$H Clibanus.
|
Clibanus. R. (1) A b=
asket
used for baking bread; the bread itself, when thus baked, being called (2) Med. Lat. A short
hauberk, which the later Greeks called 68\$"<@<[=3Dklibanon], because it covered the breast.=
(Meyrick=
.) (3) Med. Lat. A
tower.(1883m1) |
$H Cliché.
|
Cliché. A rel=
ief in
metal obtained by electrotyping, from which engravings are printed.
Cliché especially denotes the stereotype casts taken of wood‑=
;blocks,
from which the cuts in books and journals are now generally printed. By t=
his
means not only can a far larger number of impressions be struck off, but =
the
block itself can be easily multiplied. The term is also applied to the
photographic proofs on glass, which are called negatives or positive=
s,
according as the whites and blacks of the object represented are transpos=
ed
or not.(1891a1) |
|
Cliché. (Fr.)
The impression of a die in a mass of melted tin or fusible metal. Medalli=
sts
or die-sinkers employ it to make proofs of their work, to judge the effec=
t,
and stage of progress of their work before the die is hardened. The term
CLICHE is also applied to the French stereotype casts from woodcuts. (185=
5f1) |
$H Clicket. Old English
|
Clicket. O.E. A key.=
&quo=
t;With
his clicket<=
/i>
Damian hath opened this wicket." (Chaucer.)(1883m1) |
$H Cliff. (See CLEF.) (1883m1)
$H Clipeolum. Dimin. =
of
CLIPEUS (q.v.). (1883m1)
$H Clipeus and Clipeum.
|
Clipeus. The large round shield carried by the Greek= s and Romans. It was circular in form, was made either of beaten bronze or of wicker‑work strengthened with ox‑hides. ILLUS. clipeus(1891a= 1)
|
|
Clipeus and Clipeum, R. (akin to =
6"=
8b=
BJ=
T[=3Dkalupto], to cover or conceal). A large broad shiel=
d of
circular shape and concave on the inside. It was of great weight, and for=
med
part of the special equipment of the cavalry. The original clipeus=
Argolicus
was circular, and often likened to the sun: in Roman sculpture it is often
oval. The outer rim was termed antyx; the bos=
s
in the centre, omphalos,
or umbo<=
/span>;
a leather strap for the arm, telamon. It was replaced, subsequently, by the SCUTUM
(q.v.). Fig. 169 is an ornamented bronze clipeus, thought to be Fig. 169 Clipeus. Fig. 170. Ornamental Clipeus.(1883m1)
|
|
Clipeus. (Gr.) The large shield worn by the Greeks and Romans (see cut, p. 42), which originated with the former peop= le, and was sometimes formed of wicker covered with ox hides (which was impervious to most thrusts or sword cuts), and bound round with metal; or constructed entirely of hammered bronze. It was supported by a belt which passed across the centre of the under side, and over the soldier's arm, a strip of twisted cloth passing round the inner surface, fastened at certa= in intervals, and forming a series of handles for the convenience of the soldier, however the shield was held. See cut to ANTYX. (1855f1) |
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$H Cliquart.
|
Cliquart. (Arch.) A =
coarse
limestone used in the laying of foundations.(1891a1) |
$H Cloaca.
|
Cloaca. R. (from cluo, i=
.e. the
cleanser). A subterranean sewer or canal constructed of masonry. The Cloaca Maxima, or Main Sewer of Rome, =
was
constructed by the elder Tarquin to drain a m=
arsh
lying at the foot of the
|
![](3D"cli_files/image026.gif")
$H Clocks. Old English
|
Clocks. O.E., "=
are the
gores of a ruff, the laying in of the cloth to make it round, the plaites;" also ornaments on stockings and on
hoods.(1883m1) |
$H Clog‑almanacks= .
|
Clog‑almanacks. The
Anglo‑Saxons calculated by the phases of the moon, set down on squa=
re
pieces of wood, a foot or two long. These clogs
are still common in Staffordshire. (Cf. Plott's History of Staffordshire; Gough's
Camden's Britannia, ii. 379.)(1883m1) |
$H Cloish Old English
|
Cloish, or Closh. O.=
E. A
kind of nine‑pins played with a ball. (Strutt, p. 202.) Cf. CLUB=
‑KAYLES.(1883m1) |
$H Cloisonné.
|
Cloisonné. A =
form of enamelling by incrustation, in which the pattern is
raised by strips of metal or wire welded on.(1883m1) |
|
Cloisonné ena=
mel is
obtained by dividing a metal surface by means of strips of wire welded on=
to
the metal plate. Thus hollows are formed, in which the enamel in coloured powder is deposited. Cloisonné enam=
els
have been manufactured since the 6th century. The altar given by Justinia=
n to
the |
$H Cloister.
|
Cloister. A construction forming part of a monastery= or adjoining a church. It is generally a covered gallery surrounded by a pie= rced arcade, and enclosing a garden or courtyard. Cloisters were ranged round = the sides of a quadrangle. The arches which looked into the quadrangle were sometimes glazed. The cloisters were set apart for recreation and study, = and carols or recesses exist in some cloisters, in which the monks sat at wor= k. A lavatory, too, is frequently found in a cloister, and is accounted for by= the fact that the cloister led to the refectory. 2 ILLUS. cloiste1, cloiste2(1891a1)
|
|
Cloister. Chr. (from L=
at. claustrum,
q.v.). A kind of court or quadrangle surrounded by a covered way, and hav=
ing
much analogy to the atrium of=
a
Roman house. The cloister was an essential appendage to an abbey. One of =
its
sides was usually bounded by the church, with which it easily communicate=
d.
The walls of the cloisters were often adorned with frescoes, and the court
was occasionally planted with trees, the centre being occupied by a fount=
ain.
A monastery was often called a cl=
oister.
The sides of the cloister were anciently termed the PANES of it, and the
walks its alleys or deambulatories. (Fig. 173=
.) Fig. 173. Cloisters in the
|
|
Cloister. An open piazza running round the inner court of a religious house, or adjoining a cathedral or church for shelte= red exercises in the open air. It was sometimes provided with lavatories for = washing before or after meals, the dining hall generally leading from it. A monas= tery was frequently termed a cloister<= /i> by early writers from this important feature of its plan. (1855f1) |
![](3D"cli_files/image027.gif")
![](3D"cli_files/image028.gif")
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$H Cloister Garth.
|
Cloister Garth. The
quadrangular space enclosed by the cloisters. The cloister garth at Chichester
is still called the Paradise,
and that at |
$H Close. Heraldry
|
Close. Her. With clo=
sed
wings.(1883m1) |
$H Close‑gauntlets.
|
Close‑gauntlets. Gauntlets
with immovable fingers.(1883m1) |
$H Closet. Heraldry
|
Closet. Her. A dimin=
ution of
the BAR, one‑half its width.(1883m1) |
|
Closet. (Her.) A dim=
inutive
of the bar, which is itself a
diminutive of the fess. The closet should be half the width =
of the
bar.(1891a1) |
$H Closh. [See Cloish]
$H Clothed. Heraldry
|
Clothed. (Her.) A sh=
ield is
said to be clothed when a lozenge is laid upon it in such a manner as to
cover the bulk of the shield, leaving only the four corners uncovered. Th=
is
device is not much employed in English heraldry. ILLUS. clothed(1891a1)
|
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$H Cloths of Estate.
|
Cloths of Estate. Co=
stly
embroidered hangings for the canopy of a throne.(1883m1) |
$H Clouded. <= /h1>
|
Clouded. A term appl=
ied to
precious stones when their translucency is dimmed.(1891a1) |
$H Clouée. Heraldry
|
Clouée. Her. =
Fastened
with nails, and showing the nail‑heads.(1883m1) |
$H Clouts.
|
Clouts. Old name for
kerchiefs.(1883m1) |
$H Clown.
|
Clown, in pantomime.=
Harlequin is Mercury, the Clown Momus=
,
and the painted face and wide mouth taken from the ancient masks; Pantaloon is Charon,
and Columbine Psyche. (Clarke's Travels, viii. 104̴=
9;7.)(1883m1) |
$H Club.
|
Club. Gr. and R. (Gr=
. NV8"(>[=3Dphalangx]). Thi=
s weapon
being used in close fight gave its name to the compact body of troops so
called. The Scythians united it with the mace, both being spiked. Ducange
mentions the vulgastus,
a crooked club; the plumbata,
loaded with lead, the spontonus with iron. In t=
he
army of Charles I. rustics untrained were called clubmen. (See
CLAVA.)(1883m1) |
|
Club. (Her.) A charg=
e in
heraldry representing the weapon usually carried by Hercules. Clubs are
sometimes furnished with spikes. Generally more than one is represented o=
n a
shield. ILLUS. club(1891a=
1)
|
|
Club.
An attribute of martyrdom held by St. James the Less, St. Eusebius, St. <=
span
class=3DSpellE>Fabian, St. Boniface, &c. * * For other
examples, and also for much general information on the subject of saints =
and
their emblems, see the excellent compilation of the Rev. F. C. Husenbeth.=
(1855f1) |
![](3D"cli_files/image031.gif")
$H Club‑kayles. Old English
|
Club‑kayles. O=
.E.
Skittles played with a club, instead of a ball. (See CLOISH.)(1883m1) |
$H Clubs.
|
Clubs, at cards, are=
the
ancient tr&e=
grave;fles,
the trefoil or clover‑plant. (See TREFLE.)(1883m1) |
$H Cluden.
|
Cluden. Gr. and R. A=
sword,
the blade of which was contrived to recede into the handle. It was used f=
or
theatrical representations.(1883m1) |
$H Clunaculum.
|
Clunaculum. R. (1) A d= agger so called because it was worn at the back; "quia ad clunes pende= t," as Festus says. (2) The sacrificial knife with which the victim was
ripped up. The dagger represented in Fig. 174, taken from the arch of
|
![](3D"cli_files/image032.gif")
$H Clustered Column. Architecture
|
Clustered Column. Arch. A pier formed of a congeri=
es of
columns or shafts clustered together, either attached or detached. It is =
also
called a COMPOUND PIER. Fig. 172 is a specimen from Wells Cathedral. Fig. 172. Clustered column in Nave of Wells Cathedral<= /span>.(1883m1)
|
![](3D"cli_files/image033.gif")
$H Clymant. Heraldry
|
Clymant. (Her.) Said=
of a
goat standing on its hind legs.(1891a1) |
$H Clypeate.
|
Clypeate. Shaped lik=
e a shield.(1883m1) |
$H Clysma. Egypt
|
A town at the opening of the |
$H Cnopstara.
|
A weapon used by the
Caledonians; a ball filled with pieces of metal swung at the heads of the=
ir
lances, to frighten cavalry.(1883m1) |