$H Croakumshire.

Croakumshire. An anc= ient name for the county of Northumberland= . (H.)(1883m1)

$H Crobbe.

Crobbe. O.E. Knops o= f buds hung as ornament from a roof.(1883m1)

$H Crobylus.

Crobylus. Gr. and R.= (6DT$b8@H[=3Dkrobulos]). A method of arranging the hair = peculiar to the inhabitants of Athens= . The hair, rolled up in a knot on the top of the head, was fastened with golden clasps in the shape of grasshoppers. The name applies only to men's hair; the same fashion for women was called Corymbus.(1883m1)

$H Croc.

Croc or Crook. A cur= ved mace.(1883m1)

$H Crock.

Crock. (Pot.) A gene= ral term denoting any vessel made of clay. From this crockery is derived.(1891a1)<= o:p>

$H Crocea.

Crocea. A cardinal's= cloak.(1883m1)

$H Crochet. <= /h1>

Crochet. Knitting do= ne with linen thread, and used under the name of nun's lace from the 16th century for bordering altar‑cloths, albs, &c.(1883m1)

$H Crocket.

Crocket. (1) An architectural enrichment, generally of leaves or flowers; an ornamentation peculiar to the pointed style of architecture. (Fig. 210.) Fig. 2= 10. Crocket.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

(2) A large roll of = hair, much worn in the time of Edward I.

"His crocket kembt, and thereon set A nouche with a chapelet." =

Crocket. (Arch.) A projecting ornament, often employed in Gothic architecture. It terminates= in a curve or roll in the form of foliage or flowers. The crockets of the 13= th century have stalks of considerable length, and decorate not only roofs a= nd gables but also cornices. In the 14th century they underwent some change, assuming more varied forms. In the 15th century they became more florid a= nd ornate, and were only used to decorate gables and bell‑turrets, nev= er cornices or horizontal mouldings. 2 ILLUS. crocket1, crocket2(1891a1)=

&nbs= p; <= /span><= /o:p>

$H Crocketts.

Crocketts. Enrichments modelled generally from the vegetable kingdom, such as vine or other leaves, but sometimes animals and images are introduced, and employ= ed in gothic architecture to decorate the angles of various parts of ecclesiastical edifices, such as spires, pinnacles, mullions of windows, &c. The forms are infinite, almost every kind of leaf or flower being employed for this purpose, generally with some pointed reference to local circumstances. Thus, at West= minster, we find a succession of roses and pomegranates; at Magdalen College Chape= l, lilies. They only appear in pyramidal and curved lines, never in horizont= al ones. FIGURE (1855f1)

$H Crocodile. Egypt

Crocodile. In old times there were innumerable crocodiles in the Nile, and the Egyptians went out to hunt them. But there are no representations= on tomb-walls of this hunting, possibly because of religious scruples, as the animal was sacred to Sebek (q.v.<= /i>). The animal is often depicted in the water beneath boats, and some scenes = show him seized by a hippopotamus.(1902b1)

$H Crocodilopolis. Egypt

Crocodilopolis. Anciently called Shed.= It was the capital of a province of the Fayûm known as Ta-she, “the land of the Lake,” probably a reference to Lake Moeris.(1902b1)=

$H Crocota.

Crocota. Gr. and R. = (from 6D`6@H[=3Dkrokos], crocus). A very rich robe of saffr= on colour, whence its name. It was worn by Greek and Roman women as a gala d= ress, especially at the Dionysia.(1883m1)

$H Cromlech.

Cromlech. A Celtic m= onument consisting of a series of menhirs (q.v.) arranged in a circle, in the mid= st of which stands a sun‑stone (hyrmensul) or a druidical sphere (feyra)= . ILLUS. cromlech(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

Cromlech. Celtic (from cromm, curved, and lec'h, place). An enclosure formed by menhirs, = or huge stones planted in the ground in a circle or semicircle. These enclos= ures (Fig. 211) were consecrated places used as burying‑grounds. (See STANDING‑STONES, DOLMENS, MENHIRS, &c.) Fig. 211. Cromlech.(1883m1)

$H Crook. [See Croc]

$H Cross.=

Cross. (1) A cylinde= r or octagonal prism pierced by longitudinal slits, which with the help of sta= kes is used to trace straight or perpendicular lines upon the ground. The openings, which are opposite to each other, consist respectively of a straight slit and of a rectangle divided into two parts by a thread of si= lk. The visual ray passing through this slit, and the thread of silk covering= a stake placed at some distance from it, are the points which determine the position of a straight line. ILLUS. cross1(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

(2) (Arch.) In the d= ays when England was a Catholic country, crosses, frequently of some architectural pretensions, were placed either in open spaces in towns or villages or by= the roadside. Some few are still in existence, but the ma= jority are sadly defaced. The cross of old St. Paul's was long celebrated, for i= t was from this that sermons were delivered. Crosses too were set up in England in commemoration of a notable event. For instance, the crosses named after Q= ueen Eleanor were erected at every place at which her body rested between Lincoln and London, whither it was brought for interment. Market crosses built for secular purposes are still to be seen, at Salisbury and Glastonbury among other places.(1891a1)

(3) In Christian art= the cross is the symbol of the Passion of Jesus Christ. In heraldry, the cros= s is an ordinary produced by a vertical band meeting a horizontal band near th= e fess point, the four limbs thus formed being of the same width. When charged (q.v.) the limbs of the cross may be one‑third of the width of the shield, otherwise one‑fifth. No ordinary is subject to so many modifications of form as the cross. Only the principal forms of the cross= are here given. ILLUS. cross3(189= 1a1)

<= /o:p>

Cross. Chr. (Crux). The symbol of the Christian religion. The ordinary or primitive type of c= ross has no summit. It is called commi= ssa or patibulata, and sometimes = the Tau cross, from its resemblance = to the Greek letter so named (T). Fig. 121 represents a stone cross of the Roman= o‑Byzantine period, at Carew, in England. The St. Andrew's cross has the form of an X. The Greek cross is of four e= qual parts. The Latin cross has the foot longer than the summit or arms. The Maltese cross and the cross of Jerusalem are varieties of the Greek cross. The Patriarchal cross (heraldic) has two cross pieces, the triple cross has three, &c. PER CROSS, in heraldry,= is the division of a shield quarterl= y (a combination of pale and fesse). (Figs. 212 to 215.)

Fig. 212. Cross Recercelée.=

Fig. 213. St. Andrew's Cross (Saltire<= /i>).

Fig. 214. St. George's Cross fimbriate= d.

Fig. 215. Victoria Cross.(1883= m1)

Cross. The CROSS occupies a very important place in Christian Art. It is the sole and universal symbol of our redemption, and of the person of our Saviour;= he is symbolised under this form; as he is also under that of the FISH, the LION, or the LAMB. The CROSS is either historic or symbolic, real or ideal: in the one it is a gibbet, in the other an attribute of gl= ory. There are four species of CROSS. 1. The cross without a summit, in the fo= rm of a T; this is the Egyp= tian cross of the Old Testament (fig. 6). Many ancient churches, especially the Basilicas of Constantine, St. Peter and St. Paul at Rome, are, in their ground-plan, nearly of this form. 2. The cross with summit; it h= as four branches; this is the true cross, the cross of Jesus and the Evangel= ists (fig. 1). This form of cross is divided into two principal types, which a= lso partake of many varieties: they are known as the Greek and the Latin cros= s; the first is adopted by the Greek and Oriental Christians, the second by = the Christians of the West. The GREEK CROSS (figs. 10, 11) is composed of four equal parts, the breadth being similar to the length. 1 In the LATIN CROSS (fig. 1), the foot is longer than the su= mmit or the arms. The Greek cross is an ideal cross; the Latin cross resembles the real cross upon which Jesus suffered= . 3. The CROSS with two cross-pieces and summit (fig. 2). 2 4. The CROSS with summit and three cross-pieces (fig. 3). 3 When the CROSS retains its si= mple form, and is not loaded with attributes or ornaments, we must distinguish= the CROSS OF THE PASSION from the CROSS OF THE RESURRECTION. The CROSS OF THE PASSION is a real cross - the gibbet upon which Christ suffered. This is = the cross in common use in our churches; it is employed by painters and sculptors; and which, in Catholic countries, meets us at every turn - by = the roadside, in the street, chapels, and cathedrals. It is also called the TRIUMPHAL CROSS. The CROSS OF THE RESURRECTION is the symbol of the true cross; it is that put into the hands of Christ in representations of his resurrection. It is a lance, the staff of which terminates in a CROSS ins= tead of a pike; it carries a flag or banner, upon which is depicted a cross, w= hich is suspended from the point of intersection of the arms. It is the cross = held by the paschal lamb, 4 it is= that carried at the head of religious processions. It is not a tree, like the = cross of the passion, but a staf= f; the first is the cross of suffering, the other is the cross of victory= ; they are of the same general form, but the latter is spiritualised, it is elevated or transfigured. 5 = There are many other crosses which are purely emblematic, some of which have be= en adopted in heraldry, 6 to wh= ich names characteristic of their nature and forms have been given; and it is somewhat remarkable that all those used in blazonry are Greek, and not La= tin, being brought from the East at the time of the Crusades. 7 The full consideration of this interesting subject would fi= ll a large volume. 8 FIGURES

1 The MALTESE CROSS (fig. 5), and the CROSS OF JERUSALEM (fig.7), are varieties of the Greek cross.

2 This is known in heraldry as the PATRIARCHAL CROSS.

3 These varieties of the cross must be regarded as somewhat fantastic, yet they were adopted by the Church. The TRIPLE CROSS was carried only before the Pope; the DOUBLE CROSS was appropriated to cardinals and archbishops, while the SIMPLE CRO= SS was left to the bishops.

4 See cut to AGNUS = DEI.

5 The cross of St. John the Baptist is nearly identical with this, but it has not the cross depicted on the banner.

6 Thus the cross fi= g. 4 is that of St. Andrew and St. Patrick; but in heraldry it is termed a saltire. Fig. 7 is also termed a= cross potent; fig. 8, a cross pattée or formée; fig. 9, a cross patance; fig. 10 has = crosslets in each limb; and fig. 11 is coun= ter-changed - that is, the colour is opposed by its opposite tint midway throughout. These are a few of the heraldic distinctions, which are very numerous.

7 See Glossary of Heraldry, 8vo., O= xford, 1847. The crosses used by the Church may be classed conveniently as follo= ws: -

1. Altar crosses.     &n= bsp;      6. Marking crosses.

2. Processional.     &nb= sp;       7. Pectoral crosses.

3. Roods on lofts.     &= nbsp;    8. Spire crosses.

4. Reliquary crosses.     9. Crosses pendant over altars.

6. Consecration crosses.

See Pugin's Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament and Costume.

8 We must refer our readers to one entitled Cruciana<= /i> for a very curious dissertation on the point; as well as to the interesti= ng work of M. Didron, Iconographie Chretienne, Histoire de Dieu, 4to., Paris, 1843; and the Oxford Glossary of Heraldry, already quoted. (1855f1)

--- $H Cross, Anchored.

So called beca= use the four extremities of it resemble the flukes of an anchor. The cross anchor= ed is much used in coats of arms, its frequency being due to the practice of crusaders, who, on returning from = the Holy Land, in many cases changed their arms and replaced figures of anima= ls by a cross. ILLUS. cross4an(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Batons.

A cross formed by the interlacing of four batons, placed slightly apart so that the field of the escutcheon is visible between. The batons are not necessarily all of the = same tincture. ILLUS. cross4ba(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Cablée.

A cross made of thic= k cords or cables interlaced.(1891a1)

--- $H Cross, Calvary.

A Latin cross set up= on three steps.(1891a1)

--- $H Cross, Cercellée.

A cross the ends of = which are divided and bent back on both sides so as to form a crook. ILLUS. cross4ce(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Cléchée.

A cross voided so that the field of the escutcheon is visible. The limbs of this cross expand slight= ly from the centre towards the extremities, which latter are ornamented each with three pearls. ILLUS. cross4cl(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Corded.

A cross the limbs of= which are wound round with cord, yet so that the cords do not hide the cross.(1891a1)

--- $H Cross, Couped.

(Her.) A cross is= said to be couped when the limbs are cut off and do not extend to the edge of = the shield. ILLUS. cross4co(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Crosslet.

In this cross each o= f the limbs is crossed again at a short distance from the end. It is a very com= mon charge. It may be described as four Greek crosses joined together by a square. ILLUS. cross4cr(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Eguisce.

(Her.) In this cr= oss the four extremities are pointed by having the square corners cut off. It differs from the cross fitché, in which the limb gradually tapers = to a fine point. ILLUS. cross4eg(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Fimbriated. &= nbsp;

A cross is said to be fimbriated when it is surrounded completely by a narrow band or hem of a different tincture to that of the cross or to that of the field.(1891a1)

--- $H Cross, Fitché.

The lower limb of th= is cross tapers to a point from the centre downwards. The upper limbs may have any= of the common forms, thus, for example, a cross‑crosslet fitché= . It is said that the early Christians carried fitched crosses in their pilgrimages, so that they could readily fix them in the ground and perform their devotions. ILLUS. cross4fi(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Flory.

The limbs of this cr= oss are terminated by fleurs‑de‑lis, and hence it is somewhat called a cross fleurdelisée. These crosses are frequently found in Spanish coats of arms. ILLUS. cross4fl(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Fourchée.

This cross may best = be described as a cross moline<= /st1:City> (q.v.) with the eight points cut off. It gets its name from the resemblan= ce of its limbs to the forks or crutches (Fr. fourchette) on which soldiers = used to rest their muskets.(1891a1)

--- $H Cross, Greek.

A plain cross with f= our equal limbs. it is sometimes represented inscr= ibed in a circle; for example, the robes of saints are often ornamented with a border composed of Greek crosses placed in circles. Most of the Eastern churches are built in the form of a Greek cross. ILLUS. cross4gr(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Gringolée.

A cross the limbs of= which are terminated each by two snakes' heads turned outwards. The term gringolée may also be applied to saltires or other charges ornamen= ted in this way. ILLUS. cross5gr(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Latin.

In this cross the lo= wer limb is longer than the other three. Nearly all Romanesque and Gothic churches= are built on the model of this cross. The nave takes the place of the long lo= wer limb, the choir is the head of the cross, and the transepts are the two a= rms. ILLUS. cross5la(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Maltese.

A cross with equal limbs which widen from the centre outwards. The Knights of Mal= ta, as heirs of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, bore this cross as the distinctive mark of their order. In heraldry this cross is m= ore frequently represented with an indentation in the middle of the broad end= of each limb, thus distinguishing it from the cross patée, and earning for it the second name of cross of eight points. ILLUS. cross5ma(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Moline.

A cross the limbs of= which are terminated by fers de moulin<= /i> or millrinds (q.v.). It is not u= nlike the cross anchored, but the ends expand more, and sometimes the limbs are pierced as in the cut. ILLUS. cross5mo(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Patée.

Like the Maltese cro= ss this is composed of four equal limbs widening from the centre outwards. Someti= mes the sides of the limbs are curved as in the accompanying cut, sometimes straight as in the Malta cross, but in either case the limbs in the cross patée are always terminated by a straight line. ILLUS. cross5pa(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Patriarchal. =

This is a Greek cros= s, the upper limb of which is crossed again, so that a double cross is formed. It is also called the cross of <= st1:State w:st=3D"on">Lorraine, from= the fact that it was borne by the dukes of that province. ILLUS. cross6pa(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Pommée.

The limb are terminated by a single ball. It is called by the French cross bourdonnée from bourdon, a pilgrim's staff, which was a long stick with its upper end rounded = off in the form of an apple (pomme).<= /i>(1891a1)

--- $H Cross, Potent.

This cross has its f= our limbs crossed again at the ends, so that each is in the form of the lette= r T. The term potent, which is also applied to an heraldic fur, is an old English = word for crutch (cf. Fr. potence.) The word still survives in Norfo= lk under the form of pottent. ILLUS. cross6po(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Processional.

A cross with or without the figure of Christ upon it, generally of metal, and car= ried at the end of a shaft or handle. As its name implies it is used in the ceremonial processions of the Roman Catholic Church. Processional crosses= are often composed of precious metal adorned with gems. In the early days of = the Church the large processional crosses were garlanded with flowers, each a= rm supporting a flaming torch, while swinging from the arms by chains hung t= he letters A and S. M= any fine examples of processional crosses are still preserved, notably at St. Deni= s, near Paris, where is to be seen a cross of the 12th century, of oak, covered with pla= tes of silver and copper gilt. ILLUS. cross6pr(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, Roadside.

On the continent of = Europe numerous roadside crosses, or calvarys, are to be found at conspicuous places, such as the meeting of four cross roads, the entrance to a villag= e, &c. In England= they were mostly destroyed by the Puritan iconoclasts.(1891a1)

--- $H Cross, St. Andrew's.

The cross of St. And= rew is in the form of the letter X. In heraldry it is more frequently described = as a saltire. In woodwork a cross = of this shape formed of two beams it constantly used to strengthen a rectang= ular structure. ILLUS. cross6st(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

--- $H Cross, St. Anthony's.

The cross of St. Ant= hony is simply the letter T.(1891a1)

--- $H Cross, Tau.

This is identical wi= th the cross of St. Anthony. It takes its name from the Greek letter.(1891a1)

--- $H Cross, Trefled.

A cross the limbs of= which are ornamented at their extremities with three semicircles representing t= he trefoil. It is sometimes called the cross of St. Lazarus, and in France the cross fleuronée. ILLUS. cross6tr(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Cross‑aisled.

Cross‑aisled. = Arch. Having TRANSEPTS.(1883m1)

$H Cross and Pile.

Cross and Pile. O.E.= The game of "heads and tails."(1883m1)

$H Cross‑bow.

Cross‑bows. Cross‑bows were brought to= England by the Crusaders. They were frequently richly carved and inlaid.(1883m1)

Cross‑bow. A w= eapon introduced into En= gland in the 11th century. It discharged iron‑shod arrows or burning mate= rial to set fire to buildings. It was a very deadly weapon especially in the h= ands of the Venetians and Genoese. [Arbalest.] ILLUS. cros= sbow(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

Cross-bow. This ancient weapon, a great improvement on the wooden long-bow, was brou= ght to Europe by the Crusaders. It was mad= e of steel, with a peculiar handle, and the string was stretched by means of a small wheel called a gaffle. = The bolts or arrows were generally shod with iron, and were either round, angular, or pointed. Burning materials were also discharged from the bow,= in order to set fire to buildings and machines of war. Those bows made wholl= y of iron were called BALLISTERS (an obvious corruption of the Latin word balista). * The share which Art had in the CROSS-BOWS of the middle ages may be seen by a glance into the armouries. The most artistic specimen is= the bow which Charles V. used for his amusement. It was inlaid with ivory car= ved by Albert Durer. FIGURE

* Two Popes forbade= the use of the cross-bow; it was most in favour in the time of Richard Coeur = de Lion and Philip Augustus of France. It was used as a weapon of war in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when a great part of the infantry of an army consisted of cross-bowmen, or archers; those of Genoa and Venice were particularly famous, and = were often hired by foreign powers. (1855f1)

$H Cross‑cut.

Cross‑cut. To = cut across the edges of a piece of wood.(1891a1)

$H Cross‑days.

Cross‑days. O.= E. The three days before Ascension Day.(1883m1)

$H Crossette.

Crossette. (Arch.) T= he projection of a key‑stone which is carried on above the key‑s= tone itself. The term is likewise applied to the projection of mouldings which surround a bay. ILLUS. crossett(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Cross‑gartered.

Cross‑gartered. Having the garters crossed on the leg. (= H.)(1883m1)

$H Cross‑hatch, To.

Cross‑hatch, To. To draw lines crossing other lines to obtain depth of shadow. [Hatchings.](1891a1)

$H Cross‑hatching.

Cross‑hatching. Lines or hatchings crossed by other hatchings.(1891a1)

Cross‑hatching. A term in engraving applied to lines which intersect at regular angles, to incre= ase depth of shadow.(1883m1)

Cross-hatching. A term in engraving applied to lines, whether straight or diagonal, which cross each other at regular or obtuse angles, to increase depth of shadow. (1855f1)

$H Crossing.

Crossing. (Arch.) Th= e part of a Gothic church west of the choir where the nave and transepts cut one another at right angles.(1891a1)

$H Crossos.

Crossos Gr. (= 6DTFF`H[=3Dkrossos]). A wide‑bodied vessel narro= wing towards the mouth; it is furnished with a stand and two handles or ears (= *\TJ@4[=3Ddiotoi]).(1883m1)

$H Cross‑row.

Cross‑row. O.E= . The alphabet. (See CHRIST‑CROSS.)(1883m1)

$H Cross‑springer. &n= bsp;

Cross‑springer. Arch. In vaulting, the diagonal rib of a GROIN.(1883m1)

$H Cross‑vaulting.

Cross‑vaulting. Arch. That which is formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults. Wh= en the vaults spring at the same level, and rise to the same height, the cro= ss vault is termed termed a GROIN. The illustration (Fig. 173), the cloister= s of the church of Mont St. Michel in France, shows the crossR= 09;vaulting.(1883m1)

$H Croakumshire.

$H Crobbe.

$H Crobylus.

$H Croc.

$H Crock. Crock. (Pot.) A gene= ral term denoting any vessel made of clay. From this crockery is derived.(1891a1)<= o:p>

$H Crocea.

$H Crochet. <= /h1> Crochet. Knitting do= ne with linen thread, and used under the name of nun's lace from the 16th century for bordering altar‑cloths, albs, &c.(1883m1)

$H Crocket.

$H Crocketts.

$H Crocodile. Egypt

$H Crocodilopolis. Egypt

$H Crocota.

$H Cromlech.

$H Crook. [See Croc]

$H Cross.=

--- $H Cross, Anchored.

--- $H Cross, Batons.

--- $H Cross, Cablée.

--- $H Cross, Calvary.

--- $H Cross, Cercellée.

--- $H Cross, Cléchée.

--- $H Cross, Corded.

--- $H Cross, Couped.

--- $H Cross, Crosslet.

--- $H Cross, Eguisce.

--- $H Cross, Fimbriated. &= nbsp;

--- $H Cross, Fitché.

--- $H Cross, Flory.

--- $H Cross, Fourchée.

--- $H Cross, Greek.

--- $H Cross, Gringolée.

--- $H Cross, Latin.

--- $H Cross, Maltese.

--- $H Cross, Moline.

--- $H Cross, Patée.

--- $H Cross, Patriarchal. =

--- $H Cross, Pommée.

--- $H Cross, Potent.

--- $H Cross, Processional.

--- $H Cross, Roadside.

--- $H Cross, St. Andrew's.

--- $H Cross, St. Anthony's.

--- $H Cross, Tau.

--- $H Cross, Trefled.

$H Cross‑aisled.

$H Cross and Pile.

$H Cross‑bow.

$H Cross‑cut.

$H Cross‑days.

$H Crossette.

$H Cross‑gartered.

$H Cross‑hatch, To.

$H Cross‑hatching.

$H Crossing.

$H Crossos.

$H Cross‑row.

$H Cross‑springer. &n= bsp;

$H Cross‑vaulting.

$H Crock.

Crock. (Pot.) A gene= ral term denoting any vessel made of clay. From this crockery is derived.(1891a1)<= o:p>

$H Crochet. <= /h1>

Crochet. Knitting do= ne with linen thread, and used under the name of nun's lace from the 16th century for bordering altar‑cloths, albs, &c.(1883m1)