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Choenix (P@Ã<4>[=3Dchoinix]). A Gr=
eek
measure of capacity, variously valued from a pint and half to two
quarts.(1883m1) |
|
Choereum<=
/span>. A chief city i=
n the Hermopolite nome of |
|
Choiak. The fourth mon=
th of
the Egyptian sacred year. It began about the 18th of October. (1876c1) |
|
Choir, Quire, or Quere, Arch.
The part of the church for the singers and clerks, i.e. the space between the NAVE (for the people), and=
the
BEMA, or presbytery, for the celebrating clergy. But in mediaeval writings
the term includes the BEMA. (See CHANCEL.)(1883m1) |
|
Choir. (Arch.) The p=
art of a
church reserved for the clergy. In Latin churches the choir was at the
crossing. At the end of the 12th century the choir was extended and was
placed in front of the sanctuary below the apse of the church. In the 13th
and 14th centuries the choir was closed by a wood roof and surrounded by a
cloister. Within this cloister were placed the stalls, while outside it w=
as
decorated with arcades sometimes containing painted and gilded bas‑=
reliefs.(1891a1) |
|
Choir. That part of a church where the service is
sung. It takes its name from the singers; angels being termed "the
heavenly choir." (1855f1) |
|
Choir Wall or Choir Screen. (Fr.
clôtur=
e).
The wall or screen between the side‑aisles and the choir.(1883m1) |
|
Chondrin. The basis of the tissue of cartilage a=
s it
occurs in the ribs, nose, &c.; it is obtained from them, like GELATIN=
E or
GLUE, to which it is analogous in many of its properties; but unlike GELA=
TINE
proper, CHONDRIN is precipitated by acids, the salts of lead, and ALUM. U=
pon
this peculiar property is based the so-called KALSOMINE TEMPERA, in which=
the
MEDIUM animal glue (chondrin) is converted by alum into a horny substance,
insoluble in water. (1855f1) |
|
Choosing‑stick=
(a
Somersetshire provincialism). A divining‑rod.(1883m1) |
|
Chopines, It. Clogs or=
high
shoes, of Asiatic origin, introduced from |
|
Chopine. A wooden clog or stilt worn under the foot. T=
he
fashion of wearing chopines came from
|
|
Chopine. (Ital.)
A high shoe or clog used by Asiatic women, and by Venetian ladies in the
sixteenth century, from whence it was introduced to England, and had a br=
ief
reign among the ladies here. It was named by Shakspere and the writers of=
his
period, but ceased soon after it. FIGURE =
(1855f1)
|
|
Choragic Monuments. =
Small
pedestals or shrines erected by the winner of a choral contest to display=
the
tripod which was his prize. A=
t |
|
|
|
Choragic
Monuments. The small monuments to which we apply this term originated in =
the
time of Pericles, who built an Odeon at * A fine specimen s=
till
exists in the
|
|
Choragium. A room wh=
ere the
costumes and properties were kept in an ancient theatre.(1891a1) |
|
Choragium. Gr. and R=
. (P@D0(ÎH[=3Dchoregos], or c=
horus‑leader).
A large space in a theatre, situated behind the stage. It was here that t=
he
"properties " were kept and the rehe=
arsals
of the chorus took place. The term is also used to denote the furniture,
costumes, decorations, and, in a word, all the accessories required in the
production of a piece.(1883m1) |
|
Chord. A straight li=
ne which
joins the extremities of an arc of a circle.(1891a1) |
|
Chordaulodion. A sel=
f‑acting
musical instrument invented by Kauffmann of Dresden in 1812.(1883m1) |
|
Chorea. Gr. and R. (=
P@DÎH[=3Dchoros], q.v.).=
A choral
dance, in which the dancers took each other by the hand and danced to the
sound of their own voices.(1883m1) |
|
Chorus. Gr. and R. (=
P@DÎH[=3Dchoros], i.e. p=
rop. a
circle). (1) A choir of singe=
rs in a
dramatic entertainment. (2) A band of dancer=
s who
went through their movements to the sound of their own singing. (3) A round choral d=
ance; in
this last signification chorea may
equally well be used.(1883m1) |
|
Chorus or Choron, O.E. An instrument somewhat resembling a ba=
gpipe;
the name was also applied to certain stringed instruments. The word choron
originally designated a horn. (Hebrew, Keren.)(1883m1) |
|
Chous. Gr. and R. (<=
/span>P`@H[=3Dchoos], contr. =
P@ØH[chous], i.e. that =
from
which one pours). An amphora, forming a measure of exact capacity. Another
name for it was CONGIUS (q.v.). It held twelve COTYLAE (q.v.).(1883m1) |
|
Choutara. Hindoo. A kind of guita=
r with
four wire strings.(1883m1) |
|
Chrism. Chr. (from PD\T[=3Dchrio], to smea=
r). A
composition of balsam and oil of olives used by Christians of various
denominations at the administration of the sacraments.(1883m1) |
|
Chrism. The monogram=
of
Christ painted or engraved on religious monuments. This monogram consists=
of a X and a P interwoven, the first letters of the wor=
d =
O=
C=
3=
G=
I=
?=
G[=3DCHRISTOS]. This monogram is often complicat=
ed by
the insertion of the letters A and S[=3DOMEGA] in the lateral angles of the X. In t=
he fifth
century the P disappeared, at the same time the three letters I.H.S. bega=
n to
be substituted for XP.(1891a1) |
|
Chrism. The consecrated oil used in the Roman
Catholic Church. (1855f1) |
|
Chrismatory. A vesse=
l used
in the Roman Catholic Church to contain the consecrated oil, which was te=
rmed
chrism.(1891a1) |
|
Chrismal, Chrismator=
y, Chr. (1) The vessel made =
to
contain the consecrated oil. (See LABARUM.) (2) A vessel for the
reservation of the consecrated Host. (3) A cloth used to =
cover
relics. (4) Old English chrisom=
i>, a
white linen cloth put upon the child's head in baptism. (See FONT‑C=
LOTH.)(1883m1) |
|
Chrismatory. A vessel to contain the chrism and =
holy
oils. A child dying before fuller acceptation in the church than baptismal
oils gave, was hence anciently called a chrisomer. FIGURE
(1855f1)
|
|
Chrisom. O.E. (1) See CHRISMAL, 4.=
(2) A child that die=
s within
a month after birth.(1883m1) |
|
Christ. The crucifix=
and
image of Christ on the cross. Thus we speak of the Christ of Vandyke, of
Rembrandt, meaning well‑known pictures by celebrated artists.(1891a=
1) |
|
Christ‑cross. =
O.E. (1) The Alphabet; so=
named
from a school lesson beginning "Christe =
Crosse
me spede in alle =
my worke." (2) The mark made fo=
r his
signature by a person who cannot write.(1883m1) |
|
Christemporeia. Chr. Literally, the sel=
ling
of Christ, simony.(1883m1) |
|
Christian Horses. O.=
E.
Bearers of sedan chairs.(1883m1) |
|
Christina, St. Chris=
tina is
a purely legendary saint, and the legend concerning her has been rejected=
by
the Catholic Church. She is said to have been the daughter of a Roman
patrician named Urbanus. She was early conver=
ted to
the Christian faith and adopted the name Christina. She incurred her fath=
er's
displeasure, says the legend, by breaking up his idols of gold and silver,
and distributing them among the poor. He ordered her to be thrown into th=
e |
|
Christina, |
|
So called from the o=
ld
practice of collecting them in boxes.(1883m1) |
|
Christopher, St. Acc=
ording
to the legend St. Christopher was a Canaanitish
giant named Offero, whose desire it was to se=
rve
the most powerful king in the world. A hermit urged him to serve Christ by
dwelling on the banks of a turbid stream and helping wayfarers to cross i=
t.
At length one night he heard a child's voice calling to him, "Christ=
opher,
carry me over this night." He raised the infant on his shoulders, but
soon found his burden growing heavier and heavier,
and at last tottered beneath the weight. When finally he reached the oppo=
site
bank he found that he had borne Christ, and henceforth was called
Christopher. He suffered martyrdom at |
|
Christopher, |
|
Chromatic Scale (PDä:"[=3Dchroma], colour). In Music, the scale that proceeds by semi&=
#8209;tones;
so called from the practice of printing the intermediate notes in various=
colours.(1883m1) |
|
Chromatics. The scie=
nce of colours.(1883m1) |
|
Chromatics. That por=
tion of
optics which treats of the diffusion, the decomposition and recomposition of light, the rays of the spectrum, t=
he
theory of colours, and the particular propert=
ies of
coloured rays. The term is also applied to the
method of employing and arranging colours in
painting.(1891a1) |
|
Chromatrope. An opti=
cal
instrument for assisting the invention of combinations of colours.(1883m1) |
|
Chromatype. A photographic process, invented by =
Mr.
Robert Hunt, into which the bi-chromate of potash enters as an active age=
nt.
It is not particularly sensitive; but for copying botanical specimens or
engravings, nothing can be more beautiful or easily obtained. (1855f1) |
|
Chrome, Chromium. An
important mineral, the green oxide of which furnishes the Chrome Green.(1883m1) |
|
Chrome Green. (Paint=
.) A
pigment obtained from oxide of chromium. It is of a dark green colour and of great permanence.(1891a1) |
|
Chrome Green. A dark=
‑green
pigment prepared from oxide of chromium; mixed with Prussian blue and chr=
ome
yellow it is called Green Cinnaba=
r.(1883m1) |
|
Chrome Green. A beautiful dark-green pigment,
prepared from the oxide of chromi=
um.
Different shades of this pigment are used in porcelain and in oil-paintin=
g.
Mixed with Prussian blue and chrome yellow it is called green cinnabar. (=
1855f1) |
|
Chrome Ochre. Oxide =
of
chromium of a fine yellowish green.(1883m1) |
|
Chrome Red. A chroma=
te of
lead; a durable pigment used in oil painting. (See RED LEAD.)(1883m1) |
|
Chrome Red. The pigment known at present by this
name is not prepared from chrome<=
/i>,
but is a beautiful preparation of RED LEAD. The name CHROME RED was given=
to
it by speculators, in order to secure a good sale and a high price. RED L=
EAD
is an oxide of lead, while CH=
ROME
RED is a chromate of lead, wh=
ich is
a durable pigment, and admissible in oil-painting. (1855f1) |
|
Chrome Yellow. (Pain=
t.) A
pigment obtained from chromate of lead. The lead is too much acted upon by
oils for the colour to be permanent. In tint =
with
white it becomes a grey.(1891a1) |
|
Chrome Yellow. A chr=
omate of
lead, which makes a bad pigment for oil painting. It is very poisonous and
not durable; when mixed with white lead it turns to a dirty grey. As a wa=
ter‑colour pigment it is less objectionable.(1883m1) |
|
Chrome Yellow. The most poisonous of the chrome
pigments, and to be entirely rejected in oil-painting: it is not durable.
When mixed with white lead, it turns to a dirty grey. By itself, and as a
water-colour pigment; it is less objectionable. (1855f1) |
|
Chromite. Chromate o=
f iron;
a mineral consisting of protoxide of iron and=
oxide
of chromium, used in the preparation of various pigments.(1883m1) |
|
Chromolithography. T=
he
process of lithographic printing in several colours<=
/span>.
The drawing is executed in portions on as many different stones as there =
are colours required, then by means of successive print=
ings,
in the course of which the colours are superp=
osed
the one on the other and combine, reproductions of oil‑paintings, w=
ater‑colours, and miniatures may be obtained. It is in i=
ts
application to the last‑named that chromolithography has obtained i=
ts
best results.(1891a1) |
|
Chromotype. The art =
of
printing in several colours by means of typog=
raphic
processes.(1891a1) |
|
Chromotypography. A =
process
of printing in colour analogous to
chromolithography, with this difference that the prints are struck off
typographically, that is from relief blocks.(1891a1) |
|
Chronogram (<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New =
Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f=
ont-family:
"WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>PD`<@H[=3Dchronos], time)=
. An
inscription which includes in it the date of an event.(1883m1) |
|
Chronogram.
An inscription on monuments, coins, and books, which, by an arrangement of
letters selected from among the words, and represented on a larger scale,
gave a date also. It was used by the Romans in their later works, and was
resuscitated by the learned of the Renaissance
period. It was much used on medals. Its ruling principle will be best
understood by the following one, made from the name of George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham: - GEORGIVS. DVX. BVCKINGAMLAE. Selecting these large numeral letters, we obtain the date 1628, thus expressed: - <= o:p> MDCXVVVIII., and which commemorates the year in which he was
murdered by Felton, at |
|
Chrud-chen. A city and |
|
Chrud-pehu. A city and |
|
Chryselephantine Sta=
tues of
ivory and gold. The most celebrated were that of Minerva, by Pheidias, which stood=
in
the Acropolis at |
|
Chryselephantine. A =
term
applied to works of sculpture executed in ivory, gold, and other precious
metals. Chryselephantine statues were much esteemed in |
|
Chryselephantine. (Gr.) Religious images of gold=
and
ivory. These, the earliest images of the gods in Greece, were of wood, gi=
lt
or inlaid with ivory, whence were derived ACROLITES, the heads, arms, and
feet of which were of marble, the body still of wood, inlaid with ivory, =
or
quite covered with gold. From this arose the chryselephantine statues, of
which the foundation was of wood, covered with ivory or gold, with drapery
and hair of thin plates of gold, chased, and the rest of the exterior was=
of
ivory worked in a pattern by the scraper and file, with the help of
isinglass. The ivory portion of these works belongs to SCULPTURE, and the
gold part to TOREUTIC art; they were long in favour as temple statues, as
marble and brass were used for common purposes. (1855f1) |
|
Chrysendeta. R. (PDLFX<*,J"[=3Dchrusendeta], i=
.e. set or
inlaid with gold). A very costly description of plate‑service emplo=
yed
by wealthy Romans. Of its precise character nothing unfortunately is know=
n,
but to judge from the epigrams of certain authors, it must have been chas=
ed
and embossed.(1883m1) |
|
Chrysoberyl (=
$ZDL88@H[=3Dberullos], a be=
ryl). A
gem of a yellowish‑green colour; a spec=
ies of
corundum (q.v.).(1883m1) |
|
Chryso‑clavus.=
(Lat. golden nail‑head). All rich
purple silks, woven or embroidered with the clavus in gold, were so n=
amed.
They were used for altar frontals, and the clavi were sometimes made=
so
large that a subject was embroidered upon them; they were then called |
|
Chrysocolla or Gold Green (PDLF`6@88@H[=3Dchrusokollos], =
inlaid or
soldered with gold). (1) Native verdigris=
. Its
principal use was for the preparation of a solder for gold. (See SANTERNA=
.) (2) The Greek term f=
or Green Verditer<=
/span>
and Armenian Green (Latin, |
|
Chrysocolla (Gr.), GOLD GREEN. The Greek term for a green pigment prepared
from copper (GREEN VERDITER), and one of the most beautiful ancient green=
s,
ARMENIAN GREEN. It was obtained by grinding varieties of MALACHITE and gr=
een
carbonate of copper, also by decomposing the blue vitriol of * Pliny's =
account
of CHRYSOCOLLA is as confused as his account of CERULEUM; we learn thus m=
uch
from it, that real chrysocolla was a native oxide of copper, but that tho=
se
pigments passed under the same name, which, though originally blue, perha=
ps
clay-coloured with copper, were rendered green by a yellow vegetable acid.
The herb lutum produced this
effect. It was of two sorts: the one preserved as a paste, the other as a
liquid. It was also termed crobit=
is.
(1855f1) |
|
Chrysographer. An
illuminator who, in the Middle Ages, traced in letters of gold or silver
initials, inscriptions to miniatures, and sometimes whole
manuscripts.(1891a1) |
|
Chrysography. The ar=
t of
tracing characters by means of gold or silver ink on parchment, which was
sometimes purple‑tinted. Chrysography w=
as
much pursued as an art up to the 10th century. In the 11th and 12th centu=
ries
letters of gold occur with less frequency, but they came into vogue again=
in
the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.(1891a1) |
|
Chrysolite. A precio=
us stone
of a yellow colour.(1891a1) |
|
Chrysolite. A term for a kind of green jasper or
yellow topaz, which holds glittering particles within it. Its name is der=
ived
from two Greek words, chrusos,
gold, and lithos, a stone. It=
was
much used by the ancients for gem engraving, and enriched ornamental work=
s,
precious cups, &c. (1855f1) |
|
Chrysoprase. A green=
agate
shaded with yellow.(1891a1) |
|
Chthonia. Gr. and R.=
(P2ã<[=3Dchthon], the ea=
rth).
Festivals held every spring at |
|
Chufu. Another Greek =
form
of the name of the Egyptian king who is called Cheop=
s,
Khufu, and Chofo.
(1876c1) |
|
Chun-abt. A ci=
ty and
nome in |
|
Church, in Christian=
art, is
the attribute of a founder thereof, who is frequently represented holding=
it
in his hand. The most ancient symbol of the Church is the ark of Noah, subsequently a ship, often covered with the wav=
es,
&c., very frequent in the catacombs. On tombs it is held to imply that
the dead expired in full communion with the Church.(1883m1) |
|
A building consecrat=
ed for
Christian worship. Churches are generally cruciform, and are either in the
shape of a Greek cross, when the four branches are equal, or of a Latin
cross, in which case the nave is longer than either the chancel or transe=
pts.(1891a1) |
|
Church. Held in the hand of a sacred figure,
indicates patronage or foundation; in a lay figure, that or a monastery
alludes to its foundation exclusively. (1855f1) |
|
A church which posse=
sses a
chapter of canons, but is not the seat of a bishopric. Such was the churc=
h of
St. Mary the Virgin at |
|
A church attached to=
a
convent.(1891a1) |
|
A church which is th=
e seat
of an archbishop.(1891a1) |
|
A church the ground =
plan of
which is circular. This is a very rare form. The best known examples are =
the |
|
Church Bells. (Her.)=
When
church bells are borne as an heraldic charge t=
hey
are always represented in perspective and the clapper should be visible b=
elow
the rim of the bell, while the shank should be seen at the top. The bell =
and
the clapper need not be of the same tincture; thus, a church bell argent with a clapper sable. ILLUS. churchbe(1=
891a1)
|
|
Churcheard, Church‑haw, Church‑litten. <=
span
style=3D'mso-no-proof:no'>Old English provincialisms for a churchyard or =
burial‑ground.(1883m1) |
|
Church‑stile. =
O.E. A
pulpit.(1883m1) |
|
Chusis. A chief town o=
f the Hermopolite or fifteenth nome<=
/span>
of |
|
Chymbe. O.E. A cymba=
l: ‑
"As a chymbe
or a brazen belle, That nouther can undirstonde my telle.&q=
uot;(1883m1) |
|
Chymol, Gemell. O.E.=
A
hinge, still called the eastern counties a "gim=
mer."(1883m1) |
|
Chytra. Gr. and R. (=
from PXT[=3Dcheo], to pour)=
. A common
kind of pot, of Greek origin, made with red clay. It was used for
cooking.(1883m1) |
|
Chytria. Gr. An Athe=
nian
festival, which derived its name from the PbJD"[=3Dchutra], or com=
mon pot in
which were cooked the vegetables or other provisions offered to Bacchus a=
nd
Mercury in memory of the dead.(1883m1) |
|
Chytr=
opus,
Chytropous. Gr. (PbJD`‑B@LH[=3Dchutro‑pous], lit.
a pot‑foot). A chytra
with three or four feet.(1883m1) |