$H Ciara.

Ciara. A king of the city of K= arsibutai, who paid a tribute of horses to Samas-Rimmon, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Cibbubu. Chaldaea

Cibbubu. In Chaldean astronomy an unidentified fixed= star. (1876c1)

$H Cibilla. (See CILLIBA.) (1883m1)

$H Ciborium.

Ciborium. Gr., R., a= nd Chr. (64$fD4@<[=3Dkiborion], the = pod of the 6"8@6"F\", or Egyptian bean).

(1) A drinking vesse= l so called because it resembled the Egyptian bean in shape.

(2) In Christian arc= haeology a kind of baldachino or canopy, supported by a varying number of columns, which forms the covering of the high altar in a church. Called also the Tabernacl= e, Sacrament house, God's house, or holyroof. (See SEVEREY.) =

(3) Ciborium also si= gnifies a vessel in which the consecrated wafer is "reserved."(1883m1)<= o:p>

Ciborium. A sacred v= ase in the shape of a covered chalice, either gold or gilt inside, in which the = host was kept. The term is also applied to a baldachino covering an altar, or to the tabernacle of the high altar. In some Christ= ian basilicae the ciborium was of gold or silver, and w= as an elegant structure generally supported by four columns and with its openin= gs veiled by curtains of rich material. Other ciboria were made of marble or stone. Some Romanesque churches retained the use of the ciborium, as late= as the 13th century, but it is unknown in pointed churches. 2 ILLUS <= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New R= oman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-no-proof:no'>ciboriu1, ciboriu2(1891a1)

= ; &nbs= p; &nbs= p;

DRINKING VESSEL= &nb= sp; BALDACHIN= O

Ciborium. (Lat., pl. CIBORIA.) Synonymo= us with TABERNACLE, sacrament-house<= /i>, God's-house, or holy-roof; the terms for the richly-adorned pyramidal structu= re in the high choir, in which the Host is kept. The CIBORIUM is often merel= y an addition to the high altar, and is then a SYNEDOCHE, as in our cut. † In the early Christian = times, the CIBORIUM was merely a protection to the altar-table, first a TABERNAC= LE, then a BALDACHIN over the altar, of which the CANOPY used at solemn processions and under which the priest wears the casula, still reminds us.= The CIBORIUM was generally supported by four pillars, and is above the altar; between the pillars were curtains, which were opened only while believers made their offerings, but closed in the presence of catechumens or infide= ls. CIBORIUM also signifies a vessel in which the blessed Eucharist is reserv= ed. In form it nearly resembles a CHALICE with an arched cover, from which it derives its name. * <= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-languag= e:EN-GB'>FIGURE

† The most splendid CIBORIA are those belonging to ancient German Art; the finest of these, which was in the cathedral of Cologne in the preceding century, exists no longer. The most remarkable CIBORIA i= n Italy are the tabernacle over the high a= ltar of St. Paul's, at = Rome, that in the cathedral at Mil= an, and that in the church of the Lateran. - See AGINC= OURT, Histoire de = l'Art, Sculpt. tab. 13, 23, 26, 36.

* Pugin's Glossary of Ecclesiastical Orname= nt and Costume. (1855f1)

=

$H Cicerone.

Cicerone. (Ital.) The title given to the person who acts as a guide to strangers, and shows= and explains to them the curiosities and antiquities with which Italy and other countries a= bound. A good CICERONE must possess accurate and extensive knowledge, and many distinguished archaeologists have undertaken this office, which, while serving others, affords them also an opportunity of making repeated examinations of the works of Art, and enabling them to increase their familiarity with them. (1855f1)

$H Ciclatoun or Sikla= toun.

Ciclatoun or Siklatoun. The Persian name, adopted in England, for a textile of real gold thread; 12th century.(1883m1)

$H Ciconia.

Ciconia. R. (lit. a = stork).

(1) A sign made in d= umb show by bending the forefinger into the form of a stork's neck.

(2) An instrument, i= n shape like an inverted T, employed by farmers to make sure that trenches dug by= the spade were of uniform depth.

(3) Ciconia composita was the name given to = a more elaborate instrument of the same kind invented by Co= lumella.(1883m1)

$H Cicuta.

Cicuta. R. (i.e. lit= . the hemlock). A term used by analogy to denote anything made out of the hemlo= ck plant, especially the Pan's pipes= .(1883m1)

$H Cidaris.

Gen. (6\*"D4H[=3Dkidaris] or 6\J"D4H[=3Dkitaris], a Per= sian tiara). A sort of diadem or royal bonnet worn by Eastern princes. It was tall, straight and stiff in shape, and was ornamented with pearls or prec= ious stones. The same name was also applied to the bonnet worn at ceremonies by the high priest of the Jews. (See TIARA.)(1883m1)

Cidaris. A pointed cap or helmet, shaped like the PILEUS, = † and worn by the Asiatic soldiers. A similar circular pointed helmet was a= lso worn by the Anglo-Saxons and Normans. ‡

† See cut to that word.

‡ See cut = to HAUBERK. (1855f1)

$H Cilery. Architecture

Cilery. Arch. Draper= y or foliage carved on the heads of columns.(1883m1)

$H Cilibantum.

Cilibantum. R. (See CILLIBA.) A stand or table with three legs.(1883m1)

$H Cilicium.

Cilicium. R. (1) A c= oarse cloth made of goat's hair, and manufactured in Cilicia. It was much used in the army = and navy: in the former for making the soldiers' tents; in the latter for clo= thes for the sailors or for sails.

(2) During the time = of mourning, or when suffering under any calamity, the Jews put on a kind of= cilicium made of coarse canvas.

(3) A cloth mattress= stuffed with sea‑weed or cow‑hair, which was placed outside the walls= of besieged cities to deaden the blows of the battering‑ram or of projectiles.

(4) In Christian arc= haeology the cilicium= or hair‑shirt is a sleeveless jacket made with a material of horse&= #8209;hair and coarse hemp. The Dominicans, Franciscans, and certain Carthusians wear the cil= icium to mortify the flesh.(1883m1)

$H Cilliba.

Cilliba. Gr. and R. = (6\88@H[=3Dkillos], an ass= ). A trestle, and by analogy a dining‑table supported by trestles. This = form of table, which was commonly used by the early Romans, was replaced later= on by the circular table.(1883m1)

$H Cimarusai.

Cimarusai. A country near Media which was rendered tributary by Samas Rimmon, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Cimbal.

Cimbal. An old name = for the DULCIMER (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Cimeter, Cymetar, Sci= meter, &c.

Cimeter, Cymetar, Scimeter, &c. A short curved sword used by the Persians or Tu= rks, mentioned by Meyrick as adopted by the Hussar= s, temp. Elizabeth.(1883m1)

$H Cimmerians. See the Gimirri. (1876c1)

$H Cincinnus.

Cincinnus. R. A long= ringlet or corkscrew curl of hair produced with the curling‑irons. (See HAIR.)(1883m1)

$H Cincticulus.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Cincticulus. R. (dimin. of CINCTUS, q.v.). A kind of short petticoat= worn by youths.(1883m1)

$H Cinctorium.

Cinctorium. R. (from= cinctus= , a girdle).

(1) A sword‑be= lt worn round the waist, and thus distinguished from the BALTEUS or baldric, which passed over the shoulder. The balteus was worn by private soldiers, while the cinctorium was the distinctive badge of an officer.

(2) The dagger, so c= alled because it was suspended from or put into the girdle.(1883m1)<= /span>

Cinctorium. (Lat.) A leathern belt worn round= the waist, to which the swords worn by the officers of the Roman army were suspended. 1 The common men = wore their swords suspended from a BALTEUS, which was worn over the right shoulder.

1 See cut = to PALUDUMENTUM. (1855f1)<= /span>

$H Cincture or Hypotrachelium. 1. Furni= ture; 2. Architecture

Cincture. A term app= lied in furniture to certain surfaces decorated with systems of ornament. Thus, f= or example, the cincture of a table is the vertical portion reaching beneath= the horizontal stab and forming a sort of frieze, supported by the feet.(1891= a1)

Cincture, Arch. The = fillet, at each end of the shaft of a classical column (q.v.).(1883m1)=

Hypotrachelium. (Arch.) The upper part of the shaft of a colu= mn, immediately beneath the last moulding or neck of the capital.(1891a1)

Hypotrachelium or Cincture, Arch. The part of the Do= ric capital included between the astragal and the lower annulets or fillets.(1883m1)

Cincture of a Column. (Arch.) A squared moulding or a fillet bound = by an apophyge (q.v.) placed at the summit and foot of a column. The term is al= so applied to the foliage ornament which separates the fluted portion from t= he plain in the truncated columns which were used in the 17th and the 18th centuries to decorate the high altar in churches.(1891a1)

$H Cinctus.

Cinctus. R. (from cingo, = i.e. a girding). A short petticoat (or kilt) worn by men; also in the same sense= as cingula= and cingulum, a girdle. Cinctus gabinus was a particular manner = of arranging the toga, by throwing one end over the head, and fastening the other round the waist like a girdle. As an adjective, cinctus was applied to any individual of either sex who wore any kind of belt or girdle. (See DISCINCTUS.)(1883m1)

$H Cindcarbu.

Cindcarbu. A deity of the Susians of whom nothing is known. (1876c1)

$H Cindutausai.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Cindutausai. A country which was rendered tributary = by Samas-Rimmon, king of Assyria. (1876c1= )

$H Cinerarium.

Cinerarium. R. (i.e. a place of ashes). A niche in= a tomb, sufficiently roomy to bold an urn of large size, or a sarcophagus. = The following was the disposition of one, or in many cases, three sides in a Roman tomb: in the centre of the wall was a large niche (cinerarium medianum) for a sarcop= hagus, and on each side of this two small niches (columbaria), and above each of the latter was a much larger recess for large urns. (See also COLUMBARIUM, CUBICULUM, CUPELLA.) Fig. = 160. Cineraria.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Cinerarius.

Cinerarius. A hair&#= 8209;dresser (who heated his tongs in the cind= ers).(1883m1)

$H Cinerary Urn.

Cinerary Urn. An urn= in which in ancient times the ashes of the dead were placed. It was set up i= n a niche prepared for it in a mausoleum, and was sometimes of clay and somet= imes of stone or marble.(1891a1)

Cinerary Urns were such urns as were appropriated by the nations of antiquity to contain the ashes of the dead after they had been burnt in the funeral pi= le. They were inscribed with the names of the persons whose remains they held, 1= and were deposited in niches in the family mausoleums of the rich, who alone could afford so expensive a rite. Urns of this kind were either sculpture= d in marble, formed of clay, or of glass. See URN.

1 See cut = to URN. (1855f1)

$H Cingistilinzakharai.= [See Kingiisti= linzamar – Editor]

$H Cingulum.

Cingulum. R. A girdl= e or other fastening round the waist. In modern archaeology, cingulo militari decora= re signifies to create a knight, from the practice of investing him with the military girdle; and cingulum militare auferre is to degrade a knight. (See DISCINCTUS.)(1883m1)

Cingulum. (Lat.) A girdle for the waist of male or female, and worn by the nations of antiquity; a metal zone worn by soldiers. See ZONE. (1855f1)

$H Ciniflo.

Ciniflo. R. A synony= m for CINERARIUS.(1883m1)

$H Cinnabar.

Cinnabar. Sulphide of mercury; an ancient red pigment used for sacred and imperial purposes. (See CHROME GR= EEN, DRAGON'S BLOOD, VERMILION.)(1883m1)

Cinnabar. Native sulphide of mercury which forms a bright red pigmen= t. It is of great service to the painter, and by mixing it with whites we obtain flesh tints. Under ordinary circumstances it is permanent, but should not= be used on enamel, as when fired it is decomposed by al= kalies and alkaline carbonates.(1891a1)

Cinnabar (Cinnabari, Gr.) The native red sulphuret of mercury. Vermilio= n is factitious cinnabar (for green cinnabar, see CHROME GREEN). One of the red pigments known to the ancients, called also by Pliny and Vitruvius MINIUM; supposed to be identical with the modern VERMILION (the bisulphuret of mercury), and the most frequently fo= und in antique paintings. The Roman cinnabar appears to have been DRAGON'S BLOOD= (pterocarpus draco), a resin obtained from various species of the calamus palm, found in the Canary Isles. It is beyond a doubt that the Greeks app= lied the term CINNABARI, generally meaning cinnabar, to this resin. Cinnabar, = as well as dragon's blood, was used in monochrome painting; afterwards ruddle, especially that of Sin= opia, was preferred, because its colour was less dazzling. The ancients attached the idea of the majestic and holy to CINNABAR, therefore they painted wit= h it the statues of Pan, as well as on feast-days those of Jupiter Capitolinus and Jupiter Triump= hans. It was used upon gold, marble, and even tombs, and also for uncial letter= s in writing, down to recent times. The Byzantine emperors preferred signing w= ith it, as is said in the sixth synod, imperator per cinnabarium. Its general use was for = walls, on which much money was spent: in places which were damp and exposed to t= he weather it became black, unless protected by encaustic wax. **

** Being very dear, it was provided by the builder, by which custom painters profited to enrich themselves; they took the brush very full of = the pigment, and rinsed it in their water-pails, and good cinnabar, being very heavy, = sank to the bottom, and became the perquisite of the artist. Also, to spare the cinnabar, they laid a ground of syricum under it. (1855f1)

$H Cinnamon‑stone.

Cinnamon‑stone. A variety of lime‑garnet of a clear cinnamon‑brown tint.(1883m1= )

$H Cinneladanus.= Assyria

Cinneladanus. The name given by the Greek authors to Esarhaddon, king of Assyria. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Cinquecento, Cinque&= #8209;cento, or Cinque Cento.

Cinque‑cento (literally, 500). The Italian art of the 16th century.(1883m1)=

Cinquecento literall= y means 500, but it is used as an abbreviation for mille cinquecento, i.= e. 1500, and is applied as a general term to the art of Italy in the 16th ce= ntury. During the brilliant period termed the cinquecento the classical revival was at its height in Italy, and classical art and classical mythology exercised a powerful influence on Italian artists, am= ong whom we may mention Michael Angelo, Donatello= , and Benvenuto Cellini.(1891= a1)

Cinque Cento. (Ital.) This generic term, which is a mere abbreviation for five hundred, is used to designate the style of Art which aro= se in Italy shortly after the year 1500, and is therefore strictly the Art of the sixteenth century. Its characteristics are - a sensuous development of Ar= t, as the highest aim of the artist, and an illustration of subjects drawn f= rom classical mythology and history. (1855f1)

$H = Cinquefoil or Cinque‑foil.

Cinquefoil.

(1) (Her.) The cinquefoil in heraldry is a conventio= nal representation of a five‑cusped leaf.

(2) (Arch.) An architectural ornament consisting of = five equal divisions or lobes, frequently used in the Gothic style, either as a pure ornament or in ecclesiastical windows. ILLUS. cinquefo(1891a1)

Cinque‑foil, Arc= h. (Fr. cinque = and feuille= , a leaf). An ornamental foliation or feathering of the = lanceolated style, consisting of five projecting points or cusps. (Fig. 161.) Fig. = 161. Heraldic Cinque‑foil.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

Cinque-foil. (Fr.) A figure of five equal segm= ents, derived from the leaf of a plant so called, particularly adapted for the representation of the mysteries of the rosary. It is frequently seen in ecclesiastical windows, one of which is engraved above as a specimen. FIGURE (1855f1)

$H Cinta. Mediaeval

Cinta. Med. Lat. (Fr= . enceinte). The outside wall of a fortress.(1883m1)

$H Cinucai.

Cinucai. A country near Media, which was rendered tributary by Samas Rimmon, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Cinyra.

Cinyra. An old term = for a harp.(1883m1)

$H Cipabarutacai.

Cipabarutacai. A country near Media, which was rende= red tributary by Samas Rimmon, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Cipher.

Cipher. A mark in th= e form of a monogram or punning device placed by artists as a signature upon the= ir works. We give two monograms, the one of Christopher von Sichem, the other of Adrian Bolswert, both artists of= the Netherlands. As an instance of the punning cipher we may mention the crane with which Mr. Walter Crane invariably signs his works.= ILLUS. cipher(1891a1)

Cipher (Chiffre, Fr.) The initials of a name, or the arrangement of its letters in an ornamental manner, but disposed in such a way that it becomes also a kind of private mark adopted by artists and others as a distinctive seal to their work. We engrave two examples from the works of Netherland artists. Fig. 1 is that of Christopher von Sichem, 1580; fig. 2 that of Adrien Bolswert, bearing the same date. FIGURE (1855f1)

$H = Cipolino.

Cipol= ino. A kind of marble striped with broad wavy lines = of white and green. Its foliaceous structure rea= ders it difficult for the sculptor to handle, but as it will take a fine polis= h it is much used as a facing. Its name is derived from an Italian word meanin= g a small onion, the colour and form of its marki= ngs suggesting the concentric circles of an onion cut vertically.(1891a1)

$H Cippi of Horus Egypt

Cippi of Horus are small stelae or tablets, from 3 in. x 2 in. to 20 in. x 16 in. in size, having on them magical formulae, and constituting a form of talisman for initiates. They= are of late date, probably later than the XXVIth Dynasty.(1902b1)

$H Cippus.

Cippus. (Arch.) A sepulchral column of small dimensi= ons; a pilaster with a memorial inscription; a pedestal sometimes circular, but generally rectangular, ornamented with sculptures. It either contained the ashes of a dead man or marked the spot where he was buried. The larger of= our two cuts represents a cippus = in the British= Museum. 2 = ILLUS. cippus1, cippus2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p;

R. Cippus. (1) A short= stone pillar of cylindrical form, employed to mark the boundaries between adjoining, estates or nations.

(2) A pillar of cylindrical or rectangular form, a= nd sometimes perfectly plain, sometimes richly ornamented, erected for a tom= b‑stone. (Fig. 162.) In some instances the cippus encl= osed a cavity in which the urn containing the ashes of the dead person might be placed. A ci= ppus was placed at the corner of a cemetery, and the measurements of the buryi= ng‑ground were recorded upon it. In Med. Lat. the word is used for the keep of the castle. Fig. 162. Cippus (Tomb‑stone).(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

Cippus. (Gr.) A sepulchral monument in th= e form of a short column, sometimes round, at others rectangular. Cippi have frequently been mistaken for altars. In = the British Museum are several CIPPI, one of= which is represented in the annexed engraving. FIGU= RE (1855f1)

$H Circenses Ludi.

Circenses Ludi. R. G= ames in the circus. (See CONSUALIA.)(1883m1)

$H Circinate.

Circinate. Curled in= the manner of the Ionic volute, or like the fronds of young ferns rolled inwa= rds from the summit to the base.(1883m1)

$H Circinus.

Circinus. R. A compa= ss; an instrument employed, as now, by architects, sculptors, masons, and various other trades. The Romans were also acquainted with reduction compasses.(1883m1)

$H= Circle.

Circle. The emblem o= f Heaven and eternity.(1883m1)

Circle. In geometry = a plane figure, enclosed within a curved line, called the circumference, all poin= ts in which are equidistant from a fixed point called the centre. In Christi= an art the circle is the emblem or symbol of heaven and eternity, and no dou= bt it suggested many forms of decoration to ecclesiastical architects.(1891a= 1)

Circle. The circle has always been considered as= the emblem of heaven and eternity, hence many figures in Christian design are constructed on its principle, such as the rotation of the seasons, which = are constantly returning, or the adoration of the lamb, and other subjects wh= ich are found in the great wheel-windows of painted churches. See WHEEL. (185= 5f1)

$H= Circle of Stones.

Circle of Stones. (A= rch.) An ancient monument formed of blocks of stone placed in a circle.(1891a1)

$H Circular.

Circular. That which= has the form of a circle or of a segment of a circle.(1891a1)

$H Circumcision. Egypt

Circumcision. That this was a custom is asserted by Herodotus, and confirmed by pictures on the monuments. Very little, if any, significance was given to= the practice from a religious point of view.(1902b1)

$H Circumlitio.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Circumlitio. An anci= ent Greek varnish, with which the statues of the Greeks were tinted. (Eastlake.)(1883m1)

$H Circumpotatio.

Circumpotatio. R. (f= rom circum and = poto, i.e. a drinkingR= 09;around). A funeral feast in which the guests passed round the wine from hand to ha= nd. It took place at the tomb of the person in whose memory it was held, and = on the anniversary of his death.(1883m1)

$H Circumscribe.

Circumscribe. To des= cribe one geometrical figure round another so that there are points of contact between the two figures.(1891a1)

$H Circumvallation.

Circumvallation. A fortification made round a blockaded place by a besieging army.(1883m1)

$H Circus.

Circus. (Arch.) A vast enclosure where the Roman peo= ple witnessed chariot races, games, and public spectacles. The circus of the Romans was simple in construction. It was oblong in shape and terminated = at one end in a semicircle, in which the spectators took their seats. At the= end opposite the spectators were the = carceres or stalls for the horses. Down the middle of the area ran a low wall call= ed the spina, round which the ra= cing chariots turned. The spina was decorated with statues, altars, and obelis= ks. Wherever the Romans went they established circuses, and examples exist in= England at Richborough, Dorchester, and elsewhere. In modern times the term is applied to a circular building= in which feats of horsemanship and athleticism are displayed.(1891a1)

Circus. Gr. and R. (i.e. a circle). A flat open sp= ace near a city, round which were raised scaffoldi= ngs for the accommodation of the spectators. This was the form of the earliest circuses; but as civilization advanced, they were regularly constructed of stone. The arena was in the form of a vast rectangle terminating at one extremity in a semicircle, and surrounded by tiers of seats for the spect= ators. At the end fronting the semicircular part was a rectangular pile of buildings, underneath which were the carceres or stalls for the horses, and down the centre= of the circus ran a long low wall called the spina, adorned with statu= es, obelisks, &c. This spina formed a barrier by which the circus was divided into two distinct parts,= and at each end of it was a meta = or goal, round which the chariots turned. (See META and OVUM.) The Romans constructed circuses in England, wherever they had a large encampment. The ruins exist at Dorchester, Silchester, Richborough<= /span>, and other places.

Fig. 163. Model of a Roman Circus.(1883m1)

Circus. (Lat.) Originally an open are= a for racing and athletic sports, with temporary platforms or earthworks around= for spectators. The circus ultimately became the grandest and most important = of the public buildings of ancient Rome. Its general form was that of a much elongated square, one end being round= ed, apparently for the convenience of the chariots in turning during the race. The spectators were placed in seats rising above each other round three sides, the fourth being reserved for stabling. Here was the starting-poin= t. The centre area was divided longitudinally by a low wall, termed spina, = at each end of which metae * were placed, and in the ce= ntre, upon the spi= na, altars, statues, &c., one grand obelisk occupying the centre. At each= end was a small temple, one containing seven dolphins sacred to Neptune, and the other seven eggs sacred to Castor and Pollux= . The courses of the chariots were the same in number, and it was customary= to take a dolphin and an egg away on the completion of each race, so that the spectators might keep count of the sport. The right-hand part of the area= in starting was wider than the other side, so that the chariots might start abreast, and there was a ditch all round between them and the spectators.= The emperor's seat was in the centre, on the same side. Besides horse-races, = sham fights were exhibited, gladiatorial shows, and combats of wild beasts; on certain solemn occasions the circus was decorated with additional statues, altars, and obelisks. Here flocked the idle pleasure-takers of all kinds,= and so passionately addicted were the ancient Romans to the sports of the cir= cus, that Juvenal has quaintly remarked that panem et circeuses (doles of bread and= shows in the circus) were the only two things they could not dispense with, and= all that some classes cared for. Wherever they carried their victorious armie= s, or founded a city, the earliest public erection set about was a circus, e= ven if only hollowed from the hill-side, or thrown up in earth, and no import= ant station was without one. In this country there is one of the kind at Dorchester, another at Silchester, at Richborough, &c.

* These metae were three conical cylinders of an ornamental character, notifying the starting and turning points. (1855f1)=

$H Cire‑perdue. [See Lost Wax.] (1891a1)

$H Cirrus.

Cirrus. R. (1) A loc= k of hair; a ringlet curling naturally, and so distinguished from the cincinnus, a curl produced by means of the curling‑iron.

(2) A tuft; the fore= lock of a horse when tied up above its ears.

(3) A tuft of flowers forming a bunch or head, such as = phlox, calceolaria, &c.

(4) Light curled clouds in the sky, porten= ding wind, are hence called cirri.= (1883m1)

$H Ciselure.

Ciselure. Fr. Chasin= g. (See CAELATURA.)(1883m1)

Ciselure. (Fr.) The process of chasing. Chased metal castings. (1855f1)

$H Cisilivu. Assyria

Cisilivu. Another form of the name of the Assyrian m= onth Cuzallu, which see. (1876c1)

$H Cissibium or Cissybium.

Cissibium or Cissybium. Gr. and R. (= 64FFb$4@<[=3Dkissubion], i.e= . made or wreathed with ivy). A drinking‑vessel, so called because the handle= was made of ivy‑wood, or more probably because it had an ivy‑wrea= th carved upon it.(1883m1)

$H Cissoid.

Cissoid (lit. ivy= 209;shaped). A celebrated curve, applied in the trisection of an angle, invented by Diocles the geometer.(1883m1)

$H Cissotomiae.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Cissotomiae Gr. (64FF@‑J`:@4[=3Dkisso‑tomoi], sc. º:XD"4[=3Dhemerai], i.e. = the days of ivy‑cutting). A festival held in Greece, in honour of Hebe, goddess of youth, and a youth called= Cissos, who, when dancing with Bacchus, had fallen = down and been changed into ivy. Accordingly at this festival youths and girls danced with their heads wreathed with ivy.(1883m1)

$H Cissybium. [See Cissibium= ]

$H = Cista, Sitella.

Cista. The mystic c= hest or cist, in which the articles pertaining to the mysteries of Demeter or Bacchus were kept. The cista was in early times made of wicker‑work, but at a later period was of bronze or even a costlier material, and was artistically decorated. The m= ost celebrated c= ista known to us is one that was found at Praeneste, apparently of Roman workmanship, but worthy of the traditions of the Greek style. It is of bronze, and is surmounted by two figures, one a bacchante, the other a faun. Its outside is decorated with a design, the subject of which is the arrival of the Argonauts at Cyzicus.(1891a1)

Cista, Cistella, Sitella, R. (= 6\FJ0[=3Dk= iste], a chest). (1) A large wicker‑work basket in which the voters deposited their voti= ng‑tablets at the comitia. It was of a cylindrical shape, and about four or five feet high. (2) A smaller basket into which the judges cast the tablets recordi= ng their sentence. (3) A wicker‑work basket in which children carried about their playthings. (4) The cist which was carried in procession at t= he Eleusinian festival, and which might be either a wicker basket or a box of metal. It was filled with corn, rice, sesame, salt, and pomegranates. Ric= hly ornamented chests or boxes, with bronze mirrors in them, found among Etru= scan ruins, are called cistae mysticae. The sitella<= /i>, or situla, was a different vessel; viz. a bu= cket of water, into which the lots (sortes) were thrown. The situla had a narrow neck, so that only one lot could come to the surface when it= was shaken. It was also called Urna or Orca.(1883m1)

Cista. (Lat.) Chest, box. The so-called = mystic chests found in the Etruscan Necropolis are bronzed boxes, in which the beautiful bronze mirrors (paterae), enriched by engraving, as well as other ornamental vessels, were kept. The chests them= selves are graven. They are wrongly called cistae mysticae, not being objects of mythic worship as early archaeologists supposed. The CISTA found at Pr= eneste, and now in the Collegio Romano, is of surpassing beauty= ; on it is represented the expedition of the Argonauts in a style not unworthy= of Grecian Art, but by the inscription apparently of Italian workmanship. *

* See Muller and Osterley's Monuments of Ancient Art, tab. 61, No. 309. (1855f1)

$H Cistella.

Cistella. R. A dulcimer; lit. a little box. (See CISTA.)(1883m1)

$H Cistellula.

Cistellula. R. (dimin. of CISTA, q.v.). A very small cista.(1883m1)=

$H Cistophori.

Cistophori. (Gr.) The bearers of the mystic baskets in the Panathenaic festivals at Athens. Several = examples occur in the Elgin Marbles, which delineate the procession at the Great F= east of Minerva in that city, and which originally decorated the Acropolis the= re. (1855f1)

$H Cistophorus.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Cistophorus. Egyp., Gr., and R. (64FJ@N`D@H[=3Dkistophoros], i= .e. bearing a ci= sta or cistus). A silver coin, current in Asia, and wo= rth about four drachmae. It was so called from bearing the impression of a cista (= chest), or, more probably, of the shrub cistus. [Value four francs of French money.](1883m1)

$H Cistula. R. Dimin. of CISTA (q.v.) (1883m1)

$H Cit.

Cit. The Sun-god of the Cassites of Amardia. (1876c1= )

$H Citadel.

Citadel. (It. cittadella, a little town= ). A fortress within a city.(1883m1)

Citadel. (Arch.) A castle or stronghold placed on a height to defend the city near which it is built.(1891a1)

Citadel. A fortress on a hill to guard a city. S= ee ACROPOLIS. (1855f1)

$H Cithara, Cither.

Cithara, Cither, Gr.= and R. (= 642VD"[=3Dkithara]). A stringed instrument of great antiquity, resembling our modern guitar. It was played with a plectrum. The name was afterwards applied to many stringed instruments of varied form, power of sound, and compass. The mediaeval Rotta was called C. teutonica; the harp was called C. Anglica.(1883m1)

Cithara. A musical instrument of the greatest antiquity, known to the Greeks, but no doubt borrowed by them from the East. It resembled the guitar in shape, and was played by the finger or struck by the plectrum. Our cut represents an Egyptian playing the cithara. ILLUS. cithara(1891a1)

Cithara. (Gr.) A musical instrument so= mewhat resembling a guitar, of the greatest antiquity, being mentioned by Homer.= It is seen depicted, in the hands of a performer upon Egyptian and other monuments, † and was p= layed by the fingers, or with a plectru= m of wood or metal, as in our engraving, where it is represented affixed to= the neck of the instrument by a cord. The modern guitar is the legitimate descendant of this very ancient instrument. FIGU= RE

† Our cut is copied from an Egyptian painting at Thebes, engraved by Rossellini. (1855f1)

$H Cithara Bijuga.

Cithara Bijuga. A gu= itar with a double neck.(1883m1)

$H Cither. [See Cithara]

$H Citole. Old English

Citole. O.E. A kind = of guitar. "A citole= in hir right hand had sche." (C= haucer.)(1883m1)

$H Cittern.

Cittern. A stringed instrument, like a guitar, strung with wire instead of gut. The cittern was at one time a part o= f the furniture of every barber's shop, and customers played on it while waiting for their turns. (Niche I of Exeter Gallery. See CLARION.)(1883m1)

$H City.

City. A town, and al= so the special precinct or quarter of a town where the cathedral is situated.(1891a1)

$H Civery. Architecture

Civery. Arch. (See S= EVEREY.) A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling.(1883m1)

$H Civic Crown. Heraldry

Civic Crown. Her. A = wreath of oak‑leaves and acorns. (See CORONA.)(1883m1)

$H Ckuicui. Peruvian

Ckuicui. Peruvian. O= ne of the divisions of the temple of the Sun (Inti), so named as being = dedicated to the rainbow (Ckuichi). (See INTI.)(1883m1)

$H Ciara.

$H Cibbubu. Chaldaea

$H Cibilla. (See CILLIBA.) (1883m1)

$H Ciborium.

$H Cicerone.

$H Ciclatoun or Sikla= toun.

$H Ciconia.

$H Cicuta.

$H Cidaris.

$H Cilery. Architecture

$H Cilibantum.

$H Cilicium.

$H Cilliba.

$H Cimarusai.

$H Cimbal.

$H Cimeter, Cymetar, Sci= meter, &c. Cimeter, Cymetar, Scimeter, &c. A short curved sword used by the Persians or Tu= rks, mentioned by Meyrick as adopted by the Hussar= s, temp. Elizabeth.(1883m1)

$H Cimmerians. See the Gimirri. (1876c1)

$H Cincinnus.

$H Cincticulus.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

$H Cinctorium.

$H Cincture or Hypotrachelium. 1. Furni= ture; 2. Architecture

$H Cinctus.

$H Cindcarbu.

$H Cindutausai.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

$H Cinerarium.

$H Cinerarius.

$H Cinerary Urn.

$H Cingistilinzakharai.= [See Kingiisti= linzamar – Editor]

$H Cingulum.

$H Ciniflo.

$H Cinnabar.

$H Cinnamon‑stone.

$H Cinneladanus.= Assyria

$H Cinquecento, Cinque&= #8209;cento, or Cinque Cento.

$H = Cinquefoil or Cinque‑foil.

$H Cinta. Mediaeval

$H Cinucai.

$H Cinyra.

$H Cipabarutacai.

$H Cipher.

$H = Cipolino.

$H Cippi of Horus Egypt

$H Cippus.

$H Circenses Ludi.

$H Circinate.

$H Circinus.

$H= Circle.

$H= Circle of Stones.

$H Circular.

$H Circumcision. Egypt

$H Circumlitio.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

$H Circumpotatio.

$H Circumscribe.

$H Circumvallation.

$H Circus.

$H Cire‑perdue. [See Lost Wax.] (1891a1)

$H Cirrus.

$H Ciselure.

$H Cisilivu. Assyria

$H Cissibium or Cissybium.

$H Cissoid.

$H Cissotomiae.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

$H Cissybium. [See Cissibium= ]

$H = Cista, Sitella.

$H Cistella.

$H Cistellula.

$H Cistophori.

$H Cistophorus.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

$H Cistula. R. Dimin. of CISTA (q.v.) (1883m1)

$H Cit.

$H Citadel.

$H Cithara, Cither.

$H Cithara Bijuga.

$H Cither. [See Cithara]

$H Citole. Old English

$H Cittern.

$H City.

$H Civery. Architecture

$H Civic Crown. Heraldry

$H Ckuicui. Peruvian

$H Cimeter, Cymetar, Sci= meter, &c.

Cimeter, Cymetar, Scimeter, &c. A short curved sword used by the Persians or Tu= rks, mentioned by Meyrick as adopted by the Hussar= s, temp. Elizabeth.(1883m1)