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Chaable. Old Fr. A l=
arge
ballista. (See CABULUS.) Trees blown down by the wind are still called &q=
uot;caables" in |
|
Chabaras<=
/span>. A river in
Mesopotamia, which rising in |
|
Chabasite ( |
|
Chabrias<=
/span>. The admiral of t=
he Egyptian
fleet under Nekhtarhebi. He was unsuccessful =
in
repulsing the invasion of the Persians under Artaxer=
xes
II., but they were ultimately defeated and expelled at the battle of Mend=
es
by Nekhtarhebi himself. (1876c1) |
|
Chaco=
nne. Fr. (Sp. chacona; It. ciacona). A modification of the dance chica (q.v.).(1883m1) |
|
Chadfarthing. O.E. A
farthing formerly paid among the Easter dues, for the purpose of hallowing
the font for christenings. (Halliwell.)(1883m1) |
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Chadidia<=
/span>. A town in |
|
Chafer. O.E. (1) A b=
eetle or
May‑bug. (2) A saucepan.(1883m1) |
|
Chafer‑house. =
O.E. An
ale‑house.(1883m1) |
|
Chafery. O.E. A
furnace.(1883m1) |
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Chaffagiolo, or Caffagiolo, is=
the
place where Cosmo the Great established the first Tuscan manufactory of
majolica, and where Luca della Robbia
acquired his knowledge of the stanniferous en=
amel.
Fig. 148 is a specimen of Chaffagiolo ware of=
the
15th century. Fig. 148. Chaffagiolo ware.
Sweetmeat plate, with arabesques, about 1509.(1883m1)
|
|
Chafkem=
span>. The son of an =
early
Egyptian king. The period when he lived is uncertain. (1876c1) |
|
Chain‑moulding. Arch.
An ornament of the Norman period, sculptured in imitation of a chain.(188=
3m1) |
|
Chain‑timbers. Arch.
Bond timbers, the thickness of a brick, introduced to tie and strengthen a
wall.(1883m1) |
|
Chair. (See SELLA.)(1883m1) |
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Chair. The chair of today is generally a seat with a back and no
arms. The chairs used in the 13th century, on the contrary, had arms and =
no
back, and were placed against the wall with pieces of richly wrought tape=
stry
behind them. In the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries high‑backed chai=
rs
became fashionable; these gave =
i>way
in the 18th century to chairs with oval backs. Iron chairs with trellis=
8209;work
seats are the invention of our own period, and have superseded rustic sea=
ts
of wood or stone. For the furniture of our houses we have produced no new
form of chair, but have been content to imitate with some measure of succ=
ess
the style of former times. ILLUS. chair(1891a1)
|
|
A seat inlaid with ivory, granted as a privilege to cons=
uls,
praetors, and curule aed=
iles
at |
|
A vehicle much used in the 17th and 18th centuries,
consisting of a glass body containing a seat, and carried by two men by m=
eans
of straps and two long poles. Sedan chairs were frequently ornamented with
paintings and sculptured reliefs picked out w=
ith
gold, and many of them are masterpieces of decorative art.(1891a1) |
|
Chair de Poule (chic=
ken's
flesh). An ornamentation of the surface of pottery with little hemispheric
points; a Chinese method.(1883m1) |
|
Chaires=
span>. The sixth king o=
f the IInd Thinite dynasty of=
|
|
Chair‑rail.
The
rail which runs round a room at a height of three or four feet from the f=
loor
and prevents the backs of the chairs from injuring the wall
decorations.(1891a1) |
|
Chaisel. Old Fr. (1)=
An
upper garment. (2) A kind of fine linen, of which smocks were often
made.(1883m1) |
|
Chalameau. Fr. Stem =
or straw‑pipe.
The lower notes of the clarionet are called t=
he chalameau tone, from the ancient shawm.(1883m1) |
|
Chalaos=
span>. The form in whic=
h the
name of the city of |
|
Chalcanthum (=
PV86‑"<2@<[=3Dchalk‑anthon], i.e.
that which is thrown off by copper). Shoemaker's black or copperas, used =
for
imparting a dark colour to boot‑leather=
. (See
ATRAMENTUM.)(1883m1) |
|
Chalcedony.
A
milky white agate, striped or veined with different colours, used by
engravers of precious stones.(1891a1) |
|
Calcedony or Chalcedony (from the town |
|
Calcedony. A hard siliceous stone used in gem
engraving. (1855f1) |
|
Chalcedony. A
kind of quartz, semi-transparent, of a bluish white, but frequently strip=
ed
and clouded with other colours. It is seldom found crystalised, but in
kidney-shaped, irregular masses. Common CHALCEDONY is of a uniform bluish
grey; the other kinds, heliotrope, chrysoprase, plasma, onyx, sardonyx,
sardine, and carnelian, are distinguished by their colours. AGATE is a
mixture of chalcedony and varieties of quartz, often beautifully tinted.
Chalcedony and agate were used for seals and other works of Art. Cameos, =
of
the former, and of the different sorts of onyx, were preferred, on accoun=
t of
their numerous layers. (1855f1) |
|
Chalcidicum (=
O"864*46Î<[=3DChalkidikon], i=
.e.
pertaining to the city of |
|
Chalcioecia (=
O"864‑@\64"[=3DChalki‑oikia],
brazen house). A Spartan festival in honour of
Athena under that designation.(1883m1) |
|
Chalcography (Engrav.) The art of engraving on copper.(1891a1) |
|
Chalcography (P"86ÎH[=3Dchalkos], coppe=
r).
Engraving on copper. Chalcography=
was discovered in |
|
Chalcography. A modern term for engraving on cop=
per,
compounded from the Greek chalkos=
,
copper, and grapho, to cut, or
incise lines. The term can properly be applied to copper engraving only; =
and
engraving on steel or zinc must not, as often happens, be designated as
chalcography. For zinc engraving we have the spurious term ZINCOGRAPHY. (=
1855f1) |
|
Chalcotype (Engrav.) A process of engraving in relief on copper,
invented by the German Heims in 1851.(1891a1)=
|
|
Chalcus (P"86@ØH[=3Dchalkous]). A G=
reek
copper coin, somewhat less than a farthing.(1883m1) |
|
Chalet. (Arch.) A=
rustic
house with balconies and galleries of carved wood, built in imitation of
Swiss houses of planks and trunks of trees and covered with a roof which
projects over the façade.(1891a1) |
|
Chalice. A sacramen=
tal
vessel used at holy mass for the consecration of the wine. It is a deep c=
up
mounted on a stem, and of all religious vessels is the one which has given
the most opportunity to the imagination of decorative artists. Some chali=
ces
are ornamented with precious stones and enamels. ILLUS. chalice(1891a1)
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|
Chalice. Chr. (deriv. from calix, =
a cup).
A sacred vessel used in the celebration of the mass. There were many
different kinds, called ministeriaies, offertorii, majores, and minores. The ministeriales served to distribute the wine; the offertorii were
employed by the deacons to hold the wine offered by the faithful. Lastly,
they were distinguished according to their size, as large or small (majores=
and minores=
).
Vessels called calices were a=
lso
frequently suspended from the arches of the ciborium, and other parts of =
the
church, as ornaments. In Christian symbolism the chalice and serpent issu=
ing
from it are an attribute of Fig. 149. Chalice, silver‑gilt ‑ 14th centur=
y.(1883m1)
|
|
Chalice.
A vessel used in the sacramental service to contain the wine. The form has
undergone many variations in different ages, always preserving, however, =
its
cup-like shape. CHALICES are made of gold, but more commonly of silver,
either whole or partly gilt and jewelled. They have sometimes been made of
crystal, glass, and agate, but these materials are now prohibited, on acc=
ount
of their brittle nature. Some very curious and elegant CHALICES are prese=
rved
in public and private collections. *
The CHALICE is the attribute of many saints. * See Shaw=
's Encyclopaedia of Ornaments; Pugi=
n's Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament =
and
Costume. Our cut exhibits the ordinary forms of the chalice in the mi=
ddle
ages. The first is copied from a brass of a priest in
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|
Chalk. (Paint.) =
A white
calcareous substance, which is used in distemper painting. Chalk in the s=
hape
of a crayon is also used to draw the outlines of a composition on a
canvas.(1891a1) |
|
Chalk. An earthy carbonate
of lime, of an opaque white colour, converted by burning into lime. I=
t is
the basis upon which many vegetable colours are precipitated to form
pigments, such as the PINKS. Chalk has been used as a pigment, but it is a
bad drier. RED CHALK is clay coloured by the oxide of iron. DRAWING CHALK=
was
originally restricted in its colour to white, black, and red drawing chal=
k,
with which high lights were placed on tinted paper, and deep shadows
delineated, the red being generally used for marking outlines. Latterly,
drawing chalks of every colour are used, and are known by the name of crayons, and impart a peculiar
delicate tone to portraiture. A very soft effect is produced easily in th=
is
art, the ground tint being frequently rubbed in by a stump, and the posit=
ive
drawing hatched in the direction of lines expressing general forms; but s=
uch
softness sometimes ends objectionably in tameness. (1855f1) |
|
Chalki. A city or distri=
ct of
which Assurbani was prefect under Tiglath Pileser II. |
|
Chalon. O.E. A cover=
let. (Chaucer.)(1883m1) |
|
Chamade. Fr. A beat =
of drum
or trumpet inviting the enemy to a parley.(1883m1) |
|
Chamael=
span>. In Cabalistic
astronomy the angel of the planet Mars. (1876c1) |
|
Chambers. O.E. Small=
cannon
for firing on festive occasions.(1883m1) |
|
Chamber. (Arch.) A room or apartment in a house, general=
ly a
room in which a bed is placed.(1891a1) |
|
Chambers. (Arch.) A term applied to a set of rooms, which
can be used either as offices or as a residence for bachelors. For instan=
ce,
the set of rooms in the Inns of Court are invariably called chambers.(1891a1) |
|
Chamber Music, as opposed to concert music. Madrig= als were probably the earliest specimens of chamber music.(1883m1) |
|
Chamberyngs. O.E. Be=
droom
furniture.(1883m1) |
|
Chambranle. (Arch.) A
slightly projecting casing, either plain or consisting of a collection of
mouldings. It follows the outline of a real or pretended rectangular open=
ing,
such as a door, window, &c.(1891a1) |
|
Chameleon ( Fig. 150. Chameleon and Dolphin.(1883m1)
|
|
Chamfer. Arch. (1) T=
he angle
of obliquity (of the sides of a steeple, &c.). (2) A hollow channel=
or
gutter, such as the fluting of a column.(1883m1) |
|
Chamfer. (Arch.) A small surface in a wall, formed by flat=
tening
a right angle so as to get rid of a sharp corner, which would be easily
broken or damaged. A right angle is thus replaced by two obtuse angles. <=
/span>ILLUS. chamfer(1891a1)
|
|
Chamfer. The angle or slope of the sides of a
window-sill, obelisk, or steeple, as exhibited at a a in our engraving. FIGURE =
(1855f1)
|
|
Chamfron.
O.E. (Med. Lat. chamfrenum; Fr. champ‑fre=
in).
A frontal of leather or steel to a horse's bridle. (Fig. 151.) Fig. 151. Chamfron.(1883m1)
|
|
A piece of armour generally of steel used to protect the
head of a warhorse from the ears to the nose. Though apparently known to =
the
Persians and Greeks in ancient times the chamfron
did not appear in modern
|
|
Chamfron or Champ-Frein. (Fr.=
)
Pieces of leather or plates of steel used to protect the face of a horse =
in
the battle-field. ** Meyrick says that frontals, or protections for the
horse's head, had been used by the Persians and Greeks of ancient time, b=
ut
their earliest application in ** Our engr=
aving is
copied from one made in the sixteenth century, and preserved in the armou=
ry
at
|
|
|
|
Chammer. O.E. (Fr. <=
span
class=3DSpellE>chamarre). A
gown worn by persons of rank, tem=
p.
Henry VIII.(1883m1) |
|
Champ. Arch. A flat
surface.(1883m1) |
|
Champ‑levé. A
form of enamelling in which the pattern is cu=
t out
of the metal to be ornamented.(1883m1) |
|
Champ‑levé. A process of enamelling=
in
which furrows are cut in the metal plate in accordance with the design ad=
opted,
and the enamel colours inserted in these furrows. The colours are thus
separated from one another by a thin band of metal with a sharp edge, and
cannot mix in the firing.(1891a1) |
|
Champ-levé. (Fr.) A process adopted by the early enamellers in producing t=
heir
plates for the foundation of their work, and which consisted in so cutting
down the copper, that the outline of the ornament or other subject to be
represented should form a band between the enamel colours, and the plate
consequently be hollowed out for their reception. It thus took the place =
of
the earlier mode of affixing thin lines of filligree to the plate as a
separation to each tint, and which might shift or alter in the firing or
fusing of the work. (1855f1) |
|
Chamulcus. R. and Gr=
. A
heavy dray for the transport of building materials, such as blocks of mar=
ble,
columns, obelisks, &c.(1883m1) |