$H Diabathrum. Graeco-= Roman

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>$V2D@<[=3Dbathron], that = on which one stands). A sandal or light shoe worn by women, especially such as were tall. The comic poet Alexis, talking of courtesans, says, "One is too short, and so she puts, cork in her baukides; another is too tall, and she puts on a light= diabathrum."(1883m1)

$H Diaconicum, Scevophylacium, and Bematis Diaconicon. Architecture

Diaconicum. (Arch.) One of the lateral absides of Christian basilicae in which the treasure = was kept. It was sometimes called secretarium.(1891a1)

Diaconicum, Scevophylacium, and Bematis Diaconicon, = Chr. A room in an ancient basilica near the altar,= where the priests put on and took off their vestments, and the deacons (= *4V6@<@4[=3Ddiakonoi]) prep= ared the vessels and sacred ornaments to be used in the service. Diaconicum majus was the sacristy.(1883m1)<= o:p>

$H Diadem.

A circlet worn round= the heads of kings in ancient times. It was of silk or wool and was tied at t= he back with strings. It was the emblem of power, and among the deities of ancient Greece Zeus and Hera are represented as wearing it. ILLUS. diadem(1891a1)

$H Diadema. Graeco-= Roman

R. (= *4= "*= XT[=3Ddiadeo], to bind round). Originall= y the white fillet worn by Eastern monarchs round the head. It was made of silk, wool, or yarn, narrow, but wider in the centre of the forehead. The Greeks presented a diadem to every victor in the public games, and it was worn by priests and priestesses. As the emblem of sovereignty it is an attribute = of Juno. Afterwards the term came to mean a diadem.(1883m1)

$H Diadumenos.

This name is given to statues which represent a youth binding a wreath or diadem round his head. The most celebrated work of art bearing this name in ancient times was a statue by Polycletus. A picture or statue representing a girl in a similar attitude is termed a diadumene.(1891a1)

$H Diaeta and Diaetae. Graeco-= Roman

Diaetae, R. Summer&#= 8209;houses. (See HORTUS.)(1883m1)

Diaeta, Gr. and R. (= i.e. a living‑place). That part of a house in which a Roman received his guests. The same term was applied to a captain's cabin in the after‑= ;part of a ship.(1883m1)

$H Diaglyph. Graeco-= Roman

$H Diaglyphic.

(Sculpture, engravin= g, &c.) in which the objects are sunk below the general surface.(1883m1)=

$H Diagonal.

The diagonal of a parallelogram or of any four‑sided figure is the line joining two n= on‑adjacent angles.(1891a1)

$H Diagonal Joining. Architecture

(Arch.) A decoration= found in Gothic houses, which consists of small beams, bricks, or tiles, set obliquely and symmetrically with respect to a vertical or horizontal axis. ILLUS. diagonal(1891a1)<= o:p>

$H Diagonal Rib. Architecture

Arch. A cross formed= by the intersection of the ribs which cut one another according to the groins of= a groined roof.(1883m1)

$H Diagram.

A geometrical drawing representing the outline of an object, or some fact or series of facts. T= he diagram of a vase, for instance, gives the outline of the vase, as well as the outline of all the objects which decorate its surface. Diagrams are a= lso used for scientific purposes. Thus by means of curves we can represent on paper the varying rates of mortality in a country, and such curves would = form a diagram of mortality.(1891a= 1)

$H Diagraph.

An optical instrumen= t by means of which pictures and other objects can be traced on a scale proportional to the distance of the diagraph from the object. The instrum= ent was invented by the architect Cigosi in the 1= 6th century and perfected by Gavard in 1830. The apparatus consists of a glass to which is attached a contrivance for hold= ing a pencil. The operator looking through the glass follows the lines of the picture. As he moves the glass the pencil also moves and so reproduces the picture.(1891a1)

$H Diahbina.

A city in the district of Yalman subdued by Samas-Rimmon, king of Assyria.(1876c1)

$H Diaithemis.

A Kypriote who= is mentioned on a votive inscription to Apollo in the C= esnola collection. (1876c1)

$H Diakku.

A Median chief whose policy united the var= ious tribes of Media into one powerful kingdom after the death of Assurbanipal. He was the Dejoc= es of the Greeks, and was succeeded by his son Phraorte= s. (1876c1)

$H Dial.

The decorated disc o= f a clock, upon which the hours are marked. The circular form of the dial suggested to artists many ingenious methods of ornamentation. Dials vary = in style according to the period to which they belong and many of them are f= ull of interest as works of art. ILLUS. dial(1891a1)

$H Dialia. Graeco-= Roman

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>*4V84"[=3Ddialia], from )ÂH, old form for -,bH). Festivals held in honou= r of Jupiter by the Flamen Dialis (the priest of Jupiter).(1883m1)

$H Diamastigosis. Greek

Gr. (*4":"FJ\(TF4H[=3Ddiamastigosis],= i.e. a severe scourging). A festival held at Sparta in honour of Artemis Ort= hia, during which boys were flogged at an altar in order to harden them to the endurance of pain.(1883m1)

$H Diameter.

The diameter of a ci= rcle or of any central curve is a straight line passing through the centre and terminaled at each end by the curve.(1891a1)

$H Diamicton. Graeco-= Roman

Gr. and R. (= *4= ":= \(= <L= :4[=3Ddiamignumi], to mix up). A wall, of which the outside surface was made of brickwork or regular layers of maso= nry, and the centre was filled up with rubble. (Fig. 246.)

Fig. 246. Diamicton.(1883m1)

$H Diamond.

Diamond, for glass&#= 8209;cutting, was not used till the 16th century, although suggested in a Bolognese MS.= of a century earlier. Its discovery is attributed to Francis I., who, to let= the Duchesse d'Estampes know of his jealousy, wro= te on the palace windows with his ring, ‑ "Sou= vent femme varie; Mal habil qui s'y fie." The art of cutting and polishing diamonds with diamond powder was discovered by Louis de Berquem in 1476.(1883m= 1)

A colourless gem of the greatest brilliancy more highly esteemed by the moderns than a= ny other precious stone. On account of its extraordinary hardness it is of g= reat service in some of the industrial arts. A glazier's diamond is a small to= ol for cutting glass. It consists of a short handle, at one end of which is fixed a speck of diamond. When the diamond is drawn firmly across a sheet= of glass it makes a scratch, and the glass can then be easily broken along t= he line of the scratch. In architecture and the decorative arts, bricks, sto= nes, and pieces of wood or glass are said to be diamond‑shaped when they assume the form of the rectangular figure known as the lozenge (q.v.).(1891a1)

$H Diamond Dust.

The powdered dust of diamonds used for cutting and shaping precious stones. The value of diamo= nd dust for this purpose was discovered by Louis de Ber= quem in 1476.(1891a1)

$H Diamond Fret. Architecture

(Arch.) An ornamenta= l moulding employed in Romanesque architecture.(1891a= 1)

Arch. The descriptiv= e name for a decorated moulding in Norman architecture.(1883m1)

$H Diamond, in Christian art. (See WHITE.) (1883m1)

$H Diamond Rings.

Diamond Rings were used as seal and bearings on his escutcheon (represented in Fig. 100) by Cosmo de' Medici, the founder of = the famous Florentine family. The device in various forms was invariably adop= ted by his descendants. Fig. 247 is the device of Pietro de' Medici († 1470), the son of Cosmo: a falcon with a ring, and the punning motto, &qu= ot;Semper," forming with the device the words "Semper fa‑'l‑con di (Dio) amante."

Fig. 247. Di‑amante, Punning device of Pietro de' Medici.(1883m1)=

<= /o:p>

$H Diamond Powder.

A powder used by gem engravers. When their cutting tools are covered with a slight coating of = oil the diamond powder easily adheres to them and prevents them from blunting.(1891a1)

$H Dian-Nisi. "Judg= e of Men."

A title of the deity = Shamas among the Assyrians. It has been compared with the Dionysius of the Greek= s. (1876c1)

$H Diaper. 1. Architecture; 2. Old English; 3. Cloth

Diaper, Arch. Orname= nt of sculpture in low relief, sunk below the general surface.(1883m1)

Diaper, O.E. A mode of decoration by a repeated patt= ern, carved or painted, generally in squares, representing flowers and arabesques.(1883m1)

Diaper. A fine linen= cloth manufactured at Ypres<= /st1:place> and decorated with ornamental devices, such as geometric patterns, scroll= or lattice work, &c. From this system of ornament diaper came to be used to denote an architectural decoration. This decoration consists of the continued repetition of a small flower, carved in low relief and sunk below the level of the surface which it decorates. The sculptured diaper pattern is extensively used in buildings= of the Early English and Decorated styles. In Perpendicular buildings it is painted not sculptured, and mural paintings being perishable few examples= of the diaper pattern belonging to the Perpendicular period have come down to us. In heraldry a shield is said to be diapered with a certain colour when it is covered with ornaments or arabesq= ues of that colour. Sometimes the diaper takes the f= orm of garlands of flowers. Examples are frequently found in German coats of arm= s. 2 ILLUS. diaper1, diaper2(= 1891a1)

&nbs= p; &nbs= p; =

Diaper or Damask, a = name given to a fine linen cloth made at Ypres, is spoken of as early as the 13th century.

"Of cloth making she had such a haunt, She passed hem of Ypres and of Gaunte." (Prologue of Canterbury Tales= .)

The peculiarity of this cloth, as of that of Damascus, was in the pattern. "To diaper" is, in heraldry,= to cover the field of an escutcheon with devices independent of the armorial bearings. The engraving shows a surcoat diape= red, on which are embroidered armorial bearings. (Fig. 248.)

Fig. 248. Diapered surcoat of a Herald, with the clarion.(1883m1)

$H Diaphanograph.

An instrument by mea= ns of which an object can be drawn by looking at it across a sheet of glass. Al= so a photograph printed on glass, so that when hung against the light it prese= nts the appearance of a monochrome. These photographs are generally prepared = by first printing from the usual glass negative on a sheet of gelatine. This is afterwards covered with a special= ink, and the greater or less depressions of the gelatine<= /span> produce when the gelatine is pressed against a sheet of glass the effects of light and shade.(1891a1)<= /p>

$H Diaphragm.

A thin sheet of meta= l with a circular opening in it, which is placed in a camera between the object gl= ass and the image so as to give more clearness to the image by cutting off oblique rays of light from the object.(1891a1)

$H Diapasma. Graeco-= Roman

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>*4"BVFFT[=3Ddiapasso], to s= prinkle). A powder made of dried flowers and odoriferous herbs, which was put in a sachet for use as a perfume, or rubbed over the body.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Diarbeker.

The modern name of the city and district w= hich was called Amida by the Assyrians. (1876c1)

$H Diar-Thamud. = "Country of Thamud." Arabia

In Arabic history that part of Arabia which was inhabited by the Horites of the Hebrew writers. (1876c1)

$H Diasia. Greek

Gr. Festivals in honour of Zeus, held at Athens, outside of the wall= s of the city, for the purpose of averting epidemics and other ills (–F0[=3Dase]).(1883m1)<= o:p>

$H Diastyle. Architecture

(Arch.) A temple is = called diastyle when the distance between the columns is e= qual to three times the diameter of the column.(1891a1)

Arch. An intercolumn= iation, in which the columns are separated from each other by a space of three diameters.(1883m1)

$H Diathyrum. Greek

Gr. A passage leading at one e= nd to the street‑door of a house, and at the other to the door of the courtyard. The Romans called this space PROTHYRUM (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Diatoni, Diatonoi. Graeco-= Roman

Gr. and R. (= *4= "J= ,\= <T[=3Ddiateino], to extend through). Long stones extending from one face of a wall to the other (to which modern architects give the name of perpe= nders or perpend‑stones), and= which were employed in the method of construction called EMPLECTON (q.v.). In F= ig. 249 one is represented by the stone placed between b and c. Fig. 2= 49 Diatonoi.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Diatreta. Greek

Gr. (*4VJD0J"[=3Ddiatreta], i.e.= bored through). A drinking‑cup made of glass, cut in such a way that the designs or ornaments upon it stand out completely from the body of the va= se, and form a tracery, which is only united to the vase itself by small ties= or pins left for the purpose.(1883m1)

$H Diatriba. Graeco-= Roman

$H Diaulos. Greek

Gr. The double flute. (See AUL= OS, FLUTE.) One in the British Museum, found in a tomb at Athens, is of cedar‑wood, with = tubes fifteen inches in length.(1883m1)

$H Diazoma. Greek

Gr. (*4V.T:"[=3Ddiazoma], that = which girdles). A Greek synonym of the Latin term PRAECINCTIO (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Dibbat. Chaldaea

The Chaldean n= ame of the seven chief stars, among which the sun and moon were reckoned. The Dibbat was the name of an animal famous for its bri= ght eyes; it has not been identified, but has been conjectured to have been t= he lynx. (Sayce.) (1876c1)

$H Dicasterion, Dicastery. Greek

Gr. (*46"FJZD4@<[=3Ddikasterion]; <= /span>*\60[=3Ddike], justice). A tribunal at Athens in which the people themselves administered justice without the intervention of the magistrates.(1883m1)=

$H Dicastes. Greek

A judge, or rather j= uryman, chosen annually from the citizens at Athens.(1883m1)

$H Dicerion. Christian

Chr. (*4‑6XD"4@<[=3Ddi‑keraion], with two horns). A candlestick with two branches, holding = which in their hands the Greek priests bless the people. The dicerion is symbolical of the two‑fold nature of Christ. (See TRICERION.)(1883m= 1)

$H Dichalcon. Greek

Gr. (*\P"86@H[=3Ddichalkos], i.e= . double‑chalcos). A small Greek copper coin worth only one&= #8209;fourth or one‑fifth of an obolus.(1883m1)=

$H Dichoria. Greek

Gr. (*4‑P@D\"[=3Ddi‑choria= ], i.e. division of chorus). When the ancient choruses divided into two, to recit= e in turn a part of the action of a play, or mutually to interchange sentiment= s, this action was called dichoria; each half of the chorus was called hemichoria (º:4P@D\"[=3Dhemichoria]), a= nd each stanza antic= horia (= •<J4P@D\"[=3Dantichoria]).(1= 883m1)

$H Dicken. Old English

O.E. The devil. "Odds dickens!"(1883m1)

$H Dicker. Old English

O.E. Half a score.(1= 883m1)

$H Dicomos. Greek

Gr. (6ä:@H[=3Dkomos], a feast= ). A banqueting‑song, which was sung at the second course of the feast at the festivals of Bacchus.(1883m1)

$H Dicrotos, Dicrotus. Greek

Gr. (*\‑6D@J@H[=3Ddi‑krotos= ], lit. double‑beating). The Greek name for a vessel with two banks of oars, the Roman bi= remis.(1883m1)

$H Dictynnia. Greek

Dictynnia (*\6JL@<[=3Ddiktuon], a hun= ter's net). A Cretan festival in honour of Artemis.(1883m1)

$H Dictyotheton.= Greek

Gr. (from = *\= 6J= L@= <[=3Ddiktuon], a net). A kind of masonry composed of regularly‑cut square stones, forming, in a wall so constructed, a net‑work or chess‑board pattern. It answered to the opus reticulatum of the Romans. Fig. 250. Dictyotheton.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Didactic.

A work of art, wheth= er a poem, a picture, or a sculptured group, is said to be didactic when it is obvious that the author intended to convey some moral lesson by means of = his work.(1891a1)

$H Didi. See Taiti. (1876c1)

$H Dido. Or Deid.

Deid. Or= Dido. The wife of Batta king of the Lydians, and mother of King Maurmaiu, who w= as lost in battle fighting against Menepthah II. (1876c1)

Dido. "The Fugitive." A title assumed by E= lissa, queen of Tyre, when driven from her king= dom by the cruelty of her brother Pümeliun, she sailed to found the city of Kiryath-Hadeschath or Cartha= ge. See Elissa. (1876c1)

$H Didrachma, Didrachmum= . Greek

Gr. (*\‑*D"P:@<[=3Ddi‑drachmon]). A double silver drachma of the Greek coinage, which was worth about two shillings.(1883m1)

$H Die. 1. Numismatics; 2. Architecture

(Numis.) A metal block cut in intaglio from which a coin is struck.(1891a1)

In Architecture, for= dado, or the part of a pedestal = that would correspond to the dado (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Die‑sinking. Engraving

The art of engraving= on steel moulds, medals, coins, and inscriptions.(1883m1)<= /p>

$H Diespiter.

The Archaic form of the name of the Roman deity Jupiter. (1876c1)

$H Difference, Differencing. Heraldry

Difference, Differencing, Her. An addition to, or some change in, a coat‑of‑arms, introduced= for the purpose of distinguishing coats which in their primary qualities are = the same. Differencing is sometimes used in the same sense as Cadency; but, strictly, it is distinct, having reference to alliance and dependency, without blood‑relationship, or to the system adopted for distinguis= hing similar coats‑of‑arms. (Boutell.)(1883m1)

Difference. (Her.) A= difference or brisure in heraldry is the mark by which the various individuals who= are entitled to wear the same arms are distinguished from one another. Thus t= he eldest son wears his father's arms with the addition of a charge called t= he label (q.v.), the second son add= s to his father's arms a crescent;= the third, a mullet; the fourt= h, a mascle, and so on. The best known case of a difference or mark of cadency is= the baton which is superadded by a b= astard to the arms borne by his father. The baton is a diminutive of the bend&#= 8209;sinister, and is c= ouped at its extremities so that it d= oes not extend to the edges of the shield. It is not uncommon to hear this ma= rk of bastardy loosely described as the "ba= r‑sinister," a term which is heraldically absurd, for a bar being a horizontal belt right across the shield cannot ob= viously be either sinister or dexter. The special name for a difference which denotes dishonour of any sort is abatement.(1891a1)

$H Digit. Egypt

An unit of measurement and like the cubit subject to slight variatio= ns. The mean value of its length may be roughly estimated at .727 inch. Profe= ssor Petrie has pointed out that the cubit and the digit "have no integral relation one to the other."(1902b1)

$H Digitale. Roman

R. (digitus, a finger). <= /span>A kind of glove worn by the Sarmatians, an example of which may be seen on Trajan's Column.(1883m1)

$H Diglyph. Ornament

An ornament consisti= ng of two grooves, as the triglyph (q.v.) does of t= hree. It is often met with on the side faces of corbels.(1891a1)

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>*\‑(8LN@H[=3Ddi‑gluphos], doubly indented). An ornament consisting of two glyphae ((8LN"Â[=3Dgluphai]) or gr= ooves channelled out on consoles. (See TRIGLYPH.)(1883m1)=

$H Dihibina.

A Chaldean city conquered, together with 300 others, by Samsi-Vul, or Samas-Rimmon, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Dihnum.

A city between the Euphrates and Tigris which supported Assur= dainpal in his revolt against his father Shalmaneser = II. (1876c1)

$H Dihtan.

A small kingdom in = Arabia, which was conquered for the first time by the Assyrians under Esarhaddon. It may have been the Dedan of Hebrew writers. (1876c1)

$H Dihutani.

An Arabian kingdom, conquered, and its que= en Yapaa slain, by Esarhaddon. It may have been the same as the preceding. (1876c1)

$H Diipoleia. Greek

Diipoleia (B@84,×H[=3Dpolieus], of th= e city). A very ancient Athenian festival, celebrated annually on the Acropolis, in = honour of Zeus Polieus.= (1883m1)

$H Dilala.

An Elamite dei= ty, of whom nothing is known. (1876c1)

$H Dilbat.

The Babylonian name of a planet supposed t= o be Venus. (1876c1)

$H Dilgan. Or Icu. Chaldaea

In Chaldean astronomy a name of the planet Jupiter, as one of the twelve stars of the West. Also -(1876c1)

$H Dilgan. "The Star of Babylon." Akkad

The Accadian n= ame of the planet Mercury, as one of the forms of the god M= arduk. (1876c1)

$H Dilme. Chaldaea

In Chaldean astronomy the name of an unidentified star. (1876c1)