$H Bead. Architecture

An architectural orn= ament of mouldings consisting of small round carved beads, called also Astragal. Another name for this ornament is Paternosters.(1883m1)=

(Arch.) A system of ornament consisting of small spheric= al beads applied to a convex moulding. (Dec.) The term also denotes small spherical objects made of glass, amber, metal, or precious stones, perfor= ated so that they may be strung together. They have been used as ornaments in = all times and among all people. The Greeks prized Egyptian beads above all others, and many beads have been found in Greek tombs which seem to be of Egyptian origin. From the Middle Ages onward Venetian beads were more esteemed than any others. ILLUS. bead(1891a1)

$H Beadsman. <= /span> Mediaeval

In the Middle Ages persons called beadsmen were paid to offer up prayers for the welfare of sta= tes or individuals. The accompanying cut represents a beadsman holding the be= ads and torch of his office. An order of "bedesmen" existed in Scotland= . Their insignia of office were a torch and beads, as represented in the cu= t. ILLUS. beadsman(1891a1)

$H Beaked. Heraldry

(Her.) A term in heraldry used when a bird's beak is of a different tincture to the head.(1891a1)

$H Beaker.

(Fr. cornet). A trumpe= t‑shaped vase, or drinking‑cup.(1883m1)

$H Beak‑heads.

An ornament employed in England in the decoration of Romano‑Byzantine monuments, and consisting of a series of beak̴= 9;heads which project over a semicircular moulding. ILLUS. beakhead(1891a1)

(Fr. becs d'oiseau), Mod.= An ornament peculiar to English architecture, representing heads and beaks of birds. The ancient Peruvians used the same ornament in their architecture, as shown in Fig. 79, taken from the decoration of the monolithic door of Tianuaco. Fig. 78. Moulding with Beak‑heads and Tooth‑ornament. Fig. 79. Peruvian ornament (Beak‑heads).(1883m1)

&nbs= p;

$H Beam. Architecture

(Arch.) A piece of stone or wood placed in a horizontal position for the purpose of supporting a heavy mass, is termed a beam. An architrave is an instan= ce of the beam.(1891a1)<= /span>

$H Bear.

Dancing bears are represented in Anglo‑Saxon MSS.(1883m1)

$H Beard or Barba.

In ancient art Zeus, Poseidon. Croons, the full‑gr= own Hercules, Janus, and Aesculapius were represented with beards; sometimes = also Dionysus, and the Indian Bacchus, called by the Romans Bacchus Barbatus, always. In Christian art the beard is the attribute of kings, patriarchs,= and prophets.(1891a1)

For purposes of cleanliness the Egyptian gentleman went clean shaven in every= day life, but on great occasions it was customary to wear an artificial beard. This was made of hair very tightly plaited and fastened by straps on to t= he head-dress or behind the ears. The king wore a longer beard than his subjects. Figures of the gods are usually represented with a pointed beard curled up at the end - and on the coffins of the mummies the same form is frequently found, the deceased having become an Osirian, i.e. made one wi= th Osiris. Only foreign slaves and shepherds were allowed to wear beards. Prisoners were not allowed to shave.(1902b1)

Barba, Gen. The bear= d, whence the attributive barbatus, = frequently employed to denote one who wears a beard. Thus bene barbatus, a man with a well‑trimmed beard; barbatulus, a young man whose youthful beard had never been touched with the razor. Among many nations = of antiquity the custom prevailed of curling the beard artificially, so as to obtain long curls or ringlets, ci= ncinni. (See CINCINNUS.) The Assyrians, Egyptians, Jews, Persians, Greeks, and Romans may be particularly enumerated. Shaving the beard was introduced i= nto Rome about B.C. = 300, and became the regular practice. In the later times of the republic many pers= ons began to wear it trimmed, and the terms bene barbati and barbatuli were applied to them. Under Hadrian the practice of wearing beards was revived, and the emperors until Const= antine wore them. The Romans let the beard grow as a sign of mourning; the Greeks shaved. The beard is an attribute of the prophets, apostles, and evangeli= sts (excepting St. John); and, in ancient ar= t, of Jupiter, Serapis, Neptune, &c. Neptune has a straight beard; Jupiter a curly silky one. The early Britons shaved generally, but always had long moustachios. The Anglo‑Saxon beard w= as neatly trimmed or parted into double locks. The Nor= mans originally shaved clean, but when settled in England let all their beard= grow. Close shaving prevailed among the young men in England in the 14th century; older men wore a forked beard. After sundry changes, clean shaving obtain= ed in the reign of Henry VI., and the beard was rarely cultivated from then until the middle of the 16th century. The most extragavant fashions arose= in Elizabeth's reig= n, and were succeeded by variations too numerous to detail.(1883m1)

$H Bearing. Architecture

(Arch.) A term denoting the length of a piece of timber = or iron placed horizontally and upheld at each end by supports. ILLUS. bearing(1891a1)

$H Beast, Heraldic. <= /span>

The heraldic beasts of the 13th, 14th, and 15th century = were drawn in an entirely conventional style. The object aimed at in the rende= ring of these figures was simplicity, it being important that the outlines sho= uld be sharp, and so easy to distinguish at a distance. According to Viollet&= #8209;le‑Duc the coats‑of‑arms of the 14th century should be preferred to = all others, for it is then that the traditional forms of this decorative art = are found in the greatest purity. In the 16th century the types of heraldic beasts began to degenerate, for then a tendency sprang up to render anima= ls realistically, which is clearly out of place in an art so purely conventi= onal as that of heraldry.(1891a1)

$H Beaver. Costume

The movable faceR= 09;guard of a helmet.(1883m1)

The lower part of the face‑guard of the helmet, introduced in the 14th century. It could not be moved up and down, and wh= en Shakespeare says, "He wore his beaver up," he is confusing it w= ith the visor (q.v.).(1891a1)

$H B= ebe. Egypt

The son of an Egyptian king of the XIIth dynasty, probably Rasebaknefru. (1876c1)

$H Bed. Architecture; Furniture<= /span>

A term denoting the horizontal surface of a stone; thus = we speak of the upper or lower bed.

As an article of furniture the bed has always been of importance.

The Greek bed was very = simple in construction, consisting simply of an oblong plank on four legs; the material used was generally wood, and the coverings were very simple, bei= ng generally skins or long‑haired woollen blankets (= Õ= Z= <= ,= "[=3Drhenea= ]).

The Roman beds resemble= d the Greek in shape, but were far more costly and elaborate. They were made of rare woods, frequently inlaid with ivory and tortoise-shell, of bronze, or even silver, while their legs were carved in all kinds of fantastic shape= s. The mattresses were stuffed with straw, wool, or down. =

The beds of the Middle = Ages were generally in the form of a shallow box with raised ends. =

After the Norman period= beds were often decorated with carvings, surmounted by canopies, and draped wi= th beautifully embroidered stuffs.

In Renaissance times be= ds were still works of art, but at the end of the 16th century comfort alone= was aimed at, and hangings, &c., became more important than the bed itself.(1891a1)

Anglo‑Saxon be= ds usually consisted merely of a sack (saeccing) filled with straw, and laid on a bench or board, which was ordinarily in a recess at the side of the room, as we still see in Scotland. The word bedstead means only "a plac= e for a bed." Tester beds, or = beds with a roof, were introduced by the Normans.

Early in the 13th century beds were covered much as now, with 'quilte,' counterpane, bolster, sheets, and coverlet; and stood behind curtains whi= ch hung from the ceiling.

In the 15th century the beds became much more ornamental, having canopy and curtains, and these, as well as the tester or back, decorated with heraldic, religious, or other devices. At the sid= es were costers, or ornamental c= loths. Between the curtains and the wall a space was left called the ruelle, or little street.(1883m1)

$H Beech Black.

A blue‑black vegetable pigment.(1883m1)

$H Beer. Egypt

The "barley wine" of the ancient Egyptians. There were four sorts in use under the old Empire; in later times that from Qede, in Asia Minor, was esteemed the most highly, and during the Ptolemaic period the Zythos beer was the favourite. It was made from the "corn= of Upper Egypt," i.e. barley; but how prepared = is unknown. One papyrus mentions a beer tax at Memphis which amounted to 45 talents = 3100 drachmae in one month.(1902b1)

$H Bees.

Bees, in Christian a= rt, are an attribute of St. Ambrose.(1883m1)

In Christian art an attribute of St. Ambrose (q.v.), and generally speaking of saints celebrated for their eloquence.(1891a1)=

$H B= egbe. Egypt

The modern name of the town which was call= ed by the ancient Egyptians, Senem. (1876c1)

$H B= egelmir. Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

In Scandinavian mythology the last of the = ice giants. He escaped destruction in the blood of Ymir, wherein all his bret= hren were drowned, by building a ship in which he and his wife took refuge. Af= ter the reconstruction of the earth he then re-peopled it. (1876c1)

$H Behnesa. Egypt

The modern name of the eighteenth nome and city in Upper Egypt, which was called = by the Greeks, Oxyrhynchus. (1876c1)

$H B= ehni. Egypt

The Egyptian name of a town in Nubia near to Phi= lae. It was famous for a brick temple to Ra or the sun, which was erected ther= e by Thothmes III. of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H B= ehra. Hindu

In Hindu mythology the name of a sacred la= ke near the residence of Brahma. It had the properties of a fountain of perpetual youth. (1876c1)

$H B= eit. "Castle."

The name applied in the kingdom of Sabaea= to the castled towns of the vassal lords in contradistinction to those erected by the king, which were called Hedjar. (1876c1)=

$H B= eit Allah. "House of God."

The name given by Mahomet to the great tem= ple or Caaba at Mecca= , when he adopted it as a sacred place of pilgrimage.(1876c1)

$H Beitoually. Egypt

The modern name of a village in Nubia, where Rameses II. caused a temple to the deities Ra and Khnum to be excav= ated in the living rock; and upon the walls of the inner chambers of which he = had all his victories described, with a series of magnificent bas-reliefs illustrating them. (1876c1)

$H B= ek. Egypt

An Egyptian officer. The first squire, and chief of the grooms of Rameses II. of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Bekenamen. Egypt

The royal scribe, and royal favourite of o= ne of the monarchs of the XVIIIth dynasty, but of what monarch it is not kno= wn. His father's name was Sennofre, and his mother's name Apu. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H Bektamun. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

The daughter of an unidentified Egyptian k= ing. (1876c1)

$H Bektaten. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

A daughter of Amenhotep IV. of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Bektenhak. "Servant of the King." Egypt

An official Egyptian title, which was appl= ied to ladies of rank who were in personal attendance at the royal palace. (1876c1)

$H Bektmut. Egypt

A daughter of Rameses II. of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Bektuernuro. Egypt

The wife of Amenmeses, king of Egypt, in the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H B= el. Babylonia

The great national deity of the Babylonian= s, as Assur was of the Assyrians. He was one of the deities of the first tri= ad, consisting of Anu, Hea, and Bel, and in Accadian his name was written Eng= i. He was also called Elu, or Ilu, in which form he takes a prominent positi= on in the Izdubar Legends, and more generally Bilu, whence the Greek name Be= l. His chief titles were "The God of the World," that is of the affairs of the world, "Determiner of Destinies," and "Fath= er of the Gods," in this case the term gods being applied to the stars.= He is now considered to represent the great deification of physical power, a= nd he was the presiding deity of the moving heavenly bodies. Hence, therefor= e, the great astronomical work of Sargon I. was called Namar-Bili, "= ;The Illumination (or the eye of) Bel." In the ancient mythical tablet recording the war of the gods, Sin, the moon, Shamas, the sun, and Ishtar, the queen of the stars, are called his children. In the Deluge Legend, Be= l is the chief god by whom the destruction of mankind is effected, and he was = the only deity who murmured at Harisadra being saved; as a punishment for whi= ch offence he was shut out of heaven and no offerings were made by the patri= arch to him. Bel is continually represented as taking council of the wise and benevolent Hea, and generally his characteristics were those of force and wrath, rather than of wisdom or love. The consort of Bel was the goddess Bilat, or Belat, who was a goddess of reproductive nature and a feminine = form of himself, in which latter character she was also a goddess of war. Bel = was represented on the sculpture under the figure of a king, wearing a tiara crested with bulls' horns and a sceptre as the emblems of power. See also Baal. (Boscawen.) (1876= c1)

$H B= elatsunat. Babylonia

An early queen of B= abylonia, the first recorded in Archaic history She was succeeded by her son Singas= it. (1876c1)

$H Belbalad. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

The Tartan of Samsivul IV. and eponym of t= he year B.C. 815, the chief events in which were an expedition to Deri and "the great god to Deri went." (1876c1)

$H Belbalidina. Babylonia

The general of Nabubalidina, king of Babylonia. He marched to the relief of the people= of the Suru, who had revolted from the Assyrian subordination; but he was defeated together with his allies by Assurnazirpal, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Belbani. Assyria

An early king of As= syria. He was the son of a man named Adasi, and was one of the ancestors of Sarg= on II. (1876c1)

$H Belbasa.

King of the Gambuli. He assisted Urtaki, k= ing of Elam, in his inva= sion of Babylonia, and was with him defeate= d by Assurbanipal. (1876c1)

$H Belbasani. =

The governor of Siphinis in the reign of Vulnirari or Rimmon Nirari III. He was eponym of the year B.C. 792, the c= hief event in which was an expedition to Hupuskia. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Beldaan.

The Rabbitur of Assurnirari II. He was epo= nym of the year B.C. 750, in which year it was recorded that there was "peace in the land." (1876c1)

The chief of the palace of Vulnirari or Rirhmon Nirari III., and eponym of the year B.C. 808, in which year took place an expedition to Minni or Ararat. (1876c1)

The governor of Calah in the reign of Tiglath-Pileser= II. He was eponym of the years B.C. 744, the chief event in which was an expedition to Zimri, and 734, in which year took place an expedition to <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Palestine. He ma= y have been the same officer as the Rabbituri Beldaan. (1876c1)

$H Beldagon. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

A form of the deity or demiurgus Bel, as t= he creator of life from the waters. He was represented as a divine being, ha= lf man and half fish, and he was practically the same deity as Oannes, or Da= gon, which see. (1876c1)

$H Belemuranni.

The governor of Rezeph in the reign of Tig= lath Pileser II. He was eponym of the year B.C. 737, the chief event in which = was an expedition to Media. (1876c1)

$H Belesir.

The chief of the palace of Shalmaneser III= . He was eponym of the year B.C. 778, the principal event in which was an expe= dition to Ararat. (1876c1)

$H Belesis.

The Greek form of the Chaldean proper name Balasi, which see. (1876c1)

$H Belfry. Architecture

Belfry, Arch., (Fr. = Beffroi). The campanile or bell&= #8209;tower of a church. Frequently detached from the church, as at Chichester Cathed= ral. (See BELL‑GABLE.)(1883m1)

(Arch.) A tower on the outside of a town, or on a castle= or church. During the Middle Ages watchers were placed in the belfry, as wel= l as a bell on which an alarm might be sounded. The term also denotes the timb= er‑work inside a clock‑tower. ILLUS. belfry(1891a1)

$H B= elgur.

The king of Zibara, who was conquered by a= nd paid tribute to Samsivul or Samas Rimmon III. After ravaging the country,= the king of Assyria set up his own statue in the capital city of Zibara, in token= of his conquest. (1876c1)

$H Belharranbeluzur.

The chief of the palace of Tiglath= Pileser II. He was governor of Gozan, and eponym of= the year B.C. 741, in which year commenced a three years' war with Arpad, and B.C. 727, when there was another warlike expedition to a country the name= of which is lost. (1876c1)

$H Belibni. Chaldaea

A Chaldean officer who took captive and surrendered Tammaritu, king of Elam, to Assurbanipal. (187= 6c1)

$H B= elibni. Babylonia

A Babylonian officer who had been educated= at the court of Sargon II., and who was placed on the throne of Babylon by Senna= cherib after the defeat of Merodach-baladin, at the battle of Kisu. (1876c1)

$H Belilai.

The governor of Arbaha in the reign of Assurdan III. He was eponym of the year B.C. 769), the chief event in whi= ch was an expedition to Ituha. (1876c1)

$H Belitarus. = Assyria

The Greek form of the Assyrian royal name Belkatirassu, which see. (1876c1)

$H Belkapkapu. Assyria

An early king of As= syria, who is also said to have been the founder of the Assyrian monarchy, a statement which has been repeated in the Cuneiform inscriptions of several early monarchs.

$H Belkatirassu. "Bel has strengthened my hand." Assyria

The superintendent of the royal gardens of= the kings of Assyria. In the decline of the Assyrian power he raised a conspiracy, and dethroned his master, thus becoming himself king of Assyria. He t= hus founded a new line of kings, and was the Belitarus of the Greeks. (Lenorm= ant) (1876c1)

$H Belkuduruzur. Assyria

An early Assyrian monarch. He was the son = of Tugultininip, and was killed by Vulpalidinna, king of Babylonia, who threw off his allegiance to the Assyrians. (1876c1)=

$H Bell.

Bell. (Arch.) = A term applied to the ornamented part of a capital (especially in the Corinthian order) which somewhat resembles a bell in shape. It is also termed the basket.(1891a1)

In Christian art the attribute of St. Anthony (q.v.).(1891a1)

Bell. An attribute of St. Anthony, referring to his= power of exorcising evil spirits. In heraldry, the bell is drawn and blazoned a= s a church bell.(1883m1)

Bells on the caparis= ons of horses were common in the Middle Ages. A passage in the romance of Richard Coeur de Lion describes a messenger "with five hundred belles rygande." Chaucer's monk has also bells on his horse's "bridel" which "gyngle as lowde as doth the chapel belle."(1883m1)

$H Bellabarisruk. 1. Chaldaea; 2. Babylon

A noble Chaldean, who is supposed to have = been chief of the Magi. He headed a conspiracy, and temporarily usurped the th= rone of Babylon in the reign of Nabukuduruzur. (1876c1)

The son and successor of Nergalsarussur, k= ing of Babylon. He was only an infant, but was, so it is asserted by the Greek historians, put to death by the Chaldean lords on account of his vicious propensities= . He was the Laborosoarchod of Berosus. (Lenormant.) (1876c1)

$H Bell Canopy.

A stone or wooden structure shaped like a canopy under w= hich a bell is placed.(1891a1)

$H Bell Cot or Bell‑cot or Bell Gable or Bell= ‑gable. Architecture

Bell Cot. A sm= all structure terminating in a spire in which a bell is hung.(1891a1)

Bell Gable. A = stone structure terminating in a gable and pierced with openings, in which bells may be placed.(1891a1)

Bell‑cot or Bell‑gable, Arch. A turret raised over the west end of small churches and chapels that have no towers to hang a bell in. = This is distinct from the smaller turret at the east end of the nave for the SANCTUS BELL (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Belled. Heraldry

Belled, Her. Having = bells attached, like the cows in the device of the city of Béarn. (Fig. 80.) Fig. 80. Belled.(1883m1)

Belled. (Her.) A term applied to figures of animals represented with a bell round their neck. Thus we say a cow gules belled = in azure. ILLUS. belled<= /span>(1891a1)

$H Bellicrepa. Mediaeval

Med. Lat. A military dance, of Italian origin.(188= 3m1)

$H Bellows. <= /h1>

Bellows were called = in A.S. baelg or blastbaelg. A MS. of the 14th century represents a man blowin= g at a three‑legged caldron with a perfectly modern‑looking pair of bellows. Bellows, in Christian art, are an attribute of Ste. Geneviève.(1883m1)

$H Bell‑ring.

Mod. The ring in the CROWN of a bell from which the clapper hangs.(1883m1)

$H Bell Turret. Architecture

(Arch.) A pyramidal structure of several sides, shaped l= ike a small steeple, terminating a pier or flanking the angles of a steeple. = Some bell turrets of the 11th century are square; these, however, are rare. Th= ose of the 12th century are of delicate proportions and often octagonal. After the 13th and 14th centuries they became more slender, and their arrises w= ere ornamented with crotchets. At the Renaissance they disappeared altogether= . ILLUS. bellturr(1891a1)

$H Bel-Ludari.

The governor of Bile in the reign of Tigla= th Pileser II. He was eponym of the year B.C. 730, in which year there was p= eace in the land. (1876c1)

$H Bellush. Assyria

Another form of the Assyrian royal name Belnirari, or Vulnirari. (1876c1)

$H Belnirari. = Assyria

An early king of As= syria, the son of Asshurubalat. Taking advantage of a revolution in Babylonia, he marched an army into that country, = and for a time conquered it. See Vulnirari. (1876c1)

$H Belqzabat. =

The governor of Mazamua in the last year of the reign of Samsivul or Samas Rimmon IV. He was eponym of the year B.C. = 811. (1876c1)

$H B= elsadua.

The governor of Dihnun in the reign of Assurdan III. He was eponym of the year B.C. 756, in which year there was peace in the land. (1876c1)

$H Belsamilicapi. Babylonia

A very early Babylonian king. He was one of the ancestors of Vulnirari I., but nothing else is known respectin= g him. (1876c1)

$H Bel-Samu. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Chaldaea

An early Chaldean king who reigned at Zirgulla. He was called by the Turanians Va-anna; nothing else is known respecting him. (1876c1)

$H Belsaranni.

The prefect of the city of Kurban, under Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Bel-Sarra-Uzur. "Bel protect the King." Babylon

The son, and, at the fall of the empire, j= oint king of Babylon with his father, Nabonidus. He reigned but for a very few years, as immediately after the defeat of the Babylonians by Cyrus, king of Persia, Babylon was blockaded and taken after a short siege, in which Bel-sarra-u= zur was slain. Soon after that his father, who had abandoned the throne by fl= ying to Borsippa, surrendered to the Medes and Persians, by whom he was sent i= nto exile into Carmania, where he died; and the second Babylonian empire ceas= ed to exist. Belsharussar or Bel-sarra-uzur was the Belshazzar of Hebrew history. (Lenormant.) (1876c1)

$H Belshazzar.

The Hebrew form of the Chaldean royal name Bel-sarra-uzur, which see. (1876c1)

The governor of the city of Kisesim. He revolted against Sargon I= I., by whom he was captured and led into slavery, and the name of his city chang= ed to Karmasmasu. (1876c1)

$H Belsilalani.

The prefect of the city Karchemish, the Carchemish of Hebrew writers, in the reign of Sennacherib. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H B= elsta. Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

In Scandinavian mythology the daughter of = the giant Bölthorn, and the wife of Borr, the son of the first man. (187= 6c1)

$H Bel-Sumili-Kapi. <= /span> Assyria

An almost mythical king who was reputed to have been the founder of the Assyrian monarchy. His name is only met with= in an inscription of Vulnirari or Rimmon Nirari = I. (1876c1)

$H B= el-Sum-Iscun. Chaldaea

An early Chaldean astronomer, and a chamberlain of state, some observations by whom have been preserved. (187= 6c1)

$H Belt. Costume; Architecture

Chr. A girdle used to confine the alb at the waist.(1883m1)

Belt. (Arch.) A slightly projecting band running round a tower or turret is termed a belt. The term band (q.v.) or string course, however, is now generally used. In costume a belt is a cinctur= e worn round the hips, often highly ornamented. From it were suspended the sword= and dagger. In the 14th and 15th centuries it was a mark of knighthood, and so was often worn as a mere badge without any arms attached to it.(1891a1)

--- $H Belt of Beads. Christian

Chr. A rosary was sometimes so called.(1883m1)

$H Bel-Taggil.

The governor of Isana, in the reign of Assurdan III. He was eponym of the year B.C. 758, the chief events in whi= ch were an expedition to Guzana, and a subsequent peace in the country. (187= 6c1)

$H Beltanagbal. Assyria

According to the early Assyriologists, ano= ther form of the Assyrian royal name Vulnirari, which see. <= /p>

$H Bel-Tarzi-Anva.

The governor of Calah, Hamidi, and some other cities,= in the reign of Rimmon-nirari III. He was eponym of the year B.C. 798, in wh= ich there was an expedition to Zimri. He dedicated four small statues of the = god Nebo, in gratitude for the preservation of the life of the king and the q= ueen Sammuramat: two of these statues are now in the British Museum. (1876c1)

$H B= eltis. Or Belat. Babylonia

In Babylonian mythology the sister and con= sort of the deity Bel. She was the goddess of war as well as of nature, and was called "The Mother of the Gods." According to Herodotus, every woman living in Babylon was compelled to= prostitute herself to a stranger in the temple of Beltis once in= her life. Her analogue was the Mylitta of Greek mythology. (1876c1)

$H Belvedere or Belvidere. Architecture

Belvi= dere. It. A prospect tower over a building.(1883m1)

Belvedere. A covered terrace. A kind of pavilion or pros= pect tower placed on the roof of a building, so that a spectator may obtain fr= om it a widely extended view of the surrounding country. ILLUS. belveder(1891a1)

$H Belzarbi. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Babylon

A form of the deity Bel, to whom a temple = was erected at Babylon by Nabukudaruzur or Nebuchadnezzar. (1876c1)

$H Bel-Zikir-Iskun. <= /span> Assyria

A King of Assyria. He succeeded Assurbanipal, but his relationship to him is not known. He w= as simultaneously attacked by Phraortes king of Media, Psammetichus king of = Egypt, and the revolted chiefs of Babylon. By the = aid, however, of his general, Nabopolassar, he defeated the Elamites and subdu= ed the Babylonians, whilst himself repulsed the Medes at the battle of Rhage= s, where their king was slain. The Medes soon recovered their position, and = the king of Assyria was only delivered from his foes by an incursion of the savage Scythians into Media, and afterwards into A= ssyria, where they allied themselves with him for a time, but after his death, and indeed at the close of his reign, plundered and ravaged the country. Bel-zikir-iskun was succeeded by Assur-ebil-ili, the son of Assurbanipal. (1876c1)

$H Bema. Architecture

(Arch.) A name given in ancient architecture to the orat= or's tribune or the proscenium of theatres. In early Christian buildings in the East it designated the pulpit, the sanctuary, and the throne of the bishop placed in the apse.(1891a1)

Gr. (1) A stone plat= form or hustings, used as a pulpit in early Christian churches. (2) The term is synonymous with sanctuary. (3) It also serves to denote an ambo and a bishop's chair. (See AMBO.) The Athenian bema was a stone platform from which orators spoke at the assemblies (ecclesiae) in the Pnyx.(1883m1)<= o:p>

$H Bembix. Greek & Roman

Gr. and R. (Lat. Turbo). (1) A child's whipping&#= 8209;top. (2) The whorl of a spindle.(1883m1)

$H Benaibarqa.

A Phenician city which was conquered by Sennacherib on his first invasion of Palestine. It was the Beneberak of Hebrew writers. (1876c1)

$H Benat-Allah. "Daughters of God" Arabia

In ancient Arabian mythology the name of a multitude of inferior deities of the feminine gender. Their characteristi= cs are not certainly known. (1876c1)

$H Benatehhor. Egypt

A priest of Amen Ra, in the country of Uas= , in the time of Necho II. of the XXVIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Bench.

Benches, for seats, are represented in the 14th ce= ntury formed by laying a plank upon two trestles.(1883m1)

Bench. A seat to hold several persons formed of a slab of stone or wood, sometimes with and sometimes without a back. In the dwelli= ng houses of the Middle Ages coffers played the part of benches. Churches we= re not furnished with benches for the faithful until the 16th century. In the parks and gardens of the 17th century we find benches of stone or marble, elegant in outline and decorated with much skill and care. In the present practical and economic age artistic benches have been replaced by cast= 209;iron supports, upon which planks of wood are screwed, to serve as seat and bac= k. ILLUS. bench(1891a1)

--- $H Bench Table. Architecture

(Arch.) The table of stone which projects from the inter= ior wall of a building and forms a seat. In many cases a blind arcade runs al= ong above it and the base of the columns rest upon the bench table.(1891a1)<= o:p>

<= /i>

$H Bend.    Heraldry

(Her.) An ordinary, crossing the shield diagonally from dexter to sinister, and occupying when charged one‑third of the shi= eld, when uncharged one‑fifth.(1891a1)

Her. One of the Ordi= naries. It crosses the field diagonally, from the dexter chief to the sinister ba= se, as in Fig. 81, the arms of Richard Le Scrope: Azure, a bend or. Fig. 81. Bend. Arms of Le Scrope.(1883m1)<= /o:p>

$H Bendideia.    Greek

Gr. ($,<*\*,4"[=3Dbendideia]). A festival held in the Piraeus in honou= r of the goddess Bendis (the Thracian = name of Artemis or Diana).(1883m1)

$H Bendidi.

The Assyrian name for the Egyptian city of= Mendes, which wa= s raised into a separate kingdom under the Assyrian Icosarchy under Esarhaddon. (1876c1)

$H Bendlet.    <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Heraldry

Her. The diminutive = of Bend.(1883m1)

(Her.) An ordinary, half the width of the bend.(1891a1)<= o:p>

$H Bend‑wise, or In bend.    Heraldry

Her. Arranged in the direction of a bend.(1883= m1)

$H Bendy.    Heraldry

A shield having several bends may be described as bendy.(1891a1)=

Her. Parted bend‑wise into an even number of divisions. Fig. 82. Bendy.(1883m1)

$H Beneberak.     =

The Hebrew name of the Phenician city Benaibarqa, which see. (1876c1)

$H Benedict, St.

St. Benedict was born 480 A.D., and was the founder of t= he Benedictine order of monks. He established several monasteries, in which = the strictest discipline prevailed. His attributes are a cup on a book, a rav= en with bread in its bill, and a sieve. He is represented as surrounded by nettles and thorns, indicative of his ascetic life, and he carries the asperges and pastoral staff.(1891a1)

$H Benemba.      Egypt

The wife of Tahutnefer, a sacred scribe of Amen Ra, in the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Benetier. [See Stoup.]  &n= bsp; (1891a1)=

$H Benhadad I.      Syria

King of Sy= ria, and the son of Hadad, the king of Edom or Idumea. (1876c1)

$H Benhadad II.      Syria

The son and successor of Benhadad I., king of Syria. He was the leader of= the Syrian confederacy against Shalmaneser II., whom he encountered, together with his allies, with an army of between 80,000 and 90,000 men. The king = of Assyria, however, defeated them all at Qarqar, bu= t was unable to pursue his victory, owing to his own severe losses. Benhadad was more successful in his wars with Omri, king of Samaria, whom he compelled to pay tri= bute. (1876c1)

$H Benhadad III.

A king of Damascus. He was three times defeated= by Jehoash, king of I= srael, who recovered from him the cities taken by his father. He had but a short reign, and was succeeded by Mariah, the last independent king of Damascus. (1876c= 1)

$H Benhidri.     <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

The Assyrian form of the Syrian royal name Benhadad, which see. (1876c1)

$H B= enihassan or Beni-Hassan.      Egypt

Benihassan. See Speos Artemidos, Khnum Hotep, and Sekhet. (1876c1)

Beni-Hassan. A town in Middle Egypt which = was formerly called Speos Artemidos. It was famous for its extensive and beautifully decorated tombs, and especially one, that of Khnumhotep, a gr= eat officer in the court of Osirtesen I. of the XIIth dynasty. In it are represented some of the most graphic details of Archaic Egyptian life, as= well as the famous scene of the arrival of the thirty-seven Aahmu bringing tri= bute to Egypt, who were at one time believed to have been the Hebrews under Ja= cob. From the peculiar columns in the entrance to the excavations the form and principle of the Grecian Doric is thought to have been derived. See also Khnumhotep and Sekhet. (1876c1)

$H Benkaei.      Egypt

A royal Egyptian priestess, the wife of Amenemhet the chief of the region of Tenti and overseer of the House of Osiris. She lived probably in the time of the Old Empire. (1876c1)

$H Benna.

Gaul. and R. This term, borrowed either from the We= lsh or the Gauls, denoted among the Romans a four‑wheeled cart or carriage made of wicker‑work. A benn= a may be seen on the bas‑reliefs of the column of Marcus Aurelius.(1883m1)

$H B= ennebenskhauf.      Egypt

A priest of Khem, and chief of the auditor= s of an unnamed Egyptian queen, probably of the Bubastic period or XXVIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Bennekheb.     = Egypt

An Egyptian lady who was attached to the worship of Seb the father of Osiris, in the XIIth dynasty. The worship of that deity was not at that time common in Egypt. Her husband or son w= as named Antefaker. (1876c1)

$H Bennou or Bennu.    Egypt

Bennu. In = Egyptian astronomy the name of the planet Venus, whose phases as a morning and an evening star were supposed to symbolise death and the resurrection. (Brugsch.) (1876c1)

Bennou or Bennu. Egy= p. A mythical bird resembling the phoenix, which sprang from its own ashes, an= d was made the emblem of the resurrection. It symbolized the return of Osiris to the light, and was therefore consecrated to that god.(1883m1)<= /span>

Bennu. The sacred bird of Osiris, pro= bably a kind of lapwing. From its being supposed to accompany the soul through = its journeys in the lower life, it was gradually accepted as its emblem, the emblem of its resurrection. It was further also a symbol of a period of t= ime, the great cycle of 1265 years, which gave rise to the Grecian fable of the phoenix. (1876c1)

Bennou or Bennu. The name of a sacred bird, an emble= m of the resurrection, and consecrated to Osiris. It seems to have been the forerunner of the Greek Phoenix. It is represented as a heron-like bird w= ith two long feathers flowing from the back of its head. Its name signifies "that which revolves," or "turns back." The legend at Heliopolis was t= hat the bird rose singing from the flames which came out of a certain tree, its s= ong being so beautiful that even Ra himself listened. In old texts the soul of the deceased was compared to the Bennu bird. ILLUS. Bennu bird.(1902b1)

$H B= ent.      Egypt

The name of the Egyptian harp. It was ofte= n of great size, and had no vertical pillar; the number of strings ranged from four to twenty-two. There were great varieties of form adopted in its construction. (1876c1)

$H Bentaresh.     = Egypt

The name of a younger daughter of the king= of Bakhtan. She was possessed by a demon who was only expelled from her body= by the presence of the sacred ark of the deity Khons of Thebes, which was se= nt out of Egypt for that purpose by her brother-in-law, Rameses XII. of the XXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Bentehhor.     = Egypt

A priest and scribe in the temple of Amen Ra= . The time when he lived is uncertain. (1876c1)

$H B= entmut.      Egypt

A sister of Amenhotep IV. of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Bentres.      Egypt

The earlier name of the princess Ranofru, = the wife of Rameses XII. (1876c1)

$H Bentreshpu.      Egypt

An Egyptian lady. Her name is of Syrian origin. See also Astaretenheb. (1876c1)

$H Benzoin.

A balsam, used as an ingredient in spirit varnishes.(189= 1a1)

A gum‑resin us= ed as an ingredient in spirit varnishes.(1883m1)

$H B= eon.      Egypt

According to the Greek lists, the name of = an early Egyptian king of Bubas= tis. He has not yet been certainly identified. (1876c1)

$H Berenice.     <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

The wife of Euergetes I. (1876c1)

The wife of Ptolemy Philomater III. (1876c= 1)

The daughter of Antigonus, king of Asia Mi= nor, the second queen of Ptolemy Soter I., and the mother of Ptolemy Philadelp= hus, B.C. 311. (1876c1)

A daughter of Ptolemy Soter II. She was generally called Cleopatra. She succeeded her father, and reigned for six months, at the end of which she was assassinated by her cousin Alexander = II., B.C. 80. (1876c1)

A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. She deposed= her father, and reigned in Egypt conjointly with her sister Tryphena for a year, and then by herself for t= wo years longer. She was slain by the Roman general Gabinius, and Ptolemy Auletes was restored to the throne, B.C. 55. (1876c1)

$H Berenice Euergetes.      Egypt

The daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus. She = was adored as an Egyptian goddess in the city of Memphis under Ptolemy V. (1876c1)

$H B= erenice Chrysos.      Egypt

An Egyptian seaport on the Red Sea, 150 mi= les from the town of Coptos, having stations at regular intervals on the road leading to it through the desert. (1876c1)

$H Berezat.

In Zendic mythology a holy mountain, in the centre of the earth, from whose side flows the sacred river Arvanel. (187= 6c1)

$H Berlin Porcelain.

The manufactory was first founded in 1750, under Frederick the Gr= eat. Fig. 83 is a specimen of Be= rlin hard porcelain. Fig. 83. Berlin porcelain jug.(1883m1)

$H Berosus.      Chaldaea

A Chaldean priest, who translated the anna= ls of his country into Greek about B.C. 276, when he dedicated the work to Antiochus Soter. His records were at one time disputed, but they have to a great extent been confirmed by the Assyrian monuments and tablets, especi= ally since the discovery of the so-called Izdubar Legends by Mr. G. Smith. (1876c1)

$H B= eruth.      Phoenicia

In Phenician mythology the wife of the primaeval deity Eliun, or Hypsistus. (1876c1)

$H Beryl.

A gem of an iridesce= nt green colour.(1883m1)

A precious stone of a bluish green tint, called also aquamarine. This stone was used = by the Greeks for intaglios, and was much prized by the Romans.(1891a1)

$H Bes.    Measurement; Graeco-Roman vessel; E= gyptian god; Egyptian city

Bes. R. (bi, twice, and as). A fraction of value equivalent to two‑thirds of an= as.(1883m1)

Besa. Anot= her name of the Greco, or rather Romano-Egyptian town of Antinoe, which see. (1876c1)

Besa. Gr. and R. A d= rinking‑vessel, also called bessa and bession. It was wider at the bot= tom than at the top, and in shape much resembled the BOMBYLOS (q.v.).(1883m1)=

Bes. Or Besa. A warlike and savage de= ity of Arabian origin; when introduced into Egypt he was regarded as a = form of Typhon or Baal. He was represented as a short man with deformed legs, = and a hideous face with a protruding tongue; with his right hand he generally brandished a sword over his head, upon which was a high crown of erect fe= athers curving outwardly. Round his loins was a panther's skin, the tail hanging down between his legs. Besa was also the special god of dancing, and of t= he female toilet, and hence his figure continually occurs upon mirrors and perfume bottles. His analogue has been thought to be the Siva of the Hind= us. (1876c1)

Bes. A god whose worship dates from remote times, but who was of foreign origin, having been introduced from the land of Punt. He is a = god of somewhat complex character. In the "Book of the Dead" he is identified with Set, and in this aspect would seem to be of an evil natur= e. He also invariably figures in birth scenes in all the mammisi of Egyptian temples, where his function could not have been evil. In another form he appears to be a kind of Bacchus, for he presides over dancing and music and gaiety. As such he is represented frequently with an instrument - a harp, or cymbals. He is also a war god, being often depicted armed, with sword-hand uplifted. In aspect he is grotesque and hideous. He is a crooked, fat dwarf, wearing a beast's skin with the tail hanging down behind. He is bearded, and frequently his tong= ue is extended. His distinguishing head-dress is a crown of feathers, somewh= at like that of Anukit. At various times he was identified with different go= ds - with Horus when he wears the side-lock of youth, with Sopt and with Harpocrates. Unlike most of the Egyptian gods, he is represented invariab= ly front face. His figure has been found on Babylonian, Persian, and Gnostic seals. It frequently decorates Egyptian articles of toilet. ILLUS. = Bes.(1902b1)=

=

$H Bessa.    1. Mediaeval; 2. Egypt

(Fr. beysse ferrée), Med. An instrument like a pickaxe or mattock used by the pioneers of an army; 15th century. (Meyrick.)(1883m1)

A peculiar= kind of terra cotta bottle, made by the Alexandrians. The body of the vessel resembled the head of the god Bes. (1876c1)

$H Bession. (See BESA.)  &nb= sp; (1883m1)

$H Bestiarium.    Poetry

A term used to denote poems of the 12th and 13th centuri= es, which created a kind of mystic zoology, and gave rise to the allegorical representation of the virtues and vices of mankind under the form of anim= als. It was the bestiaria, accordi= ng to some archaeologists, which inspired the enigmatical bas‑reliefs whi= ch decorate so many Gothic monuments. Other writers, however, regard these reliefs as pure works of the imagination or as vague reminiscences of illiterate men, who could not understand the bestiaria, the interpretation of which is difficult even to scholars.(1891a1)

$H Bestions.    = Architecture

Arch. This term is a= pplied by Philibert Delorme to the fantastic animals which occur in sculptures of the decorative or florid period of architecture.(1883m1)

$H B= et.      Egypt

An Egyptian name of the metal iron. See Ba and Baaenepe. (1876c1)

$H Beten.    Old English

O.E. Embroidered wit= h fancy subjects. "A coronall on her hedd sett, Her clothes with beas= ts and birdes were bete."(1= 883m1)

$H Beteswamy. "God of Sport."

A Badaga deity who was supposed to inhabit= the forests of the Neilgherriés in Hindustan. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Akhiadanna.     <= /span>

An Elamite city which was destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Akhlami.

An Elamite city which was destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Ammon. "House of Ammon."

A town in South Palestine which was conque= red by Vaiteh I., k= ing of Arabia, on his conquest of P= alestine against Assurbanipal. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Amukkan.

A city of Elam, which was destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Anath. "House of Anaitis."

A Syrian town which was conquered and fortified by Seti I. of the XIXth dynasty.(1876c1)

$H Beth-Arribi.

An Elamite city which was destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Assutsi.

An Elamite city which was destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Bunaki.

An Elamite city which was destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Bethdagon.     =

Se= e the Phenician n= ame Bitdaganna. (1876c1)

$H <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Bethel. "Hous= e of God." Also BETHU-EL, Greek= , Βαιτυλος.      Phoenicia

In Phenician mythology the name given to certain sacred stones, which were probably aerolites, in which the divine essence was supposed to dwell. They were analogues to the Baetylia of the Prekoranic Arabs, and possibly also to the Linga of the Hindus. (1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Beth-Imbiah.

An Elamite city destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Imdira.      Assyria

An Assyrian city which revolted to Assurda= n, the rebel, and was afterwards re-conquered by Samas Rimmon or Samsivul II= I. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Katpalani.

An Elamite city which was destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H B= eth-Qamul. "House of the Camel."

A town in = Moab which was erected by Mesha, king of Moab. It is remarkable for = being mentioned on the stele now called the Moabite Stone. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Beth-Qitsi.

An Elamite city which was destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Risiya.

A city of Elam which was destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Salatakki.

A city of Elam which was destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Sheal.

The Egyptian name of an uncertain Syrian t= own. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Tuphar.

The Egyptian name of an uncertain Syrian t= own. (1876c1)

$H Beth-Ubiah.

An Elamite city which was destroyed by Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H B= eton.    Architecture

(Arch.) A mixture of pebbles and limestone mortar, of which the foundations of buildings are composed.(1891a1)

$H B= etta.      Egypt

An officer called a "walker" in = the XIIIth dynasty. His funereal inscription is obscure. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Beveled.    <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Architecture

Arch. Having a sloped surface. (See SPLAY.)(1883m1= )

$H Bever.

A Norman word for "taking a drink" between breakfast and dinner; elsewhere called "a myd‑diner under‑mete."(1883m1)=

$H Bezant.    Heraldry

Bezant, Her. A golden "roundle" or disk, f= lat like a coin. Fig. 84. Bezant.(1883m1)

Bezants. (Her.) A subordinate charge in the shape of a disc and always of metal. i.e. of or or argent. There are never more than eight bezants on one shield= . In architecture the term is applied to a simple ornament consisting of round= les or discs on a flat surface.(1891a1)

$H Bezants‑tourteaux.     Heraldry

(Her.) Discs, half of metal and half of colour. For instance, we speak of Bezants‑tourteaux of argent and gules, vert a= nd argent, &c. ILLUS. bezants= t(1891a1)

$H Bezel.

A metal mounting, either pierced or solid, generally in = the shape of a disc, on which precious stones are fixed when they are going t= o be mounted in rings or other ornaments.(1891a1)

$H Bhavani.      Hindu

In Hindu mythology the goddess mother of t= he Trimurti or the three deities Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva. Her attributes va= ried in different parts of India according to the name of the local goddess in whom she was venerated. (1876c1)

$H B= hrigu.      Hindu

An Hindu deity. See Angiras. (1876c1)

$H Bhumasser.     = Hindu

In Hindu mythology the name of a terrible giant who was overcome by the god Krishna, who liberated from his power 16,000 princesses, and then married them all himself. (1876c1)=

$H B= huta.      Hindu

In Hindu mythology the name of an evil spi= rit. See Asvarna. (1876c1)

$H Bead. Architecture

$H Beadsman. <= /span> Mediaeval

$H Beaked. Heraldry

$H Beaker. (Fr. cornet). A trumpe= t‑shaped vase, or drinking‑cup.(1883m1)

$H Beak‑heads.

$H Beam. Architecture

$H Bear.

$H Beard or Barba.

$H Bearing. Architecture

$H Beast, Heraldic. <= /span>

$H Beaver. Costume

$H Bed. Architecture; Furniture<= /span>

$H Beech Black.

$H Beer. Egypt

$H Bees.

$H Belfry. Architecture

$H Bell.

$H Bell Canopy.

$H Bell Cot or Bell‑cot or Bell Gable or Bell= ‑gable. Architecture

$H Belled. Heraldry

$H Bellicrepa. Mediaeval

$H Bellows. <= /h1> Bellows were called = in A.S. baelg or blastbaelg. A MS. of the 14th century represents a man blowin= g at a three‑legged caldron with a perfectly modern‑looking pair of bellows. Bellows, in Christian art, are an attribute of Ste. Geneviève.(1883m1)

$H Bell‑ring.

$H Bell Turret. Architecture

$H Belt. Costume; Architecture

--- $H Belt of Beads. Christian

$H Belvedere or Belvidere. Architecture

$H Bema. Architecture

$H Bembix. Greek & Roman

$H Bench.

--- $H Bench Table. Architecture

$H Bend. Heraldry

$H Bendideia. Greek

$H Bendlet. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Heraldry

$H Bend‑wise, or In bend. Heraldry

$H Bendy. Heraldry

$H Benedict, St.

$H Benetier. [See Stoup.] &n= bsp; (1891a1)=

$H Benna.

$H Bennou or Bennu. Egypt

$H Benzoin.

$H Berlin Porcelain.

$H Beryl. A gem of an iridesce= nt green colour.(1883m1) A precious stone of a bluish green tint, called also aquamarine. This stone was used = by the Greeks for intaglios, and was much prized by the Romans.(1891a1)

$H Bes. Measurement; Graeco-Roman vessel; E= gyptian god; Egyptian city

$H Bession. (See BESA.) &nb= sp; (1883m1)

$H Bestiarium. Poetry

$H Bestions. = Architecture

$H Beten. Old English

$H B= eton. Architecture

$H Beveled. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Architecture

$H Bever. A Norman word for "taking a drink" between breakfast and dinner; elsewhere called "a myd‑diner under‑mete."(1883m1)=

$H Bezant. Heraldry

$H Bezants‑tourteaux. Heraldry

$H Bezel.

$H Beaker.

(Fr. cornet). A trumpe= t‑shaped vase, or drinking‑cup.(1883m1)

$H Bellows. <= /h1>

Bellows were called = in A.S. baelg or blastbaelg. A MS. of the 14th century represents a man blowin= g at a three‑legged caldron with a perfectly modern‑looking pair of bellows. Bellows, in Christian art, are an attribute of Ste. Geneviève.(1883m1)

$H Beryl.

A gem of an iridesce= nt green colour.(1883m1)

A precious stone of a bluish green tint, called also aquamarine. This stone was used = by the Greeks for intaglios, and was much prized by the Romans.(1891a1)

$H Bever.

A Norman word for "taking a drink" between breakfast and dinner; elsewhere called "a myd‑diner under‑mete."(1883m1)=