$H Caaba.

Caaba. Arabic (lit. = square house). The sacred mosque at Mecca. The temple is an almost cubical edifice, whence its name. It is a favourite subject of representation upon Mussulman works of art.(1883m1)

Caaba. The= great sacred temple at Mecca, containing the black stone which fell from heaven, and the well called Zemzem. It is one of the oldest sites of stone, or Baetylia worship, in existence. (1876c1)

$H Cab.

Cab. An= Hebrew measure = of capacity, equal to three pints. (1876c1)

$H Caballaria, Caval= herium, Che= vallerie. Mediaeval

Caballaria, Cavalherium, Chevallerie (Gr. 68D@H ÊBB46ÎH[=3Dkleros hippikos]), Med. A meadow set apart for military exercises.(1883m1)

$H Caballerius.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Mediaeval

Caballerius. Med. La= t. A cavalier or knight.(1883m1)

$H Cabasa. Egypt

Cabasa. The chief town o= f the Cabasite nome of Lower Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Cabasites. Egypt

Cabasites= . A nome of Lower Egypt, West of the Phetnitic branch = of the Nile. Its chief town was Cabasa. It was sacred to the worship of Horus, and its ancient name is unknown. (1876c1)

$H Cabeiri.

Cabeiri were the personification of the element of fir= e. The precise nature attributed to them is unknown. There were two principal branches of their worship, the Pelasgian and = the Phoenician. It is probable that this religion originated in Asia Minor, a= nd penetrated to the island of Samothrace, in re= mote antiquity; it was very popular throughout Greece in the Pelasgic period. The principal temples were at Samothrace, Lemnos, Imbros, Anthedon, and other places.(1883m1)

$H Cabeiria. Greek

Cabeiria. Gr. (6"$,\D4"[=3Dkabeiria]). Ann= ual festivals in honour of the Cabeiri. (See THRONISMUS.)(1883m1)

$H Cabinet.=

A piece of furniture fitted with drawers, in which from = the 16th century to the present time coins and curiosities of every kind have been kept and classified. The term is also applied to public or private collections of works of art or curiosities, such as pictures, engravings, coins, medals, &c. Thus we speak of a cabinet of medals, of prints, &c. In former times the term was synonymous with collection. The inscriptions on certain prints of the last century call attention to the = fact that such and such a subject came from the cabinet of Mr. X., meaning that the original, after which the print was engraved, was in Mr. X.'s collection.(1891a1)

An ornamental receptacle for jewels or articles = of vertu, or for writing materials;= also a small private apartment. (1855f1)

$H Cabinet‑picture or Cabinet Pictures.

Cabinet Pictures. Sm= all, highly‑finished pictures, suited for a small room.(1883m1)

Cabinet‑picture. A picture of small dimensions, and generally of high finish, such as is found in private collections.(1891a1= )

A picture of a small and generally a finished character, suitable to a small room, and for close inspection. (1855f1)

$H Cabirim. Phoenicia

Cabirim. "Powerful Ones." In Phenician mythology the name of the seven pla= nets considered as deities. (1876c1)

$H Cable‑moulding or Cabling. Architecture

Cable‑moulding. (Arch.) A round moulding either projecting or sunk, consisting of wreathed striae = (q.v.), resembling the strands of a rope. This moulding was frequently employed in the decoration of Byzantine capitals. The cornices of buildings of the sa= me style also afford many examples of it. ILLUS. cablemou= (1891a1)

<= span style=3D'mso-no-proof:no'>

Cabling, or Cable‑moulding. A moulding in Roman architecture, made in imitation of a thick rope or cable. Fig. 122. Cable a= nd tooth‑mouldings.(1883m1)

Cable-Mouldings. Wreathed mouldings in architect= ure, resembling the twisted strands of a rope. (1855f1)

$H Caboched. (see Cabossed<= /span>)

$H Cabochon.

A French term applied to precious stones set in gold but preserved in their primitive form, that is, polished but not cut. = ILLUS. cabochon(1891a1)

$H Cabossed. Heraldry

Caboched or Cabossed. (Her.) Full‑faced. This term is used to indicate that the head of t= he animal is placed looking at the spectator and that the neck is concealed.= ILLUS. cabo= ched(1891a1)

Cabossed. Her. Said of the head of an animal represente= d full‑face, so as to show the face only. (Fig. 123.) Fig. 123. Lion's head cabossed.(1883m1)

$H Cabulus. Mediaeval

Cabulus. Med. Latin = (Old French, chaa= ble). A machine for hurling stones; a large BALLISTA.(1883m1)=

$H Caccabus. Graeco-= Roman

Caccabus. Gr. and R.= (6V66"$@H[=3Dkakkabos] or 6"66V$0[=3Dkakkabe]). A so= rt of pot or vessel for cooking any kind of food. It was made of bronze, silver, or earthenware, and assumed a variety of forms; but the one in ordinary use resembled an egg with an opening at the top which closed by a lid. The caccabus rested upon a trivet (tripus).(1883m1)

$H Cacmuku. Chaldaea

Cacmuku. The Chaldean name of a great festival, in many respects analogous to the Saturnalia of the Romans. See Sacees. (1876c1)

$H Cadafalsus, Cadafaudus. (See CAGASUPTUS= .) (1883m1)

$H Cadas. Old English

Cadas. O.E. An infer= ior silken stuff used for wadding; 13th century.(1883m1)

$H Cadency. Heraldry

Cadency. Her. Figure= s and devices, by which different members and branches of a family are distinguished.(1883m1)

$H Cadet. Heraldry

Cadet. Her. Junior.(= 1883m1)

$H Cadimirri.

Cadimirri= . "Gate of God." The Accadian name of the city of <= st1:City w:st=3D"on">Babilu, or Babylon. (1876c1)

$H Cadlys‑drain.<= /span> Welsh

Cadlys‑drain. Welsh. Chevaux‑de‑frise.(1883m1)

$H Cadmium, Red. Painting

Cadmium, Red. (Paint.) A simple pigment containing no base but cadmium. It is of a bright orange= ‑red colour and is valuable on account of its permanence.

$H Cadmium, Yellow. Painting

Cadmium Yellow. Cadmium Yellow = is the sulphide of cadmium, the finest and most permanent of all the yellow pigm= ents in use.(1883m1)

Cadmium, Yellow. (Paint.) A pig= ment prepared from sulphide of cadmium. It is a rich orange and is useful in painting sunsets. When mixed with Chinese white it yields a brilliant ser= ies of tints. It is permanent and not affected by the atmosphere. White lead = is the only pigment which seriously injures it.(1891a1)

Cadmium Yellow. This pigment is prepared from the sulphuret of cadmium. It is of an intense yellow colour, possessing much body, and, as there is no reason to doubt = its permanency, may be regarded as a valuable addition to the palette. Mixed = with white-lead, it yields many valuable tints. Much of the NAPLES YELLOW now = sold is prepared from the sulphuret of cadmium mixed with white-lead. Genuine Naples yellow is of a greenish hue, which readily distinguishes it from the substitute, but this latter possesses many qualities which will cause it = to supersede the genuine Naples= yellow. (1855f1)

$H Cadpen. Welsh

Cadpen. Welsh. A chi= ef of battle; captain.(1883m1)

$H Cadrelli. Mediaeval

Cadrelli. Med. Lat. = Cross‑bow quarrels. (See CARREAUX.)(1883m1)

$H Caduceus or Caduceum. Graeco-= Roman

Caduceus or Caduceum. A wand of laurel or olive, given by Apollo to Mercury in exchange for the lyre i= nvented by the latter. Mercury, it is said, seeing two snakes struggling together, separated them with his wand, whereupon the snakes immediately twined themselves round it. This was the origin of the caduceus, as we know it; = it was always an attribute of Mercury, who thence obtained his name of Caducifer, or caduceus‑bearer. The caduceus was an emblem of peace.(1883m1)<= /o:p>

Caduceus. The staff carried by Mercury or Hermes. Around= it two serpents were coiled, and it was winged at the top. It was the symbol= of peace. The term is also applied to the staff covered with velvet and surmounted with a fleur‑de‑lis, which the king of arms and the herald of arms carried in grand ceremonies. It denotes also a herald's wa= nd, which is a rod of olive wreathed in garlands. ILLUS. caduceus(1891a1)

Caduceus. The staff of Mercury or Hermes, which = gave the god power to fly. It was given to him by Apollo, as a reward for havi= ng assisted him to invent the lyre. It was then a winged staff; but, in Arcadia, Hermes = cast it among serpents, who immediately twined themselves around it, and became quiet. After this event, it was used as a herald of peace. It possessed t= he power of bestowing happiness and riches, of healing the sick, raising the dead, and conjuring spirits from the lower world. On the silver coins of = the Roman emperors, the CADUCEUS was given to Mars, who holds it in the left hand, and the spear in the right, to show how peace succeeds war. = FIGURE (1855f1)

$H Cadurcum.

Cadurcum. R. This te= rm is applied to two distinct things: (1) the fine linen coverlets, and (2) the earthenware vases, manufactured by the Cadurci, or Gauls inhabiting the district now called Cahors.(1883m1)

$H Cadus.

Cadus. Gr. and R. (from P"<*V<T[=3Dchandano], to c= ontain).

(1) A large earthenw= are jar, used for the same purposes as the amphora; especially to hold wine. An ordinary cad= us was about three feet high, and broad enough in the mouth to allow of the contents being baled out.

(2) The ballot‑= ;urn in which the Athenian juries recorded their votes with pebbles, at a trial.(1883m1)

Cadus. A name giv= en to the large jars of terra‑cotta used in ancient times. Pieces of pott= ery, rather more tapering in form, have also been found bearing this name. The= cadus was generally used to hold wine, but also emp= loyed to contain oil, dried fruit, &c. ILLUS. cadus(1891a1)

$H Caelatura.

Caelatura. The Latin term for raised work in metal or chasing (q.v.).(1891a1)

Caelatura (caelum, a chisel). A general term for working in metal= by raised work or intaglio, such as engraving, carving, chasing, riveting, soldering, smelting, &c. Greek, the toreutic art. Similar wor= k on wood, ivory, marble, glass, or precious stones was called SCULPTURA.(1883= m1)

Caelatura. (Lat.) The art called also by the Romans sculp= tura, or chasing, and used to designate "raised work" in Art. It deri= ves its name from the tool (caelum) used in the process. CAELATURA corresponds to = the Grecian term toreutice, derived from toros, which in its true sense means only raised work. Quin= tillian expressly limits this term to metal, while he mentions wood, ivory, marbl= e, glass, and precious stones as materials for engraving (sculptura). Silver was the artist's favourite metal, but gold, bronze, and even iron, were embossed. Closely connected with this art was that of stamping with the punch, call= ed by the Romans excudere. Embossings were probably finished by toreutice, of which Phidias is called the inventor. The col= ossal statues of gold and ivory made by him and by Polycle= tus belong partly to sculpture by the ivory-work, and partly to toreutic art from the gold-work, the embossing of w= hich was essential to their character, as also to castings: the statue of Mine= rva was richly embossed. Besides Phidias and Polycletus, Myron, Mys,= and Mentor, are ment= ioned as great toreutic artists. Arms, armour, &c.= , were adorned in this manner; * ot= her articles, such as goblets and other drinking cups, were also embossed, pa= rtly with figures in alto-relievo,= or with figures standing quite clear: also dishes, the ornaments of which we= re set in as em= blemae, or fastened slightly on as crustae. Carriages were ornamented not only with bronz= e, but even with silver and gold embossings. Oth= er articles of furniture, such as tripods, discs of candelabra, &c., were thus ornamented. With this toreutice, or embossing, must not be confounded the ar= t of inlaying, em= paistike, much practised by the nations of antiquity.

* As, for = example, the fragments of gilt-bronze found in 1820 at Lucania, representing two groups of conquered Amazons, supposed to be the breast-flaps of a coat of mail. (1855f1)

$H Caementicius, Caementicia (structura).<= /span>

Caementicius, Caementicia (structura). A kind of masonry formed of rough stones. There= were two methods of construction to which this name applied. The first, called= caementicia structura incerta, consisted in embedding stones of more or less irregular shape in mortar, = so as to give them any architectural form, and then covering the whole over = with cement. The second, called caementicia structura antiqua, consisted in laying rough stones one on the top of the other, without mor= tar, the interstices being filled by chippings or smaller stones.(1883m1)=

$H Caementum.

Caementum. Unhewn stones employed = in the erection of walls or buildings of any kind.(1883m1)

$H Caer.

Caer. British (Lat. = castrum= ; Saxon chester). A camp or fortress.(1883m1)

$H Caesar, Caius Julius= . Rome

Caesar, Caius Julius. The conqueror of the world. Born B.C. 100; assassinated B.C. 44. = His chief monumental connection with Egypt is the insertion of h= is name in the royal cartouches. His, like many other great names, has a more fitting place in a Classic Dictionary. (1876c1)

$H Caesaries.

Caesaries (akin to Sanscrit = keça, hair, or to = caesius, bluish‑grey). This term is almost synonymous with COMA (q.v.), but there is also implied in it an idea of beauty and profusion, not attachin= g to coma, which is the expression= as well for an ordinary head of hair.(1883m1)

$H Caesarion. Egypt

Caesarion= . The son of Cleop= atra VI. and Julius Caesar. He was the last of the = Ptolemies, and the sacred ceremonies attending his = birth form the principal subject of the inscriptions in the temple of Hermonthis. Caesarion was also called Ptolemy XVIth. (1876c1)

$H Caestus, Cestus.

Caestus, Cestus. A b= oxing gauntlet. It consisted of a series of leather thongs, armed with lead or metal bosses, and was fitted to the hands and wrists.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Caetra. (See CETRA.) (1883m1)

$H Cagagilgati.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Cagagilgati. In Chaldean astronomy the name of the Pole-star as a god. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Cagasuptus. Mediaeval

Cagasuptus. Med. Lat= . A CHAT‑FAUX, or wooden shed, under which the soldiers carried on the operations of att= ack. (Meyrick= .)(1883m1)

$H Cage of a Building. Architecture

Cage of a Building. (Arch.) The collection of outside walls which define the shape of a building.(1891a1)

$H Caicna.

Caicna. The Phenician name of the city called by the Greeks Laodicea, and by the modern Arabs, Oum el Awamid. (1876c1)

$H Cailloutage.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> France

Cailloutage. Fr. Fine earthenware; pipe‑clay; a kind of hard paste; opaque pottery. "Fine earthenware is most frequently decorated by the 'muffle;' the oldest specimens, those made in France in the 16th century,= are ornamented by incrustation." (Jacquemart.)(1883m1)

$H = Cairelli. Med. La= t. (See CADRELLI.) (1883m1)

$H Cairn.

Cairn. A = heap of stones raised over a grave, to which friend= s as they pass add a stone. The custom still prevails in Scotland and Ireland.(1883m= 1)

Cairn. A heap of stones, often shaped like a pyramid and = raised over a grave. The custom of building up cairns is of very ancient date, but it now only pr= evails in some districts of Ireland and Scotland.(1891a1)

Cairn. A heap of stones of a pyramidal form plac= ed over a grave. It was usual for friends to add a small stone to the heap at every visit, as a testimony of respect; a custom still used in Ireland, Scotland, and the North. (1= 855f1)

$H Caisson. Architecture

Caisson, Arch. A sunken panel = in a ceiling or soffit. (See COFFER.)(1883m1)=

Caissons. (Arch.) A French term applied to the sunk panels in a ceiling. [Coffers.](1891a1)

Caisson. (Fr.) A sort of tank in which brick and stone work is sunk, to form foundations under water. Also the sunk panel of a ceiling.(1855f1)

$H Calamarius.

Calamarius (calamus, q.v.). A case for carrying writing‑reed= s (calami). Another name for this case was th= eca calamaria.(1883m1)

$H Calamister and Calamistrum.

Calamister and Calamistrum. A curling‑iron, so named because the interior was partly hollow like a reed (calamus), or perhaps because in very early times a reed heated in the ashes was emp= loyed for the purpose; hence, CALAMISTRATUS, an effeminate man, or discourse. (Compare CINIFLO.)(1883m1)

$H Calamus.

Calamus. O= ne of the Phenician cities of the Triapolis, which see. (1876c1)

Calamus (6V8":@H[=3Dkalamos], a ree= d or cane). A haulm, reed, or cane. The term was applied to a variety of objec= ts made out of reeds, such as a Pan's pipe, a shepherd's flute (tibia), a fishing‑rod (piscatio), a rod tipped with lime, for fowling, &c. (See ARUNDO.) It was specially used, however, to denote a reed cut into proper shape, and used as a pen = for writing.(1883m1)

Calamus. (Lat.) The reed pen used by the ancients. (1855f1)

$H Calantica. Costume

Calantica. (Cost.) A= head‑dress in the form of a net or bag and fastened tightly round the head by a band= . In Egypt it was worn by= both men and women, but when introduced from the East into Greece and Rome it was only adopted by women. ILLUS. cala= ntic(1891a1)

Calantica (Calvatica, Lat., Ke= kryphalos, Gr.) A kind of head-dress wor= n by women in ancient times, and known very early in Greece; there were two kind= s, nets and cap-like bags (Fig. 1). The Grecian kekryphalos was a net wor= n at night, and also by day in the house; it was called by the Romans reticulum, and is to be seen in = many of the pictures at Herculaneum and Pompeii (Fig. 2)= ; in the last they are made of gold thread. They were also made of silk; of the co= stly Elian BYSSUS, and of a more common material. In the thick caps, the hair hangs on the neck in a bag; these were designated by the Romans as MITRAE= , by which is meant calantica, or calvatica. This does not imply merely the Phrygian covering for the head, for the mitra or mitella was al= so called graga by the ancients, by which is mea= nt the true Hellenic cap. Many varieties of these caps are to be seen upon ancie= nt vases; sometimes they are of a plain material, sometimes having a pattern, and sometimes striped or checked; they are either open behind, so that pa= rt of the hair hangs out, or it covers only two sides of the head. ** FIGU= RE

** Two figu= res in the "Aldobrandini Marriage" wear caps shaped like bags: the cap worn by the Egyptian gods, kings, priests, and even that of the Sphynx, is called a CALANTICA. Vide BOTTIGER, Archaeol. der Malerei. See Fig. 1, copied from a painting at Thebes. (1855f1)

$H Calash.

Calash. (Fr. calèche= ). A hood made like that of the carriage called in France calèche, whence its name. It is said to have been introduced into England in 1765 by the Duch= ess of Bedford, and was used by ladies to protect their heads when dressed for t= he opera or other entertainments. Fig. 124. Calash.(1883m1)

$H Calasirians.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

Calasirians. One of the two g= reat divisions of the warrior class in Egypt. They were distribute= d over the following nomes or districts; - Thebes, Bubastis, Aphthis, Tanis, Mendes, Sebennytus, Pharbaethus= , Thmuis Onuphis, Anysis, Mycephoris, and= Athribis, furnishing in all 250,000 men. (1876c1)

$H Calathiscus.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Calathiscus. (6"8"2\F6@H[=3Dkalathiskos]). = A small wicker basket.(1883m1)

$H Calathus.

Calathus (6V8"2@H[=3Dkalathos], a ba= sket; Lat. qualus or quasillus). A basket made of rushes or osiers plaited, employed for many purposes, but above all as a woman's work‑basket. The calathus was the emblem o= f the (L= <"= 46= ,Ã= @< or women's apartments, and = of the housewife who devoted herself to domestic duties. The same term denot= ed earthenware or metal vases of various shapes; among others a drinkingR= 09;cup.(1883m1)

Calathu. A basket in which women in ancient t= imes kept the wool, which they were going to spin. It was generally made of wi= cker‑work, rarely of metal, and was narrow at the base, gradually expanding towards = the top. Representations of calathi are frequently found on vases and other monuments of Greek art. ILLUS. cala= thus(1891a1)

Calathus (Gr.), Qualus, or Quasillus (= Lat.) The ancient term for the b= askets in which the spinners kept their wool and their work; it was also called TALARUS, and was made of wicker-work, with a wide opening at top, and poi= nted at bottom. We find it represented in many monuments, particularly in TISCHBEIN'S Vases (T. 10), wh= ere a CALATHUS is placed on each side of the chair. They were also imitated in metal, as is proved by Helen's silver calathus, in the Odyssey. The CALATHUS was a symbol of maidenhood,= and in this sense was employed by artists, as is seen in the reliefs representing Achilles among the daughters o= f Lycomedes. Other antiques show us that these basket= s were used for many purposes at the toilette, for flowers, &c. The CALATHUS also appears in the basket-like form of the capitals of Corinthian pillar= s. FIGURE (1855f1)

<= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-no-proof:no'>

$H Calautica (See Calantica= )

$H Calautica or Calvatica.

Calautica or Calvatica. R. (Gr. 6DZ*,:<@<[=3Dkredemnon], fro= m 6DH[=3Dkras] and *XT[=3Ddeo]; fastened = to the head). A headdress worn by women; the Greek MITRA (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Calcar.

Calcar (calx, the heel). A spur. It was also called calcis aculeus= (lit. heel‑goad), a term specially applied to the spur of a cock. T= he latter, however, was just as often called calcar. In mediaeval Lati= n calcaria aurea are the golden, or gilt, spurs which were a distinctive mark of knighthood; <= span class=3DSpellE>calcaria argentea, the silver spurs worn only by esquires. Calcaria amputari, to hack off the spurs,= when a knight was degraded: ‑

&q= uot;Li esperons li soit cop&eac= ute; parmi Prés del talon au branc acier forbi." (Roman de Garin MS.)(1883m1)

$H Calcatorium.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Calcatorium (calco, to tread under foot). A raised platform of maso= nry, set up in the cellar where the wine was kept (cella vinaria), and raised above the level of the cellar‑floor, to a height of three or four steps. On either side of this platform were ranged the casks (dolia) = or large earthenware vessels in which the wine was made. The = calcatorium served as a receptacle for the grapes when crushed (whence its name), and as a conven= ient place from whence to superintend the making of the wine.(1883m1)

$H Calceamen.

Calceamen. Synonym of CALCEUS (q.v.), a term far more frequently employed.(1883m1)

$H Calceamentum.=

Calceamentum. A gene= ral term denoting any description of boot and shoe. (Each will be found separately noticed in its place.)(1883m1)

$H Calcedony. (See Chalcedony)

$H Calceolus. Costume

Calceolus (dimin. of CALCEUS= , q.v). A small shoe or ankle‑boot worn by wome= n. There were three kinds: the first had a slit over the instep, which was l= aced up when the boot was on. A second shape had a very wide opening, and coul= d be fastened above the ankle by a string passed through a hem round the top. = In the third description there was neither cord, lace, n= or slit. The shoe was always low in the heel, and was worn like a slipper.(1883m1)

$H Calceus. Roman Costume

Calceus (calx, the heel). A shoe or boot made sufficiently high= to completely cover the foot. The Romans put off their shoes at table; hence= calceos= poscere= meant "to rise from table."(1883m1)

Calceus. (Cost.) T= he Roman term for a shoe or boot. It was a complete protection for the foot and so differed from the sandal. Different kinds of calcei designated differe= nce of rank. The senators of Rome, for instance, wore one of a peculiar pattern, while in the time of the Em= pire calcei were frequently made of costly material and decorated with gems. ILLUS. calceus(1891a1)

Calceus. (Lat.) A shoe or short boot used by the Greeks and Romans as a covering to prote= ct the feet while walking; the term being used in contradistinction to sanda= ls or slippers, and corresponding to the modern shoes; they varied in form a= nd colour, according to the office or dignity of the wearer, whose rank was occasionally known by them; the senators in particular, who wore them hig= h, like buskins, fastened with black thongs, and decorated with a crescent. = They were frequently of costly materials, and most richly decorated. The leath= er was dyed of various colours, and the patterns upon them heightened with g= old and jewels; and the Emperor Heliogabalus is recorded to have worn costly = and beautiful cameos in his shoes. An extremely beautiful pair was found in a stone sarcophagus, at Southfleet, in Kent, in 1802. They were ma= de of fine purple leather, reticulated in the form of hexagons all over, and ea= ch hexagonal division worked with gold, in an elaborate and beautiful manner. For the various coverings for the feet worn by the ancients, see the terms CALIGA, COTHERNUS, CREPIDA, PERO, SANDALIUM, SOCCUS, SOLEA. FIGURE (1855f1)

$H Calcination.

CALCINATION differs from BURNING in the action of the fire being prolonged; as bones heated in a covered vessel until they become black are termed burnt bon= es, and constitute ivory-black, o= r bone-black, but when, by the fur= ther operation of heat with contact of air, they become white, they are termed= calcined bones, which the old pa= inters used as a DRYER. (1855f1)

$H Calculus.

Calculus (dimin. of calx, a small stone or counter). A pebble, or small stone worn by friction to present the appearance of a pebble. Calculi were used in antiquity f= or recording votes (for which purpose they were thrown into the urn), for reckoning, and for mosaic paving (hence the English word "calculation").(1883m1)

$H Caldarium.

Caldarium (calidus= , warm). The apartment in a set of Roman baths which was used as a kind of sweatin= g‑room. This chamber, which is constructed nearly always on the same plan in the different baths which have been discovered, included a LACONICUM, a LABRU= M, a SUDATORIUM, and an ALVEUS. (See these words.) Fig. 56 (on p. 32) represen= ts a portion of the caldarium of <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Pompeii, restored.(1883m1)

$H Caldas Porcelain.

Caldas Porcelain is from the Portuguese factory of th= at name, specialized for faiences in relief; the greater number are covered = with a black coating; the others with the customary enamels of the country, violet, yellow, and green.(1883m1)

$H Caldron.

Caldron, for domesti= c use of the 14th century, is depicted as a tripod with a globular body, and broad month and two handles.(1883m1)

$H Caleb.

Caleb. The son of Abdai. He was king or suffete of Tyre for = six months after the death or deposition of Baalsyllech<= /span>, which see. (1876c1)

$H Calendar. Egypt

Calendar. See YEAR.(1902b1)

$H Calibre Compasses.

Calibre (or Caliper) Compasses. Compasses made with arched legs.(1883m1)

Callipers. A kind of compass, the branches of which are twisted and of unequal length. They are used by sculptors to check measurements. Their points are curved= in different directions, so that it is possible to measure both inside and outside surfaces. ILLUS. calliper(1891a1)

<= span style=3D'mso-no-proof:no'>

$H Calico Printing.

Calico Printing. A mode of impressing ornamental designs on calico, by means of wooden blocks cut in relief, or having the pattern formed by raised lines of flattened copper wire, the surface of w= hich is dipped in colour, and impressed by hand; or else by copper-plates engr= aved on the face of cylinders, the cloth being impressed from their surface by passing over a cushioned cylinder in close contact with the engraving, wh= ich receives coloured inks in the same manner as an ordinary book-plate. The colour is supplied from a trough by the movement of another wheel, and any superfluous quantity removed by a wiper, forming a part of the ingenious machinery which thus entirely prints the cloth submitted to its action, without other aid than machinery will give. (1855f1)

$H Caliga. Roman Costume

Caliga. A military boot worn by Roman soldiers and offi= cers of inferior rank. The caliga consisted of a strong sole, studded with heavy pointed nails, and bound o= n by a network of leather thongs, which covered the heel and the foot as high = as the ankle.(1883m1)

Caliga. (Cost.) T= he shoe worn by the rank and file of Roman soldiers. It was heavy and shod with nails. ILLUS. caliga(1891a1)

Caliga. (Lat.) The shoe worn by the Roman soldiers of the ranks. The officers wore the calceus= . It was very strong and heavy, and thickly studded with hobnails, to assist them in scaling hill fortresses, and give them= surer foothold. * FIGURE

* The cut represents one found in London. The sole is thickly covered with nails. (1855f1)

$H Caligraphy.

Caligraphy. The art of writing. The greatest masterpieces of handwriting are to be found = in the manuscripts of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and in some rare collections of the 17th and 18th centuries. The people of the far East ha= ve also produced some fine specimens of caligraphy.(1891a1)

$H Caliper Compasses. [See Calibre Compasses]

$H Caliptra. (See CALYPTRA.) (1883m1)

$H Caliver.

Caliver. A harquebus= of a standard "calibre," introduced duri= ng the reign of Queen Elizabeth.(1883m1)

Caliver. An arquebus with a wide bore= . It was in use in England from the time of Elizabeth until about the middle of the 17th century.(1891a1)

Caliver. A hand-gun of the time of Elizabeth; probably a corruption of calibre, it being bored to a cer= tain size. (1855f1)

$H Calix [or Calyx]. Greek vessel

Calix. A cup‑shaped vase, used as a drinkingR= 09;goblet. It was of circular shape, had two handles, and was mounted on a tolerably high stand. The term also denotes a water‑meter, or copper tube of a specified diameter, which was attached like a kind of branch‑pipe t= o a main one.(1883m1)

Calix. A cup̴= 9;shaped drinking vase in use among the Greeks, set on = a stem and generally furnished with two small handles. ILLUS. calix(1891a1)

$H Caliya. Hindu

Caliya. In Hindu mytho= logy the name of a great evil serpent, who was ultimately overcome and crushed= by the god Vishnu in his incarnation as Krishna. (1876c1)

$H Calliculae.

Calliculae. A kind o= f very thin metal disk, more or less ornamented, worn by rich Christians, and especially priests, as an ornament for the dress. Calliculae were also made= of purple‑coloured cloth. Many of the pict= ures in the catacombs represent persons wearing calliculae on their colobia= and other garments. (See COLOBIUM.)(1883m1)

$H Callipers. [See Calibre Compasses]<= /span>

$H Callipyge.

Callipyge. Literally aux belle fesses. The name of= a statue of Venus in the Farnese Palace.(1891a1= )

$H Callisteia.

Callisteia (6"884FJ,Ã"[=3Dkallisteia]). <= span style=3D'mso-no-proof:no'>A Lesbian festival of women, in which a prize w= as awarded to the most beautiful.(1883m1)

$H Callot.

Callot. A plain coif= or skull‑cap (English).(1883m1)

$H Calmati. Chaldaea

Calmati. In Chaldean astronomy the name of an unidentified star. (1876c1)

$H Calneh. Chaldaea

Calneh. "The Dwel= ling of Oannes." One of the four most ancient cities of the world, and a capital of Chaldea. It was called also Ur in the Cuneiform inscriptions. Its sacred names were "The City of the God who watches over the Moon,&qu= ot; and "The City of the House of the World." It is now called Mugheir. (1876c1)

$H Calno.

Calno. The Hebrew name = of a Syrian town called by the Assyrians Kullani. (1876c1)

$H Calones.

Calones (68"[=3Dkala], wood). (= 1) Roman slaves who carried wood for the soldiers. (2) Farm servants.(1883m1)=

$H Calote.

Calote. Fr. A specie= s of sabre‑proof skullcap worn in the French cavalry.(1883m1)

$H Calotte.=

Calotte. The portio= n of a sphere not exceeding a hemisphere in volume, cut off by an intersecting plane. The term also denotes vaults of this form. ILLUS. calotte(1891a1)

$H Calotype.

Calotype. A process = of printing by photography, called also Talbotype.(1883m1)

Calotype. A method of photography invented by Mr. Fox Talbot. An iodide of silver is formed on paper by successive coatings of iodide of potassium and nitrate of silver. This is rendered sensitive to the action= of light by the application of gallic acid and n= itrate of silver, and only a brief exposure is necessary to obtain an image on t= he paper.(1891a1)

Calotype. A photographic process, invented by Mr. Fox Talbot. Paper is saturated with iodide of potassium, and then washed = over with nitrate of silver; an iodide of silver is thus formed, which is rend= ered exceedingly sensitive to light, by being washed over with a mixture of ga= llic acid and nitrate of silver. A very short exposure in the camera-obscura serves to impress this paper with a reflected image which is developed by= the gallo-nitrate of silver; the picture is fixed with the hyposulphite of so= da. (1855f1)

$H Calpis.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Pottery

Calpis. Gr. A water‑jar with three handles, two a= t the shoulders and one at the neck.(1883m1)

Calpis. (Pot.) A = large earthenware vessel used by the Greeks for drawing water. It somewhat resembled the hydria (q.v.), = and was furnished with three handles, as in the cut. ILLUS. calpis(1891a1)

Calpis. (Gr.) A water-jar, characterised by having three handles, two at the shoulders = and one at the neck. This, with the HYDRIA, is found in Etruscan tombs, and is frequently ornamented with red figures on a black ground. FIGURE(1855f1)

$H Calthrops. (See CALTRAPS.)= (1883m1)

$H Caltraps, Cheval‑traps, or Galtraps.=

Caltraps (for cheval‑traps). Spikes of m= etal thrown on the ground to resist a charge of cavalry. In Christian art, attributes of St. Themistocles. Fig. 125. Caltrap.(1883m1)

Caltraps, Cheval‑traps, o= r Galtraps. Instruments of iron having four sharp projecting points, which were laid on the ground in battle to wound the f= eet of the enemy's horses. They are sometimes borne as a charge in heraldry. = ILLUS. calt= raps(1891a1)

Caltrap (literally cheval-trap). Radiated spikes of metal, thrown upon the groun= d to lame the horses of cavalry when charging. In Mediaeval Art they are the attributes of St. Themistocles. FIGURE = (1855f1)

$H Caltula or Castula.

Castula or Caltula. R. A short petticoat w= orn by Roman women, held up by braces.(1883m1)

$H Calvary. Architecture

Calvary. Chr. An arrangement of small chapels or shrines in= which the incidents of the progress to the scene of the crucifixion are represented. To each such "station" appropriate prayers and meditations are allotted.(1883m1)

Calvary. (Ar= ch.) A cross of stone or iron, generally richly decorated and sometimes raised u= pon a platform which is reached by steps. Some calvaries= , especially those of Brittan= y, are ambitious monuments supported by arcades and surmounted by numerous statues. The term is also applied to pictures representing the scenes of = the passion. ILLUS. calvary(1891a1)

Calvary. Small chape= ls in Catholic countries, wherein is represented the various scenes of Christ's Passion and his Crucifixion. They are sometimes external, as at the church of St. Jacq= ues, at Antwerp, and consist of a multitude of modelled figures grouped about the cross. At Aix-la-Chapelle, the Calvary is a church on a hill, surrounded by a series of twelve sculptured stones, each depicting an event which took place on the journey of the Redeemer to death. These are termed stations<= /i>. At Nuremberg, a similar number of sculpt= ures are placed along one street, which typifies the Via Dolorosa, and ends in= a Calvary. It is customary with the pious to say a = prayer in memory of the Passion of the Redeemer at each station. (1855f1)=

$H Calvatica (See Calantica= )

$H Calyptra.

Calyptra. (from 6"8bBJT[=3Dkalupto], to hi= de). A veil worn by young Greek and Roman women over the face. It is also called= caliptra, but this term is less used.(1883m1)