Nineveh. In this he was successful, a= nd then uniting all the petty Armenian kingdoms under one government, he bec= ame their sovereign on the fall of the Assyrian empire. = Baruir reigned more than forty years, towards the last of which his kingdom was ravaged by Tiglath Piles= er II. He was succeeded by his son Urtsa. (Lenormant.) (1876c1)

$H Barukatatau.      Egypt

A mystical name of the Osirian deceased when fully glorified. It occurs in the CLXI= IIrd chapter of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Bar‑wise.    Heraldry

Her. Disposed after = the manner of a BAR (q.v.). Fig. 68. Bar‑wise.(1883m1)<= /o:p>

<= /o:p>

$H Barytes.

A heavy spar, or sulphate, the white varieties of which are ground and made into paint (constant or Hume's wh= ite). Mixed with an equal quantity of w= hite lead, it produces Venice white, and with half as much &q= uot;Hamburg," with one‑third "Dutch<= /i>" white.(1883m1)