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Crack. A small slit =
or
surface chink which appears in vaults or on panels painted in oil. In the
latter case they are caused by dampness and excess of heat and cold, and
increase in proportion to the bad quality of the col=
ours
or varnish employed.(1891a1) |
|
Crackle. (Pot.) A ki=
nd of
pottery the enamelled surface of which is cov=
ered
with a network of irregular cracks. This method of decoration was only
attained with considerable difficulty. Specimens of Japanese crackle are =
very
highly valued. The traité
crackle, so called because it resembles the scales of a trout, bears the =
name
of tsoni‑yem. In many pieces of Chinese
manufacture the crackle is filled in with a variety of colours.
ILLUS. crackle(18=
91a1)
|
|
Crackle Porcelain or Cracklin. A kind of china, the glaze of which has been purposely cracked all ov=
er
in the kiln. The Chinese have many kinds of this manufacture, some of whi=
ch
are extremely rare and valuable. White and grey are the common colours amongst modern crackle. The yellow and crea=
m‑coloured specimens are much prized: these are seldo=
m seen
in |
|
Cracklin. A term applied to a certain species of
china, the glaze over which has been purposely cracked all over in the ki=
ln
as a decoration. (1855f1) |
|
Cracowes. Long‑=
;toed
boots and shoes, introduced in 1384.(1883m1) |
|
Cracowes. (Cost.) Sh=
oes with
long toes, which generally turned upwards, and were often fastened to the
knee by chains. They were first worn in the 14th century at
|
|
Cracowes. The long, pointed
shoes, with upturned toes, which were first worn in the fourteenth centur=
y,
at * Our cut la copied
from a MS. of the period in the
|
|
Cradling. A builder'=
s term
for a timber frame for a ceiling, &c.(1883m1) |
|
Cradle Vault. Arch. A
cylindrical vault.(1883m1) |
|
Craig. Scotch. (1) A=
rock.
(2) The neck; throat.(1883m1) |
|
Cramp. (Arch.) A pie=
ce of
iron sunk in masonry, which holds together two blocks of stone placed eit=
her
upon one another or side by side. ILLUS. cramp(1891a1)
|
|
Crampet. The decorat=
ed end
of a scabbard.(1883m1) |
|
Crampon. The border =
of gold
which keeps a stone in a ring. (See COLLET.)(1883m1) |
|
Cramponné. (H=
er.) A
charge is said to be cramponné when it
terminates in a cramp. Thus we speak of a potence cramponné, a mascle
cramponné. It is cramponné
dexter or cramponn&eacut=
e;
sinister, according to the side upon which the cramp is placed.
|
|
Cramp‑ring. O.=
E. A
ring consecrated on Good Friday, an amulet against cramp.(1883m1) |
|
Crancelin. (Her.) A =
coronet
extended in bend. The word is of German origin and signifies a garland of
flowers. It in borne in the arms of
|
|
Crancelin. Her. ( |
|
Crane's‑bills. Geraniums,
so called from the shape of their seed‑vessels.(1883m1) |
|
Crannogs. Irish. |
|
Crapaudine Doors. A
technical name for doors that turn on pivots at top and bottom, or are hu=
ng
with so‑called centre‑=
;pin
hinges.(1883m1) |
|
Crash. The grey line=
n used
for the kind of embroidery called crewel‑work.(1883m1) |
|
Crater. An antique v=
ase in
the shape of a truncated cone, which stands upon a hemispherical base and=
is
double handled. It was used for mixing wine and water. The name crater is
sometimes given to drinking‑cups. In ancient times craters were mad=
e of
silver or bronze, and were very large in size. ILLUS. crat=
er(1891a1)
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|
Crater. Gr. and R. (= 6D= "J= ¬D[=3Dkrater= ], from 6= ,D= V<<= L:= 4[=3Dkerannumi], to mix). (1) A large and beautiful vase with a wide open mo=
uth,
in which the wine and water was mixed which was handed round at banquets =
and
sacrifices. It was into vases of this description that slaves dipped a la=
dle
(cyathus=
),
with which they filled the cups. The beautiful silver crater shown in the illustration (Fig. 203), of a date not la=
ter
than the 1st century, was found with other treasures of a similar kind at=
(2) The mouth of a volcano is named from its resem= blance to the Greek crater. (3) A small constellation of the southern hemisphe=
re
called the Cup.
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|
Crater.
(Gr.) Literally, mixing vesse=
ls.
Jars of a capacious kind, in which the wine was mixed at table with water=
for
the use of the guests - the pure wine being brought in amphorae, and plac=
ed
at banquets for the service of guests, who were helped from them in small=
er
vessels. See ARYSTERES and CYATHUS. (1855f1) |
|
Crates. R. A frame o=
r basket
made of hurdles, and so a hurdle itself. (English, "crate.")(1883m1) |
|
Craticula. R. (dimin. of c=
rates).
A small hurdle, and by analogy, a gridiron, which looks like a small
hurdle.(1883m1) |
|
Small cylinders of c=
halk or
some other material, which are used for drawing purposes. Black crayons a=
re
composed of chalk and blacklead, red crayons =
of ochreous clay containing red iron oxide, while white
crayons are simple sticks of chalk. A drawing executed in black crayon is
sometimes called a crayon or chalk drawing. In lithography an oily kind of
crayon is used composed of a mixture of soap, wax, tallow, and lampblack.=
It
is non‑resisting and is very difficult to cut.(1891a1) |
|
Crayons, Pastille (Fr.), PASSEL STIFTE (=
Ger.)
Cylinders of soft clay, white, or coloured with various pigments, used for
delineating objects upon paper, which are usually termed chalk drawings. (1855f1) |
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Craze. (Pot.) A term=
which
denotes the cracking of the glaze on a piece of pottery, caused either by
imperfect fusion or by the too sudden removal of the pottery from the
kiln.(1891a1) |
|
Creag. O.E. The game=
of
ninepins.(1883m1) |
|
Creagra Gr. (=
6DV(D"[=3Dkragra], from <=
/span>6DX"H[=3Dkreas] and (DXT[=3Dagreo], i.e. a =
flesh‑hook).
A synonym of the Latin term HARPAGO (q.v.).(1883m1) |
|
Creasing. A builder'=
s word
for a row of tiles under the coping of a wall.(1883m1) |
|
Credence Table. The =
small
table beside an altar, on which the communion was placed before
consecration.(1883m1) |
|
Credence-Table. The small table beside an altar,=
on
which the communion was placed before consecration. (1855f1) |
|
Credentia. A piece of
furniture consisting of several shelves one above the other. The
ecclesiastical credentias of the Middle Ages =
were
sometimes circular in form, and upon them were placed the vessels used in=
the
services of the Church. At the time of the Renaissance and in the 17th
century they were lavishly decorated with sculptured reliefs
and other ornaments, and made the receptacle for gold and silver plate. <=
/span>2 ILLUS. credent1, credent2(18=
91a1) |
|
Creme‑box. O.E=
. A
chrismatory (q.v.).(1883m1) |
|
Cremesyn. O.E. Crims=
on
velvet.(1883m1) |
|
Cremium. R. (cremo, =
to burn).
Small wood, made up into bundles, used by bakers, and for lighting the
hypocausts under the baths.(1883m1) |
|
Cremnitz White. (Pai=
nt.) A
white pigment composed of pure white lead. It is the brightest white used=
in
oil painting, but has less body than flake white. It is also termed |
|
Crenel. The peak at =
the top
of a helmet.(1883m1) |
|
Crenelle. (Fr.)
The embrasures of a battlement or tower. (1855f1) |
|
Crenelle. (Arch.) A =
term
properly applied only to the loopholes in a battlement, but also used to
signify the battlement itself. The adjective crenellated is used of a building which is furnished with a
battlement as a means of defence. [Battlement=
.] ILLUS. crenelle(1891a1)
|
|
Crenelle. Fr. A cuttin=
g or
indentation of the walls of a fortress or tower, &c. The spaces betwe=
en
the solid masonry are called embr=
asures,
and the solid portions themselves merlons; usually the tops of the =
merlons
are coped to throw off rain. (See COPING.) Fig. 204 shows a portion of the
crenellated walls of
|
|
Crepida. Gr. and R. =
(6D0B\H[=3Dkrepis]). A sli=
pper made
of a strong leather sole, to the edges of which was fixed a piece of leat=
her
with eyelet‑holes (ansae) for the laces (corrigiae) or a strap ( |
|
Crepida. (Lat.)
Light shoes or slippers, originating in |
|
Crepido. Gr. and R. (<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New =
Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f=
ont-family:
"WP Greek Courier"'>6=
D0=
B\=
H[=3Dkrepis]). In a general sense, any kind of base or s=
tand
upon which another object rests, and by analogy the embankment of a quay,=
a
dike, or jetty. The term is also applied to the raised causeway for foot
passengers at the side of a road or street. Fig. 204 represents a crepido=
on a
high road near
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|
Crepitaculum. R. ( |
|
Crepitus. Crepitus (=
sc. digitorum), R.
A snapping of the fingers made by pressing the tip of the thumb firmly
against the tip of the middle finger.(1883m1) |
|
Crepundia. R. A gene=
ral term
for playthings for children, as well as for necklaces of various ornament=
s,
or amulets. These were in some instances of great length, and were worn by
the children like shoulder‑belts.(1883m1) |
|
Créquier. Her=
. The
wild plum‑tree: the device of the Créqu=
y
family.(1883m1) |
|
Créquier. (He=
r.) A
French heraldic term applied to a chandelier of seven branches, sometimes=
borne
as a charge. The word créquier is an o=
ld
French word for a plum‑tree, but it is now only employed in the sen=
se
just defined. ILLUS. crequier=
span>(1891a1)
|
|
Crescent. (Her.) A c=
ommon
charge in heraldry, and also a mark of difference used to distinguish the
second son. It is said to be reve=
rsed when
its horns are turned to the bottom of the shield; increscent when they look towards the de=
xter
side; decres=
cent when they look towards the sini=
ster. ILLUS. crescent(1891a1)
|
|
Crescent. Her. The difference of the second son. The moon is a crescent when she appears as in Fig. 206. (Compare DECRESCENT, INCRESCENT.) Fig. 206. Crescent.(1883m1)
|
|
Cresolite. O.E.
Crystal.(1883m1) |
|
Fr. A network to con=
fine
fine the hair of ladies; the calantica of the ancients. It is found in mediaeval
monuments in a variety of forms.(1883m1) |
|
Crespine. (Fr.) A network to confine the ha=
ir of
ladies. It originated with the calantica of the ancients, and appears in the middle a=
ges,
taking all forms, and bearing many names, tresson, dorelot, &c. Our specimen is copied from the effig=
y of
Lady Berkeley (temp. Henry IV.), in the church of Wo=
tton-under-Edge,
Gloucestershire. FIGURE (1855f1)
|
|
Cressets. A small pa=
n or
portable fireplace, filled with combustibles, used for illuminating purpo=
ses;
16th century. Her., a beacon. (See Fig. 54.)(1883m1) |
|
Crest. Arch. (crista)=
. A
running ornament, more or less incised and perforated, which is placed on=
the
ridge of roofs. Many monuments of antiquity have been adorned with terra&=
#8209;cotta
crests; in the Romano‑Byzantine architecture examples occur which a=
re
made of stone, while in Pointed or Renaissance art they were made of
lead.(1883m1) |
|
Crest. (Her.) In heraldry the term crest
denotes any addition such as a helmet or a crown placed above the shield.=
In
the case of an ecclesiastic the crest is a pastoral staff or else a cap. =
Both
the cuts here given represent ecclesiastical crests. 2 ILLUS. crest1, crest2(1891a1=
)
|
|
Crest. Her. (Lat. crista). This word, famil=
iar to
us as the name of an ornament surmounting the helmet and the insignia of a
gentleman of coat armour, signified in classi=
c times
a comb terminating in a peak in front of the casque<=
/span>
decorated with horsehair or plumes. (See CRISTA, Fig. 252.) The earliest
appearance of a crest in Fig. 207. Royal crest of England.(1883m1)
|
|
Crest.
The feathers or ridge on the summit of a helmet. A device placed upon a
wreath, originally surmounting the knightly helmet. * It is now placed over family arms, and has sometimes a punn=
ing
allusion, as in our engraving, the Moor's head being the crest of the * See cuts to HELME=
T. (1855f1)
|
|
Crest‑coronet, Crest‑wreath, or Orle. Her. A coronet or wreath to support a crest. =
(Fig.
208 and 209.)
Fig. 208. Crest‑coronet. Fig. 209. Crest‑w= reaths.(1883m1)
|
|
Creste. (Arch.) A pi=
erced
leaden ornament placed vertically on the ridge of a roof. Many churches, =
as
well as buildings erected for civil purposes, in the Middle Ages and the
period of the Renaissance have their roofs decorated with crestes richly ornamented and sometimes gilded. ILLUS. creste(1891a1)
|
|
Crest‑tiles. T=
iles
used for covering the ridge of a roof.(1883m1) |
|
Creta Laevis. A cray=
on of
permanent colour for chalk drawing.(1883m1) |
|
Creta Laevis. A crayon of permanent colour, the
invention of Messrs. Wolff and Son. It is clearer than chalk, and has more
softness and delicacy. (1855f1) |
|
Crevasse. (Arch.) An
irregular crack in a wall running longitudinally.(1891a1) |
|
Crewels. A worsted o=
f two
plies adapted for embroidery.(1883m1) |
|
Small vessels used a=
t the
altar, to hold the wine and water for consecration.(1883m1) |
|
Crewetts. Small vessels of glass or metal, used =
at
the altar to hold the wine and water for consecration. (1855f1) |