$H Casbu, Kasbu, or Aslu. Assyria

Kasbu. Or Aslu. An Assyrian measure of length, called a day's journey. It was composed of th= irty sosses, or about fourteen mil= es. (1876c1)

Aslu. An A= ssyrian measure of length, and the name of the six double hours into which the day and night were respectively divided. See Casbu. (1876c1)

Casbu. The six divisions into which the day and night were divided by the Babylonians. The Assyrians called the same divisions Aslu. (1876c1)

$H Case Bags. Arc= hitecture

Case Bags. Arch. The= joists framed between a pair of girders, in naked flooring.(1883m1)

$H Caseme= nt. Architecture

Casement. (Arch.) A= frame, generally of wood, which encloses the glazing of a window and opens on a hinge.(1891a1)

$H Cash.

Cash. A Chinese coin.(1883m1)

$H Casino= . Architecture

Casino. (Arch.) A collection of buildings in watering‑places and sea‑side resor= ts on the Continent, which is used as a kind of club, and includes ball, concert, and gambling rooms.(1891a1)

$H Casq= ue.

Casque. A term app= lied to the headpiece which came into vogue in England in the reign of Hen= ry VIII. It was not intended to be worn in warfare, and was not provided wit= h a visor. It was frequently elaborately carved and often copied in shape from the antique. In the language of poetry casque is a general term for all forms of headguards. ILLUS. casque(1891a1)

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Fr. Helmets of every description, from those of classical times to the present, have been call= ed casques by the poets; but the head‑piece specially so designated is first seen in English armour of the reign of Henry VIII. The casque was generally without a visor, and worn more for parade than warfare. The engraving Fig. 141 represents a Gaulish and Fig. 142 an Oriental casque.<= /span> Fig. 141. Casque. Fig. 142. Casque.(1883m1)

Casque. (Fr.) A helmet. Helmets were originally made of leather. Those formed of metal = were termed in Latin cassides, hen= ce CASQUE. The helmet, so termed in the fifteenth century, was distinguished from these by the absence of a visor or beaver for the covering of the fa= ce. FIGURE (1855f1)

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$H Casque= t.

Casquet. A small coffer, either composed of or decorated with precious materials, such an sweet‑scented woods, chased metals, gold, silver, enamels, gems, &c. In the Middle Ages and at the time of the Renaissa= nce casquets were made of iron with open panels covered with leather or vario= usly coloured stuffs. ILLUS. casquet= (1891a1)

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$H Casque= tel.

Casquetel. A small open helmet without beaver= or visor, having a projecting umbril, and flexible plates to protect the neck behind.(1883m1)

Casquetel. A small casque or helmet with no visor, but a projection in front. It affor= ded but little protection, and was worn chiefly for display. ILLUS. casquete(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

Casquetel. (Fr.) A small steel cap or open helmet, without beaver or visor, but having a projecting umbril and flexible plates to cover the neck behind. In the re= ign of Henry VI., they had oreillets<= /i> or plates, round or oval, over the ears, and sometimes a spike crowned the summit, called a charnel, or = crenel. The oreillets also had sometimes spikes projecting from their centres. FIGURE (1855f1)

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$H Cassel Black.= (See BLACK.) (1883m1)

$H Cassel Earth.=

A brown pigment.(188= 3m1)

$H Cassel Yellow= . (See TURNER'S YELLOW.) (1883= m1)

$H Cassida. (See CASSIS.) (1883m1)

$H Cassilden. Old English

Cassilden. O.E. Chalcedony.(1883m1)

$H Cassis.

Cassis or, rarely, Cassi (perhaps an Etruscan word). A casque or helmet made of metal, and so distinguished from GALEA (q.v.), a helmet made of leather. Figs. 141 and = 142 represent respectively a Gaulish and an Eastern cassis (the latter, however, is considered by some antiquarie= s to be Gaulish). The war‑casque of the Egyptian kings, although of meta= l, was covered with a panther's skin; it was ornamented with the URAEUS (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Cassium. Egypt

Cassium. An Egyptian city on the Arabic frontier towards Palestine. (1876c1)

$H Cassock.

Cassock signifies a horseman's loose coat, and is used in that sense by the writers of the ag= e of Shakspeare. It likewise appears to have been part of the dress of rustics= . (Steevens.) It was called a "vest" in the time of Charles II. Later on it became the distinguishing dress of the clergy.(1883m1)

This name was given to several very dissimilar articles = of dress. Originally it appears to have been a loose kind of coat, and was in the 17th century worn by hackney‑coachmen and others. In the 18th century it was an overcoat worn by the gentry. At the same time, from the 17th century until the time of George II., the cassock was the distinctive dress of the clergy, and during the performanc= e of the service was worn by Protestant priests at least under the academical gown. In the present age it only survives as an ecclesiastical vestment.(1891a1)

Cassock. A loose coat buttoned down the front, sometimes brought tighter about the waist by a girdle. The term was also applied to a counsellor's gown, but ultimately restricted to that worn by= the clergy. (1855f1)

$H Cassolette.

Cassolette. Fr. A pe= rfume box with a perforated lid; the perforations in a censer.(1883m1)

Cassolette. (Fr.) A box or case with a perforated lid, to emit perfumes; hence the openings= for the emission of scent from a censor are similarly termed. (1855f1)=

$H Cassone.

Cassone. An Italian = chest, richly carved and gilt, and often decorated with paintings, which frequen= tly held the trousseau of a bride= .(1883m1)

$H Cast.<= /span> Sculpture

Cast. (Sculp.) = To cast is to reproduce a work of sculpture from a mould. Plaster is the material generally used in casting. Gelatine is also employed, and is= valuable on account of its elasticity. The term is also applied to a work of sculp= ture thus reproduced; for instance, we speak of "a cast of the Venus of Milo." The process of plaster‑casting is as follows. When the = clay model, which is the first step in a sculptor's work, is finished it is covered with wet plaster of Paris laid on in several pieces; the mould th= us formed being called a piece‑= ;mould. The plaster of Paris is then removed in pieces and fitted together, s= o as to form a complete mould of the clay model. Water and plaster mixed is th= en poured over the inside of the mould, and when the mould is removed there = is left a hollow cast of the figure. [Founding and Lost Wax Process.](1891a1= )

Cast. Any work of Art produced from a mould. It = was much used by the nations of antiquity in multiplying useful works (see CE= LT), or in producing small statues of the gods (see LARES). The term is now usually applied to works made from a mould in plaster of Paris. The art of CASTING in metals is more properly termed FOUNDING. (1855f1)

$H Castanets.

Castanets. Various p= eoples have employed flat pieces of wood to produce a certain kind of noise duri= ng religious ceremonies. The Egyptians seem to have had for this purpose "hands" of wood or ivory, which were struck one against the oth= er to form an accompaniment to chants or rhythmic dances. (See CROTALA, &c.)(1883m1)

$H Caste. Egypt

Caste. It was supposed, before the great advance in Egyptology that was brought abo= ut by the decipherment of the hieroglyphs, that c= aste existed in ancient Egypt. But more recent discoveries have completely done away with this idea. The= re were no impassable barriers between class and class, or between one profession and another.(1902b1)

$H Castel Durante.

Castel Durante. An a= ncient manufactory of Urbino ware, established in the 14th century. Fig. 143, fr= om a cup in the Louvre, is a fine specimen of Castel Durante majolica of the 1= 6th century.

Fig. 143. Cup of Castel Durante (1525), in the Museum of= the Louvre.(1883m1)

$H Castellated.

Castellated. Turreted like the walls of a castle or fortified town, as represented in = our cut. * FIGU= RE

* See BATT= LEMENT.(1855f1)

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$H Castellum.

Castellum (dimin. of CASTRUM, q.v.; i.e. a small castle). A small fortified place or citadel; = also a reservoir for water. The ruins of castella still existing are very few in number; one of the most perfect, as far as= the basin is concerned, is that of the castellum divisorium or deversorium= , at Nismes.(1883m1)

$H Casteria.

Casteria. A storehou= se in which the rudder, oars, and movable tackle of a vessel were kept.(1883m1)=

$H Casting.

Casting. When, in Art, the casting of draperies is spoken of, it alludes to that general disposition or flow of the main lines which produces the greatest impress= ion on the eye, and which requires as much thought and talent as the designin= g of the figure, so that they may also appear the result of natural accident rather than of laborious study. In metallic Arts, casting is the taking of the subject from the mould. (1855f1)=

$H Castle= . Architecture

Castle. (Arch.) A fortified feudal dwelling, a= lso the palace of the feudal lord. The fortified castles of the 11th and 12th centuries had a donjon surrounded by fosses. In the 13th century the circ= uit of the walls was extended and was flanked by towers, while an air of luxu= ry was imparted to the portion occupied as a dwelling by the lord. The castl= es of the 15th century were built with princely magnificence but were no lon= ger fortresses; those of the Renaissance were palaces.(1891a1)

$H Castor.

Castor. The beaver; = hence applied to beaver hats.(1883m1)

$H Castoreae.

Castoreae. R. Costly= fabrics and dresses made of the fur of beavers.(1883m1)

$H Castra.

Castra R. (plur. of = castrum, which, like casa, the covering thing). This = term was applied solely to an encampment, a fortified or intrenched camp, while the singular castrum, an augmentative of CASA (q.v.), denotes a hut, or strongly‑constructed post, and consequently a fort, or fortress; but for this last the Romans preferred to use the diminutive c= astellum.(1883m1)

$H Castula [See Caltula]

$H Casula.

Casula R. (dimin. of= casa). (1) A small hut or cabin.= (2) A hooded cloak, or capote.(1883m1)

Casula. (Lat.) A cloak worn by the peasantry of Rome, of thick coarse materials, and furnished with a hood, as a protection aga= inst the weather. See BIRRUS. (1855f1)<= o:p>

$H Cat. 1. Media= eval; 2. Egypt

Cat. (Med. Lat. cattus or gattus). A covering under which soldiers lay for shelter, whi= le sapping the walls of a fortress, &c.(1883m1)

Cat. The Egyptian na= me for the cat (maaou) is evidently onomatopoeic. As a symbol, this animal played a part which has hitherto n= ot been clearly determined. Certain papyri show us the cat severing the serpent's head from its body, a symbol which would seem to point out the = cat as the destroyer of the enemies of the daylight and the sun. Again, the goddess Bast is represented w= ith a cat's head, the animal being sacred to her.(1883m1)

Egypt= . This animal was sacred to Bast, who is frequently represented with the head of= a cat. Its name mau appears to be onomatopoetic. The cat often figures in vignettes in the "Book of the Dead," where it someti= mes holds a knife, with which to slay a serpent. But the meaning here is obsc= ure. That the animal was much venerated is shown by the fact of the numberless mummied cats that have been found, especially at <= st1:City w:st=3D"on">Bubastis, Sakkâra, and Beni Has= an. It was perhaps a symbol of the Sun-god and day, slaying the serpent, the emb= lem of evil and darkness. On tomb walls we see the cat accompanying his maste= r in his little skiff when he goes fowling in the marshes, and it has been suggested that the animal was taught to retrieve. Many figures of cats of different sizes have been found, in bronze and faïence.(1902b1)

$H Cataclista.

Cataclista. R. A clo= se‑fitting garment worn by Roman ladies, bearing a great resemblance to those which = are to be seen on Egyptian statues.(1883m1)

$H Catacombs. Christian

Catacombs. Chr. This= term, the etymology of which is uncertain, serves to denote disused stone quarr= ies, made use of by the early Christians for their meetings, and as subterrane= an cemeteries. We meet with catacombs in several cities, but the most celebr= ated are unquestionably those of = Rome. Catacombs also exist at Syracuse, Catana= , Palermo, Naples, and Paris.(1883m1)

Catacombs. Underground burial places. It was in the catacombs at Rome that the Christians took refuge to celebrate their services. Catacombs also exist = at Syracuse, Palermo, and Agrigentum, and in Tuscany and Etruria, The cataco= mbs of Paris were originally stone quarries, but they contain an immense quan= tity of bones regularly piled up, coming from different cemeteries, such as th= ose of the Innocents and of St. Eustace, as well as from the burying grounds which surrounded churches which have now been destroyed. Finally, in the catacombs of Paris the remains of those who fell in August, 1788, in April, 1789, and Septem= ber, 1792, have been placed. In the catacombs of Rome have been found a large number of paintings, which constitute the first attempts of Christian Art. The arti= sts who painted them are absolutely unknown to us. They are hieratic or symbo= lic representations, the value of which was not the actual sign itself, but t= he thing symbolised. Such, for instance, is the fish (= Æ= P= 2= L= H[=3Dichthu= s]), the sign of Christ; the anchor, the symbol of hope; the dove, the symbol of t= he soul, &c. From an investigation of these signs we arrive at a mysteri= ous writing, depending entirely on initial letters.(1891a1)=

Catacombs. Underground burial-places for the dead, originally stone quarries, as at = Rome and Naples. They contain a vast number of inscriptions of the earliest Christian era,= and some few sculptures valuable to the archaeologist. They are all of great interest as memorials of the early church and its observances, from which most important deductions may be made. **

** See Mait= land's Church in the Catacombs, Aringhi= 's Roma Subterranea, Didron's Iconographie Chretienne, and the article TRINITY in this dictionary.(1855f1)

$H Catadromus.

Catadromus R. (from = 6"J[=3Dkata] and *D`:@H[=3Ddromos], i.e. a running down). A tight̴= 9;rope for acrobats in a circus or amphitheatre. The catadromus was stretched in a slanting direction from a point= in the arena to the top of the building.(1883m1)

$H Catafa= lque.

Catafalque. A richly decorated stage set up in churches, on which coffins are placed du= ring funeral ceremonies.(1891a1)

$H Catafaltus. Mediaeval

Catafaltus. Med. Lat= . (See CAGASUPTUS.)(1883m1)

$H Catagrapha.

Catagrapha Gr. and R= . (6"J"‑(D"N¬[=3Dkata‑graphe], i.e. a drawing or marki= ng down). A painting in perspective (rarely met with in the works of the anc= ient painters).(1883m1)

$H Catalo= gue.

Catalogue. A list of works of art classified either alphabetically or according to schools. The term is generally applied to a list of works in a public or private collection, or such as have been got together for the purposes of exhibition or sale.(1891a1)

Catalogue. A list of works of Art in a gallery or collection; an enumeration of the works of an artist, or a systematic lis= t of those of a school or schools. Such catalogues as are not confined to the enumeration of names of works and artists alone, but which describe their subjects and styles, are termed c= atalogues raisonnés. (1855f1)

--- $H Catal= ogue Raisonné.

A catalogue which not only gives a list of works of art,= but describes their subject and style, and discusses them from an historical point of view.(1891a1)

--- $H Catalo= gue, To.

To draw up the catalogue of a collection of works of art= . To catalogue works of art as completely as possible, it is not only necessar= y to quote the title of each object, but to give its dimensions and descriptio= n, to mention its author and province, to make out its genealogy, and where possible to reproduce in facsimile the signature or mark which exists upon it.(1891a1)

$H Cataphracta.

Cataphracta Gr. and = R. (6"J"‑NDV6J0H[=3Dkata‑phraktes], i.e. that which cover= s up). A general term to denote any kind of breastplate worn by the Roman infantry. [Cataphracti were heavy‑armed cavalry, with the horses in armour.](1883m1)

$H Cataphracti.

Cataphracti. Decked = vessels, in opposition to aphracti, op= en boats.(1883m1)

$H Catapirates.

Catapirates. Gr. and= R. (6"J"‑B,4D"J¬H[=3Dkata‑peirates], i.e. that which makes= trial downwards). A sounding‑lead, of an ovoid form, with tallow or a kin= d of glue at the end, by means of which sailors were able to ascertain the nat= ure of the bottom.(1883m1)

$H Catapult. =

Catapult. (Lat.) A warlike machine, used anciently in battle for the projection of heavy stones, javelins, &c.= , in a siege. They varied greatly in size and power, sometimes discharging enormous javelins by a similar machinery, on a gigantic scale, to that adopted in the cross-bow; at other times, percuss= ion was used, as in our example, where the arrow is discharged by means of the recoil of a beam dragged back by ropes managed by a windlass. In the Roman sieges, they were constantly used; and Josephus narrates their great powe= r in projecting missiles which could destroy many persons at one blow. They we= re very cumbrous to manage. Lucan has well described them in his Pharsalia, as translated by Rowe= : -

"Nor sudden could they change their erring aim,

Slow and unwieldy moves the cumbrous frame."

FIGU= RE (1855f1)

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$H Catapulta.

Catapulta. Gr. and R= . (6"J"‑BX8J0H[=3Dkata‑peltes], i.e. that which hurls).= A military engine for discharging heavy missiles. The ballista projected stones; the catapult, darts; the = scorpio (uncertain). They were all called tormenta, from the twisting of the rope= s of hairs or fibres which supplied the propelling force.(1883m1)

$H Catascopium.

Catascopium. Gr. and= R. (dimin. of CATASCOPUS, q.v.). A post of observation or sentry tower.(1883= m1)

$H Catascopus.

Catascopus Gr. and R= . (6"JVF6@B@H[=3Dcataskopos], i.e. that which explores or sp= ies). (1) A post of observation. (2) A vessel employed as a spy‑ship; and= by analogy (3) a scout, i.e. a soldier whose duty is to act as a spy on the enemy.(1883m1)

$H Catasta.

Catasta (from 6"JVFJ"F4H[=3Dkatastasis], i.e. a place of presentation).= A platform upon which slaves were placed to be publicly sold. Some scaffold= s of this kind were made to revolve, so that the purchaser might thoroughly inspect every part of the slave at his leisure. Catasta arcana was the name given to a gridiron, or iron bed, upon which criminals were laid= to undergo torture. (See GRIDIRON.)(1883m1)

$H Cateja.

Cateja (Celtic word)= . A missile made of wood hardened in the fire. It was employed by the Gauls, Germans, and other barbarians in the way of a harpoon, a rope being faste= ned to one end of the weapon, by means of which it could be recovered after it had been launched.(1883m1)

$H Catella.

Catella (dimin. of C= ATENA, q.v.). A term specially used to denote the finer sorts of chains made of bronze, silver, and gold. Chains made of the precious metals were worn as trinkets. [The use of the diminutive indicates elegance and delicacy.](1883m1)

$H Catellus.

Catellus R. (dimin. = of CATENA, q.v.). A chain used to shackle slaves, or perhaps merely attached= to them in the way of a clog.(1883m1)

$H Catena.

Catena. R. (1) A cha= in, especially (2) a chain of gold or silver worn as an ornament round the bo= dy, like a balteus (shoulder̴= 9;belt), by certain goddesses, dancing‑girls, bacchantes, or courtezans.(188= 3m1)

$H Catenarius.

Catenarius. The chai= ned dog kept at the entrance of their houses by the Romans.(1883m1)

$H Catena= ry Curve.

Catenary Curve. The curve formed by a flexible body of uniform thickness, suspended by its extremities from two points in the same horizontal line. This curve inverted is frequently employed in arches, &c.(1891a1)

$H Catharmata.

Catharmata (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>6"2VD:"J"[=3Dkatharmata], from 6"2"\DT[=3Dkathairo], i.e. that which is thrown away in cleansing). Sacrifices in which human victims were offered up, in order to avert the plague or similar visitations. [Th= ey were thrown into the sea.](1883m1)

$H Cathedra and Cathedrae.

Cathedra and Cathedrae (6"2X*D"[=3Dkathedra], from 6"J[=3Dkata] and «*D"[=3Dhedra], i.e. a place for sitting down). A c= hair having a back, but without arms. There were various kinds of cathedrae: the cathedra strata was a chair furnished with cushions; cathedra supina, a chair with lo= ng sloping back; cathedra longa,= a chair with long deep seat. The ca= thedra philosophorum was the equivalent of our modern term, a professor's chair.(1883m1)

Cathedra. The portable chair of the Greeks and Romans, originally devoted to female use, differing little in form from t= he modern article of furniture. The philosopher's chair, from which he deliv= ered his learned orations, took the same name, which in later times was adopted for the rostrum and pulpit, and thence to the chair in which the early Christian bishop sat; from which latter circumstance the churches so furn= ished were known as cathedrals, and the term ex cathedra used to designate the most conclusive arguments in science or theology. (1855f1)

$H Cathed= ral. Architecture

(Arch.) A cathedral church is a church in which the cathedra, or bishop's throne, is placed. Any consecrated building, therefore, may be converted into a cathedral at any time by placing a bishop's throne within its walls. Considering the important office discharged by a cathedral it is natural = that buildings of beauty and dignity should, where possible, be chosen as cathedral churches. But it must not be supposed that a cathedral need dif= fer, architecturally speaking, in any respect from an ordinary parish church.(1891a1)

$H Cather= ine, St.

Catherine, St. According to the legend St. Catherine was an Egyptian princess, who suffered martyr= dom at the hands of the Emperor Maximin or Maxentius because she would not renounce the Christian faith. She is said to have been very beautiful, as well as learned in all the science and philosophy of the heathen. The Emp= eror attempted on one occasion to break her to pieces on wheels armed with sha= rp spikes, but the wheels were destroyed with fire from heaven, and the spik= es flew about and killed three thousand people. Mrs. Jameson holds that the legend of St. Catherine is based upon the story of Hypatia, who suffered martyrdom at Alexandria, not at the hands of heathen tyrants, but of Christian fanatics. St. Cathe= rine is represented over and over again in art. Her attributes, besides the wh= eel, which particularly belongs to her, are a palm, a sword, a crown, and a bo= ok. Her marriage with the Infant Christ, symbolising the union of her soul wi= th Christ, was a favourite subject with painters, especially during the 16th century. Representations of it are in existence by Perugino, Correggio, Titian, Vandyck, and others.(1891a1)

Catherine, St., of Alexandria. The patron saint of philosophy and the schools. The pictures of her are almost innumerable; as patron, saint, or martyr, her attributes are a bro= ken wheel set round with knives, and a sword, both instruments of her martyrd= om. After her death, according to the legend, her body was transported by ang= els to Mount Sinai. * Another class of pictures in which this saint is a principal figure, is that representing her "mystic marriage" with Christ,= of which among the best known is the picture in the gallery of the Louvre, by Correggio. Other compositions represent her "disputing with the fifty philosophers." The "Vision of St. Catherine" has been pain= ted less frequently than the other incidents of her life. There are other sai= nts of this name, of which the best known are Catherine of Bologna, who is represented holding the infant Jesus; Catherine of Sweden, who bears the insignia of royalty, and leads a hind; Catherine of Sienna, on whose hands are seen the marks of the nails which pierced the Saviour, and who carrie= s a crucifix and wears a ring.

* This has= been made the subject of a very beautiful picture by Mucke, familiarly known b= y an excellent lithographic engraving. (1855f1)

$H Catherine Wheel.

Catherine Wheel. In = Gothic architecture, a large circular window, filled with radiating divisions; called also rose window.(1883m1)

$H Cathetus. Architecture

Cathetus. Arch. (1) = The axle of a cylinder. (2) The centre of the Ionic volute.(1883m1)

$H Catillus and Catillum.

Catillus and Catillum (dimin. of CATINUS, q.v.; i.e. a small bowl).

(1) The upper part o= f a mill for grinding corn, which served both as grindstone and hopper or bowl. Fi= g. 144 represents an ancient mill, a fourth part of the catillus being suppressed in order to show the reader the mechanism. Fig. 144. Catillus for grinding corn.(1883m1)

(2) A small dish hav= ing much resemblance to the catinus, a= nd so by analogy (3) a flat circular ornament employed to decorate the scabbard= of a sword.

$H Catinus and Catinum.

Catinus and Catinum = R. (akin to Sicilian = 6VJ4<@<[=3Dkatinon]). Dishes used for cooking, and for= the table. Catina might be of earthenware or metal, of glass or other precious material, and were emplo= yed as sacrificial vessels to hold incense, &c.(1883m1)=

$H Cat's = Eye.

Cat's Eye. A stone of a yellowish or greenish hue, furrowed with rays of a brill= iant green.(1891a1)

$H Catty.

Catty. A Chinese wei= ght =3D 1 1/3 lb.(1883m1)

$H Catulus.

Catulus. R. When a s= lave ran away from his master, and was retaken, he was led back in chains, the catulus being the chain which was attached to an iron collar passing round his neck. A slave was thus said = to be led back cum manicis, catulo, collarique, i.e. with manacles, leading chain, and neck‑= ;collar.(1883m1)

$H Caudex. (See CODEX.) (1883m1)

$H Caudicarius, Codicarius.

Caudicarius, Codicarius. R. (from caudex, a tree‑tr= unk). A wide flat barge employed in river transport. It was of rough constructi= on, and was broken up on arriving at its destination.(1883m1)

$H Caudicius.

Caudicius. R. A vess= el of the same kind as the caudicarius<= /i>, employed on the Moselle.(1883m1)

$H Caughley‑ware.

Caughley‑ware.= (Shropshire). A soft porcelain; 18th century.(1883= m1)

$H Caul. Old English

Caul. O.E. A cap or = network enclosing the hair.(1883m1)

$H Cauliculi or Caulicoli.

Cauliculi or Caulicoli, R. (dimin. of caulis, a stalk). Acanthus leaves springing from the capital of a Corinthian column.(1883m1= )

Caulicoli. (Arch.) Stalks which spring from between the folds of the acanthus leaves in the Corinthian capital and curl round the volutes which support the abacus. ILLUS. caulicol(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Caupolus. (See CAUPULUS.) (1883m1)

$H Caupona.

Caupona. R. (caupo, an innkeeper). An inn or = hostel for the accommodation of travellers. The cauponae bore a general resemblance to our roadside inns. [Also, a cooked‑me= at shop.](1883m1)

$H Cauponula.

Cauponula. R. (dimin= . of caupona). A small tavern, or low= wine‑shop of mean appearance.(1883m1)

$H Caupulus.

Caupulus. R. A kind = of boat, classed by authors among the lemb= i and cymbae.(1883m1)

$H Caurus.

Caurus. R. An impers= onation of the North‑West wind; represented under the form of an old man wi= th a beard, pouring down rain from an urn.(1883m1)

$H Causia. Costume

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>6"LF\"[=3Dkausia], from 6"ØF4H[=3Dkausis], i.e. that which keeps off heat). A= broad‑brimmed felt hat, of Macedonian invention, and adopted by the Romans. It was especially worn by fishermen and sailors.(1883m1)

(Cost.) A broad‑brimmed hat worn by Roman fishermen and adopted by them from the Macedonians, who invented it. Representation= s of it are found on vases and other works of art. ILLUS. causia(1891a1)

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Causia. (Gr.) A broad-brimmed felt hat, worn by the Macedonian kings. It is represented= in the annexed cut, which is copied from a fictile vase. The Roman sailors generally adopted it; but, as an outdoor covering, it was restricted to no particular class. FIGURE(1855f1)=

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$H Cauter.

Cauter (6"LJ¬D[=3Dkauter], i.e. that which burns). A cautery = or branding‑iron. The cauter was (1) an instrument used by surgeons; it was also used for branding cattle = and slaves. (2) An instrument employed to burn in the colours in an encaustic painting.(1883m1)

$H Cauterium. =3D CAUTER (q.v.) (1883m1)

$H Cavaed= ium. Architecture

Cavaedium. (Arch.) T= he hollow or open part of a Roman house. The Romans in early times built the= ir houses in the form of a small quadrangle, thus leaving an empty space in = the middle, and it is this empty space which was called the cavaedium.(1891a1= )

Cavaedium. R. (from cavum and aedes, = i.e. the hollow part of a house). An open courtyard. In early times the Romans= had an external courtyard to their house. In course of time, however, the increase of luxury and comfort brought about a change in the cavaedium, which was partially c= overed in with a roof supported by columns, a partial opening being left in the centre, which was called the comp= luvium. When thus altered, the cavaedium<= /i> went under the name of ATRIUM (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Cavalherium. (See CABALLARIA.) (1883m1)

$H Cavallerius or Cavallero. Mediaeval

Cavallerius or Cavallero. Med. Lat. A knight or cavalier.(1883m1)

$H Cavea.

Cavea. R. (from cavus, i.e. a hollow place or ca= vity).

(1) A wooden cage wi= th open bars, of wood or, more generally, of iron, used for the transport and exhibition of the wild beasts of a menagerie.

(2) A bird‑cag= e.

(3) A frame of wicke= r‑work employed by fullers and dyers.

(4) A palisade to pr= otect young trees when growing up, and

(5) the vast reversed cone formed by the successive stages of a theatre or amphitheatre. This might be divided, according to the size of the buildin= g, into one, two, or three distinct tiers, called respectively upper, lower,= and middle (summa, ima, media cavea)= . (6) A warlike machine used in attacking cities.(1883m1)

$H Caveh. Arabia

Caveh. In Arabic mythology a blacksmith of Ispaha= n, whose two sons having been slain to feed the snakes of Zohak, he incited = the people to revolt, and slaying the demon monster, established a new dynast= y. See Zohak. (1876c1)

$H Cavetto.

Cavetto. Arch. (deri= v. from Ital. cavo). A concave mouldi= ng formed of a segment of a circle.(1883m1)

Cavetto. (Arch.) A concave moulding, which generally has a quarter of a circle as its profile. It is principally a cornice moulding.= ILLUS. cavetto(1891a1)

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Cavetto. (Ital.) A concave moulding used in architecture. (1855f1)

--- $H Cavetto Cornice Egypt

cavetto cornice: an architectural ornament with concave profile surmounting pylon or gateway.(1894e1)

$H Cavo&#= 8209;relievo. Sculpture

Cavo‑relievo. Intaglio‑sculpture cut into = the stone, as in Egyptian art.(1883m1)

Cavo‑relievo. (Sculp.) = A method of carving in relief, in which the highest part is on a level with the surface of the stone, and the lowest part is depressed considerably below= it. This method of sculpture was chiefly practised by the Egyptians, and our = cut represents an Egyptian work. ILLUS. cavoreli(1891a1)

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Cavo-Relievo. (Ital.) A peculiar kind of relieve practised by the ancient Egyptian artists, the highest surface of which was only level with the plane of the original st= one, the rounded sides of the figures being cut into the material, until an ef= fect something like the impression given by a concave seal in wax was produced. The more general term used to describe it is intaglio-relievato. Our cut represents the name of the Egypti= an king Amunoph III. thus sculptured. FIGURE = (1855f1)

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$H Cayl.

Cayl. The Himyaritic title of the great no= bility who were vassals to the king.(1876c1)