$H Co. Egypt

Co. A Greco-Egypt= ian town in the Cynopolite nome of the Heptanomos. (1876c1)

$H Coa Vestis, or simply Coa (i.= e. the Coan robe).

Coa Vestis, or simply Coa (i.e. the Coan robe). A very fine robe [made of silk, spun in = Cos], of such light texture as to be almost transparent. It was worn by hetairai and singing and dancing girls, &c.(1883m1)

Coa Vestis. THE COAN ROBE. A garment worn chiefl= y by Roman dancing girls, and other women addicted to pleasure, of texture so = fine as to be nearly transparent, and through which the forms of the wearers w= ere easily seen. (1855f1)

$H Coactilis.

Coactilis. sc. lana (from cogo, i.e. that which is forced together). A kind of felted cloth made of wool closely pressed together. It formed a texture analogous to our felt. Anot= her name for it was coactus.(1883m1)

$H Coal.

Coal as an ancient p= igment was used both in water‑colours and in o= il; it furnishes a brownish tint. "The shadows of flesh are well rendered by pit‑coal, which should not be burnt." (De Mayerne.)(1883m1)

$H Coan robe. (See Coa)

$H Coassatio.

Coassatio (from coasso,= to join planks together). A general term for planks joined together, such as the flooring of a room, the top of a table, the deck of a ship, the road̴= 9;way of a wooden bridge, &c. (See CONSTRATUM.)(1883m1)

$H Coat.

Coat. (1) (Paint.) A= layer of colour of a uniform tint passed once over = the surface of a canvas. A coat of paint is said to be thin when= the ground or another coat can be seen underneath it.

(2) A coating of pla= ster in which the putty mould is wrapped after rebaking in the operation of casting.(1891a1)

$H Coat Armour or Coat-Armour.

Coat Armour. A term = applied to any military garment upon which the armorial bearings of the wearer we= re embroidered.(1891a1)

Coat Armour. Med. Em= broidery of heraldic devices upon costume; hence a term for heraldry in general. (Figs. 175 and 176.)

Fig. 175. Coat Armour. Fig. = 176. Coat Armour. Devices on shield.(1883m1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; =

Coat-Armour. A term for heraldry in general; whi= ch is obviously adopted from the usage of the ancient knights and ladies of noble families to embroider their outward gowns and tabards with the arms allotted to their families. By this mea= ns they were always known on occasions of public ceremonial; and the knights= in war could always be distinguished by their soldiery. See cut of Edward the Black Prince, p. 43. (1855f1)=

$H Coat Cards. Old English

Coat Cards. O.E. Cou= rt cards and tens, so named from the coat = armour worn by the figures.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Coating. Painting

Coating. (Paint.) A preparation with which walls are covered before they are painted in fresc= o. It consists of a mixture of chalk and sand or puzzol= ana. The walls must be painted while the coating is fresh, and the surface whi= ch is to be painted during the day should be coated in the morning.(1891a1)<= o:p>

$H Coat of Arms. Heraldry

Coat of Arms. (Her.)= A coat bearing armorial insignia worn over the armour by mediaeval warriors, so that they might be distinguished by their soldiers. The "Coat of Arms" as now understood is a complete and distinct= ive heraldic composition.(1891a1)

$H Coa Vestis. &= nbsp; (See Coa)

$H Cob.

Cob. Irish name of a= Spanish coin formerly current in Ireland; value about 4s. 8d.(1883m1)

$H Cobalt.

Cobalt. A metal foun= d in various combinations, from which various colouring matters are obtained of great use in the arts. Cobalt blue, a beautiful blue pigment, is obtained by mixing a salt of pure cobalt with a solution of pure alum, precipitating the liqui= d by an alkaline carbonate, washing the precipitate with care, drying and igni= ting it strongly. A fine green, known as Rinmann's gree= n, is similarly prepared. The chloride, the nitrate, and the sulphate of cobalt form sympathetic inks, which only become visible when the moisture is absorbed by the applicatio= n of heat. From phosphate of cobalt a beautiful blue pigment is produced, call= ed Thenard's blue. It is said to have all the characters of ultramarine. Oxide of cobalt has the property of colouring glass blue; hence a glass formed of this = oxide under the name of smalt is the blue colouring matter used for ornamen= ting porcelain and earthenware, for staining glass, for painting on enamel, &c.(1883m1)

Cobalt. It was supposed, until recently, that the Egyptians did not make use of coba= lt in preparing their blue pigments. But experiments on some small objects of the later time of the New Empire proved the supposition to be wrong; a quantitative analysis yielding 2.86 per cent. of oxide of cobalt. A. W. Hofmann asserts that cobalt was added to the glassy fluxes in the form of a cobalt mineral, but finds it impossible to define this mineral. Cobalt has been found in a mineral called masrit, discovered by Johnson Pasha in a remote part of Egypt. Masrit contains 1.02 per cent. of oxide of cobalt.(1902b1)

$H Cobalt‑bloom. (See ERYTHRINE.) (1883m1)

$H Cobalt‑blue or Cobalt Blue. Painting

Cobalt‑blue. (= Paint.) A pigment composed of alumina and phosphate of cobalt, or of silicate of cobalt and potassium. It is a bright blue pigment and is useful in fresco= and enamel as well as in oil painting. It is permanent as a rule, though it is adversely affected by light and bad air.(1891a1)

Cobalt Blue. This beautiful pigment is a compound of alumina and phosphate of cobalt. † It was disco= vered in 1802 by the French chemist Thénard.= There is no reason to doubt its durability, although, when imperfectly prepared= , it is subject to change. ** COB= ALT is the colouring matter of SMALTS. = ††

† Cobalt possesses remarkable a power in colouring glass, that 1-20,000th of a gra= in of the oxide of cobalt will impart a very visible blue tint thereto.

** See Art Journal, Sept., 1849.

††<= /b> The qual= ity of this pigment varies in the hands of different makers, some being tinged w= ith a red hue, forming a violet colour. The finest specimens we have met with, approaching in purity of hue to ultramarine, were prepared by M. Edouard,= Rue Neuf Breda, No. 6, Paris, a most conscientious and trustworthy manufactur= er of artists' pigments. (1855f1)

$H Cobalt‑green or Cobalt Green. Painting

Cobalt‑green. = (Paint.) A permanent green pigment composed of zinc and oxides of cobalt. It is br= ight in tone, but on the whole inferior to chrome greens.(1891a1)

Cobalt Green (Rinmann's Green, Grun Zinober, Ger.) A preparation of cobalt, the green colour of which is due to the presence= of iron: it works well both in oil and water. (1855f1)

$H Cobbards. Old English

Cobbards. O.E. The i= rons supporting a spit(1883m1)

$H Cob‑wall.

Cob‑wall. Arch= . A wall formed of unburned clay mixed with straw.(1883m1)

Cob‑wall. A wa= ll built of straw, lime, and earth is called a cob‑wall. Cob‑walls are only found in the present day in barns and outhouses of rude construction, but the houses of the Greeks and Romans in their best period are said to = have been built on this rough plan.(1891a1)

$H Cochabiel.

Cochabiel. In Cabalistic mythology the spirit of the planet Mercury. (1876c1)

$H Cochineal.

Cochineal. (Paint.) = A dried insect, soluble in water, from which a brilliant carmine lake is obtained.(1891a1)

Cochineal. (See CARMINE.)(1883m1)

Cochineal. (Fr.) A dried insect in the form of a small round grain, flat on one side, eith= er red, brown, powdered with white, or blackish brown. This splendid colouri= ng material is soluble in water, and is used for making the red lake pigments known by the names CARMINE, Florentine and other lakes: the names of these lakes are vague, as many Brazil-w= ood lakes are substituted for COCHINEAL LAKES. (1855f1)

$H Cochineal Lakes. (See CARMINATED LAKES.) (188= 3m1)

$H Cochlea.

Cochlea (6@P8\"H[=3Dkochlias], i.e.= a snail with spiral shell). Any object of spiral shape, like a screw; and so a worm and screw as a mechanical power in oil‑, wine‑, &c. presses; = the "Archimedean Screw," or "water‑snail" for raisi= ng water; the revolving door through which the wild beasts were let out into= the amphitheatre; and other contrivances similar to the Italian ruota, = by which persons can be introduced through a wall without opening a door; also a spiral staircase, &c.(1883m1)

$H Cochlear, Cochleare.=

Cochlear, Cochleare = (from 6`P8@H[=3Dkochlos], a she= ll‑fish).

(1) A spoon having a= t one extremity a sharp point, and at the other a sort of small bowl.

(2) A measure of cap= acity of very small size.(1883m1)

$H Cochlearium.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Cochlearium. R. A po= nd or nursery for fattening snails for the table. (English "cockles.")(1883m1)

$H Cochlis.

Cochlis sc. columna= (6@P8ÂH[=3Dkochlis], i.e. = lit. a snail). A hollow monumental column, the interior of which was fitted with= a cockle or spiral staircase, like the "Monument" of London.(1883= m1)

$H Cock.

Cock. In Christian a= rt, the emblem of St. Peter, and of watchfulness.(1883m1)

Cock. The emblem of watchfulness, placed from a very early date on the summit of churches. It also symbolises St. Peter in allusion to his = denial of Christ.(1891a1)

Cock. This bird is regarded as the emblem of watchfulness and vigilance; and from a very early period its image was pl= aced on the summit of church crosses. A COCK, in the act of crowing, is introd= uced among the emblems of our Lord's passion, in allusion to the sin of St. Pe= ter. It is also the emblem of St. Peter, and of vigilance in general; hence its universal adoption in the popular form of that qualification. (1855f1)

$H Cockatrice.

Cockatrice. In Christian art, the emblem of sin; attribute of St. V= itus. (Her.: see the illustration to BASILISK.)(1883m1)

Cockatrice. A fabulous monster, half cock and half dragon, somewhat resembling a basili= sk (q.v.). In Christian symbolic art it is the emblem of sin.(1891a1)

Cockatrice. A fabulous combination of cock and dragon, emblematic of sin generally; and an attribute of St. Vitus. (1855= f1)

$H Cock‑bead. Architecture

Cock‑bead. Arc= h. A bead which projects from the surface of the timber on both sides.(1883m1)=

$H Cockers. Old English

Cockers. O.E. Plough= men's laced boots.(1883m1)

$H Cocket. Old English

Cocket. O.E. A seal = formerly attached to goods which had paid customs dues. Ancient cockets bear such inscrip= tions on them as "God willing,= " "If God please," &c.(1883m1)

$H Cockle‑stairs. Old English

Cockle‑stairs. O.E. Winding stairs. (Cf. COCHLEA)(1883m1)

$H Cocta, Coctilis, Coctus.

Coctilis, Cocta, Coctus. R. (prepared by fire). Later coctilis was a brick hardened artificially by f= ire, in contradistinction to one dried in the sun; murus coctilis, a wall built of harden= ed bricks. (See ACAPNA.)(1883m1)

$H Cocurra. Mediaeval

Cocurra. Med. Lat. A quiver.(1883m1)

$H Cocytia.

Cocytia (from 5T6LJÎH[=3DKokutos], the r= iver of weeping). A festival held in honour of Proser= pine, who had been carried off by Pluto. The latter, as king of the infernal regions, included in his sway the river Cocytus. The Cocytus and Acheron, two rivers of Epirus, remarkable for unwholesome and muddy water, and subterranean currents, we= re hence called the rivers of Hell. "Cocytia virgo" was Alecto,= one of the Furies.(1883m1)

$H Cod.

Cod. Scotch. A pillo= w (also pod).(1883m1)<= /p>

$H Codar el Ahmar. Arabia

Codar el Ahmar. In Arabic history a wicked man of Th= amud, who slew the sacred camel of Saleh, and thus caused the destruction of the tribe of Thamud. He is supposed to have been the Chedarlaomor of Hebrew writers, but that is not likely. = See Kudurlagamar and Saleh. (1876c1)

$H Codaya. Arabia

Codaya. A town in ancient Arabia, between Mecca and Yathrib. Sacred to the wors= hip of the goddess Monat. (1876c1)

$H Codex.

Codex. (caud= ex, the trunk of a tree).

(1) A blank book for writing in, consisting of thin = tablets of wood covered with wax; the term thus came to mean code, that is, a book containing laws, since these were inscr= ibed in a book, the leaves of which were composed of thin leaves of wvood. When parchment or paper was introduced, the term was still applied; and hence, later, became appropriate to any code of laws, e.g. the Gregorian, Theodosian, Justinian, &c.

(2) An early manuscript book, such as the Codex of t= he Greek New Testament and of "Virgil" in the Vatican.

(3) The term was also applied to the heavy logs atta= ched to the feet of slaves; these were of various shapes, sometimes even servi= ng the purpose of a seat.(1883m1)

$H Codicillus.

Codicillus (dimin. of CODEX, q.v.). A small book, or small leaves of wood covered with wax. The plural codicilli denoted a numbe= r of such sheets put together so as to form a sort of memorandum‑book for taking tough notes. Any supplemental note made on the margin of the leaves composing a will, or added to them, was also called = codicillus (codicil).(188= 3m1)

$H Codon.

Codon. (Gr. <= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>6f*T<[=3Dkodon]). A bell= ; the bell of a trumpet; a trumpet with a bell‑mouth.(1883m1)

$H Cod‑piece. Old English

Cod‑piece (fro= m O.E. "cod," a pillow or stuffed cushion; Fr. braguette); introduced temp. Henry VIII. An appendage t= o the taces over the os pubis= , copied in the armour of the period. It continued in = use to the end of Elizabeth's reign.(1883m1)

$H Coelum.

Coelum. In Architect= ure, that part of a building which was placed over any other part, and so a ceiling, or soffit.(1883m1)=

$H Coemeterium, Cemetery.

Coemeterium, Cemetery = Chr. (= 6@= 4:= 0J= ZD= 4@= <[=3Dkoimeterion], from = 6@= 4:= VT[=3Dkoimao= ], i.e. a sleeping‑place; Lat. dormitorium). This term is an exclusively Christian on= e; it signifies a field of rest or refuge; the last resting‑place of m= an. (See HYPOGAEUM.)(1883m1)

$H Coena.

Coena (from Sanscr. khad‑, to eat). The principal meal among the Romans, consisting of several courses termed respectively prima, altera = or secunda= , tertia,= quarta coena. The hour at which the coena took place varied with the habits of the master of the house, but it was usually about four or five o'clock. It was the third meal of the day, bei= ng preceded by the jentaculum (breakfast), and the merenda or prandium<= /i> (luncheon or early dinner). The corresponding Greek meal was called deipnon= , which closed with a libation to Zeus; after which the drinking party that remai= ned was called Symposium. (See LA= ST SUPPER.)(1883m1)

$H Coenaculum.

Coenaculum. In early= times this term was used for the TRICLINIUM (q.v.); later on it came to mean the upper stories of houses inhabited by the poor, our attic or garret. In the plural, coen= acula denotes the whole suite of rooms on the upper story of a house, and coenacula meritoria such apartments let out on hire.(1883m1)

$H Coenatio.

Coenatio, like coenaculum, a dining‑room situated upstairs. It = thus differed from the TRICLINIUM (q.v.), which was a dining‑room on the ground floor; the former was used in winter, the latter in summer. The coenatio, or diaeta,= was a very magnificent apartment. Nero had one in his golden palace, constructed like a theatre, with a change of scenery for every course.(1883m1)

$H Coenatoria, Coenatoriae Vestes.

Coenatoria, Coenatoriae Vestes. The garments worn by the Romans at the dinner‑table.(1883m1)

$H Coene. Egypt

Coene. One of the chief towns of the Coptite nome of= the Thebaid in Upper Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Coenobium.

Coenobium (6@4<`‑$4@<[=3Dkoino‑bion], i.e. a life in common). A monastery; a convent of monks who lived in common.(188= 3m1)

$H Coenopolis. Egypt

Coenopolis. "Supper City." The Greek name of an Egyptian city properly called Ant. (1876c1)

$H Coeur, Carreau, Pique, and Trèfle. Heraldry

Coeur. (Her.) A term sometimes used in heraldry to denote the heart or centre of the shield.(1891a1)

Coeur= , Carreau, Pique, and Trèfle. The four French suits of cards, corresponding with our Hearts, Diamonds, Spades, a= nd Clubs, probably introduced in the reign of Charles VII. of France (15th century). (Taylor.) Coeur is sometimes derived from Choeur. (See COPPE and CHATRANG.)

"The hearts are the ecclesiastics, whose place is in the choir; the pike the military, &c." (Menestrier.)(1883m1)

$H Cofermarlon.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Cofermarlon. The Egyptian name of an uncertain Syrian country or town. (1876c1)

$H Coffer.

Coffer. (See ARCA.) = (1) In Architecture, a sunken panel in a ceiling or soffit<= /span>. (2) A chest.(1883m1)

Coffer. A small covered box or chest used for mo= ney and jewels, generally carved, and ornamented sometimes with gold and jewe= ls, or enameled plates. They were used by ladies in the middle ages; and by t= he Church for the security of altar-plate, &c., when they were of large size. (1855f1)

Coffers. Compartment= s of which the circumference is enriched with mouldings and the centre with a sculptured ornament. They are used in the decoratio= n of ceilings and vaults. Their purpose was originally to fill the vacant spac= es which exist between the joists of the ceilings; they soon became, however, mere decorations to surfaces, which when bare = did not harmonise sufficiently with their ensemble. Many vaults are decora= ted with coffers, and in Renaissance times many wooden ceilings were formed o= f hexagonal or octagonal coffers decorated with floral ornaments or arabesques, with = pendentives often richly sculptured attached to the= ir centre. 3 ILLUS. coffers1, coffers2, coffers3(1891a1)

= ; = ; <= /span>

$H Coffin Texts Egypt

Coffin Texts: a collection of magical formulae painted or inscribed on coffins. (1894e1)

$H Coffins. Egypt

The style of the wooden coffins varies considerably throughout the dynasties.= The earliest examples are rectangular, unpainted, with a short inscription cu= t on the lid, and also round the four sides. On the lid was a human face, made= of pieces of wood pegged on. In the XIth and XIIth Dynasties the shape was still rectangular, wi= th decorations in stripes of gaudy colours, or in the case of better ones, inscribed inside and outside with chapters from the "Book of the Dead" in hieratic. We also find coffins with human faces at this per= iod. Isis and Nephthys are represented in some par= t of the decorations very often kneeling, and seeming to embrace the coffin wi= th their wings.

Later, about the time of the XIXth Dyn= asty, the decorations became very elaborate. The coffin took the shape, more or less, of the mummy, with a well-modelled face, having the eyes let in in some harder material, and wooden hands crossed o= ver the breast. The mummy was enclosed in two, three, and even four elaborate= ly painted coffins. The texts record the titles of the deceased, also chapte= rs from the “Book of the Dead.” The scenes represent the deceased adoring the gods. These coffins were varnished with a thick yellow varnis= h. Coffins of XXIInd to XXV= Ith Dynasties have scenes of the weighing of the heart in the judgment hall o= f Osiris, and pictures of the Ba= (q.v.) visiting the body. Aft= er this period the art degenerated. The lids were fastened on with wooden dowels, the places where these were inserted being plastered up and paint= ed over.(1902b1)

$H Cognisance. Heraldry

Cognizance, Her. Synonym for Badge.(1883m1)

Cognisance. (Her.) A cognisance or = badge is a device adopted by famili= es as a distinctive mark. It is not blazoned on a shield, and it differs from a crest in being complete by itself, needing neither wreath or cap of maintenance to support it. Among notable badges may be enumerated the ostrich feathers of the Prince of Wa= les, the white and red roses of the Yorkists and Lancastrians, and the broom sprig of the Plantagenet= s.(1891a1)

Cognizance. (Fr.) The family badge worn by the retainers of a noble house, or soldiers in the field. See BADGE. (1855f1)=

$H = Cognoscente. [See Connoisseur.] (1891a1)

$H Cognoscenti.

Cognoscenti. (Ital.) Persons possessing a knowledge of the essential beauties of a work of A= rt. (1855f1)

$H Cogware. Old English

Cogware. O.E. A coar= se narrow cloth like frieze; 16th century.(1883m1)

$H Cohors, Cohort.

R. A body of infantry forming the tenth part of a legion. The number of men composing a cohort varied at different periods between 300 and 600 men, according to the numerical strength of the legion. The first cohort of a legion was called= a military cohort; the praetorian cohort formed the general's bodyguard, wh= ile to the city cohort was entrusted the protection of the city. The term was sometimes, though very rarely, applied to a squadron of cavalry.(1883m1)<= o:p>

$H Coif or Quoif. Costume

Coif or Quoif. A close hood.(1883m1)

Quoif. O.E. A close&= #8209;fitting cap worn by both sexes, and by lawyers, temp. Elizabeth.(1883m1)

Coif. (Cos.) A head‑dress fitting tightly and originally tied under the chin. Wo= rn at first by hunters and knights, it gradually became distinctive of the ecclesiastical and legal professions, and in an altered form finally beca= me exclusively a portion of the lawyer's costume.(1891a1)<= /p>

$H = Coif de Fer, Coiffette.

Coif = de Fer, Coiffette. A skull‑cap of ir= on of the 12th and 13th centuries.(1883m1)

$H Coif de Mailles.

Coif de Mailles. A h= ood of mail worn by knights in the 12th century.(1883m1)

$H Coiffe. Architecture

Coiffe. Arch. A term employed during the 16th and 17th centuries to denote the vaulted ceiling= of an apse.(1883m1)

$H Coigne. [See Coin]

$H Coilanaglyph.=

Coilanaglyph. This b= arbarous and harsh‑sounding word is sometimes applied to works of sculpture = cut in a solid substance, in which the relief of the figures is scarcely flush with the plane surface surrounding them. This is the case with many bas&#= 8209;reliefs, to which the thickness of the stone forms a border, projecting beyond the most projecting of the figures. [Cavo‑Relievo<= /span>.](1891a1)

$H Coillon. (See COIN.) (1883m1)

$H Coin. Architecture

Coin or Coigne, Arch. The corner of a building. (See QUOIN.)(1883m1)

Coin. (Arch.) A belt= ing course placed at the angle of construction.(1891a1)

$H Coinage.

Coinage. See MONEY.(1902b1)

Coinage. The manufac= ture of coins. Among the many operations in the making of coins the engraving of = the dies and the execution of the matrix and coin are those which belong to t= he domain of art.(1891a1)

$H Coins. Numismatics

Coins. Pieces of metal of diff= erent value, struck with the image of the sovereign authority, sometimes represented by an allegorical figure or group of figures. Many coins, tho= se of Greece for instance, are of the utmost importance in the study of art. For not o= nly are they in themselves works of art of the highest merit, but they often = bear upon them representations of well‑known statues, and so are of great service in the illustration of <= /b>the history of art.(1891a1)

$H Coin‑stones. Architecture

Coin‑stones. A= rch. Corner‑stones.(1883m1)

$H Cointise or Quintis= e.

Cointise. A general term originally applied to any scar= f or other ornamental garment quaintly cut and fashioned. The wearing of cointises (from quinteux, fanciful) prevailed during the 13th and 14th centuries. The term especially denotes the kerchiefs worn by knights on t= he top of their helmets.(1891a1)

Cointise or Quintise.

(1) A scarf wrapped round the body, and sometimes attached to the helmet.

(2) Quaintly‑cut coverings for the helmet. F= ig. 177 represents a helmet decorated with PANACHE, CORONET, and cointise. This is the origin of mantling in heraldry. Fig. 177. Helmet with Cointise behind.

(3) A garment worn over armou= r, temp. Edward II., was so termed.

(4) Horses' caparisons. (1883m1)

$H= Cointoise.

Cointoise. (Fr.) The scarf pendant from the = upper part of the helmet of a knight, which varied in length, sometimes only falling at the back of the head and neck. * It was frequently jagged at the edges and out into the form= of leaves, and is the origin of the heraldic mantling. †
* See cut to HERALD= IC CREST.

† See that w= ord. (1855f1)