$H Drachma. Greek

Gr. (*D"P:Z[=3Ddrachme]; *DVFF@:"4[=3Ddrassomai], to = hold in the hand). A drachm, the principal silver coi= n of the Greeks. There were two kinds of drachmata, which differed in value: the Attic drachm and the AEginetan. The Attic drachma was equal in va= lue to a franc, equal to six oboloi. The piece of four drachmas was called a stater. As a weight the d= rachma was the eighth of an uncia; about =3D our modern drachm.(1883m1)

$H Draco.

Gen. (1) A dragon; the ensign = of the Roman cohort in the time of Trajan, adopted f= rom the Parthians.

(2) A fantastic anim= al of Pagan mythology: the garden of the Hesperides= , the Golden Fleece, and the fountain of Castalia were all guarded by dragons. =

(3) In Christian arc= haeology the dragon symbolizes sin, especially idolatry.

(4) The Chinese give= to several immortals the figure of a dragon. They distinguish the long drago= n of heaven, a being especially sacred; the Kau, d= ragon of the mountain; and the Li, dragon of the sea. The dragons are represent= ed as "gigantic saurians, with powerful cla= ws, and terminated by a frightful head, scaly and strongly toothed." The= re are the scaly dragon, the winged dragon, the horned and the hornless drag= ons, and the dragon rolled within itself which has not yet taken flight to the upper regions. In their zodiacal system the dragon is the sign for the mo= nth of March. (See TCHY.)(1883m1)

$H Draconarius.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Roman

R. The standard̴= 9;bearer who carried the draco.(1883m1)

$H Dracontarium.=

R. A band for the he= ad, so called because it was twisted in imitation of the draco which was used as an ensign.(1883m1)

$H Dragon. Roman

A short carbine (hen= ce "dragoons").(1883m1)

Her. A winged monster having four legs. (See DRACO.)= Fig. 2= 70. Heraldic Dragon.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

A mythical animal wi= th lion's claws, eagle's wings, and a serpent's tail. In Byzantine monuments= a dragon is often used to symbolise some public calamity. Owing to its fictitious character the dragon is peculiarly adaptable to the imagination of the artist, and hence is a favourite subject for works of art. Chinese and Jap= anese artists, are especially fond of the dragon, and have produced some wonder= ful works in which the dragon is the central idea. ILLUS. dragon(1891a1)

$H Dragon's Blood.

A resin of a dark bl= ood‑red colour, obtained from an Indian tree, and use= d for colouring varnishes.(1891a1)

A resinous astringent extract of a deep red colour, used as a colouring ingredient for spirit and turpentine varn= ishes and paints, &c. The Roman cin= nabar was Dragon's Blood.(1883m1)

$H Drah-Aboul-Neggah. Egypt

The modern name of the most ancient portio= n of the Necropolis of Thebes. It contains the tombs of the sovereigns of the = XIth dynasty, down to the commencement of the XVIIIth.(1876c1)

$H Dramatic.

In painting, this wo= rd is used to characterise a scene expressing lively action or keen emotion.(1891a1)

$H Drape.

To arrange the drape= ry on the model or on a lay‑figure; and also to paint or model drapery.(1= 891a1)

$H Draped.

Covered with drapery.(1891a1)

$H Drapery.

Material or clothing= of such fulness as to hang in folds. In ancient statu= es part of the body was always left uncovered, and the drapery over the rest= modelled from very fine and flexible stuffs hung cl= ose to the body in tiny folds. In the 12th century artists adopted a uniform practice of making stiff and regular folds symmetrically placed. The draperies of the 13th and 14th centuries hang almost straight down, meeti= ng the feet at a right angle. Later, in the 15th century, a good deal of manneri= sm was introduced, but at the same time the lines of the body are followed m= ore truly. The fulness of drapery was very much increased in the 16th century, and in the 17th and 18th centuries it was = much relied upon for producing artistic effects. Thus the drapery is frequently torn or flying about, and by strong shades accentuates the outline of the figure. In the present century our universally inartistic dress compels sculptors as a rule to seek their types of drapery in the fuller robes of preceding generations. ILLUS. drapery(1891a1)

--- $H Dr= apery, Mock.

A method of painting= walls to represent drapery hanging in vertical and regular folds. The e draperi= es generally appear as though they were fixed to the wall by round‑hea= ded nails. Though they are generally modelled with great care, they are sometimes painted quite flat, and their folds only indicated by a simple line. ILLUS. draperym(1891a1)

$H Draught (or Drawte) = Chamber. Old English

Draught (or Drawte) Chamber. O.E. The with‑drawing r= oom.(1883m1)

$H Draught‑board Mouldin= g.

(Arch.) A method of decorating the surface of walls adopted in the Romanesque period. It cons= ists of black and white materials alternated, or else of projecting courses of stone intersecting at right angles so as to form squares, and by throwing shadows to break the monotony of the surface. The term draught‑boar= d is also used of pavements where tiles of different colo= urs alternate. ILLUS. draughtb(1891a1)

$H Draughts, Game of. (See DAMES, LATRUNCULI= ) (1883m1)

$H Dravid'ha. Hindu

Hind. A Hindoo temple constructed on an octagonal plan. (See NAGARAS, VIMANA, VESARA.)(1883m1)

$H Drawing.

A method of represen= ting objects by lines made with pen or pencil. In geometrical or architectural drawing rulers and compasses are employed to aid the hand; while in freehand drawing only pen or pencil may be used.(1891a1)

--- $H Dr= awing, Architectural.

A drawing which port= rays building either in elevation or section by geometrical processes.(1891a1)=

--- $H Dr= awing Board.

A flat board, upon w= hich drawing paper is strained. The paper is moistened and secured to the board round its under edge by paste or glue. It beco= mes flat, when dry, and can be removed from the board by cutting inside the p= aste line.(1891a1)

--- $H Dr= awing, Freehand. =

A drawing done witho= ut the aid of ruler or compass.(1891a1)

--- $H Dr= awing from Nature.

A drawing made from = the living model, from a landscape, or from natural objects.(1891a1)

--- $H Dr= awing from the Cast.

A drawing made from a plaster cast, either of a bas‑relief or a sculpture in the round.(1891a1)

--- $H Dr= awing from the Flat.

A drawing copied fro= m a subject drawn, lithographed or engraved.(1891a1)

--- $H Dr= awing, Machine. <= /h2>

A term applied to ou= tline or washed drawing, representing machines, pieces of mechanism, &c.(1891a= 1)

--- $H Dr= awing Pin.

A short sharp‑= pointed steel pin with a large head. It is used for fixing sheets of paper upon drawing‑boards, &c.(1891a1)

$H Drawte Chamber. See Draught Cha= mber-Ed.

$H Dreams. Egypt

There is sufficient evidence to show that dreams were considered of no little importance. They were looked upon as "revelations from a world quite= as real as that which we see about us when waking" (Renouf). They were sent by the gods and were much desired, even magic being resort= ed to to produce them. Formulae for coercing the= gods to send certain dreams have been found, but they are of a late date. Prophetic dreams sometimes required explanation by a professional expert,= of whom there was a recognized class, the Hersheshta, lasting until Greek times. Among instances of dreams in Egyptian lore are= :- (a) t= hat recorded on the tablet in front of the Sphinx, in which Thothmes IV. tells how the god (Ha= rmakhis) appeared to him and made him many promises on condition that he cleared a= way the sand from around his image, i.e. the Sphinx; (b) the Sallier Papyrus II. gives = the counsels of Amen-em-hat I. to his son, which = were revealed to that son in a dream; (c) it was in a dream that the Prince of Bekhten = was visited by the god Khensu and ordered to retu= rn his statue to Thebes (see story of the possessed princess of Bekhten, on a stela in the Biblio= thèque Nationale); (d) an Ethiopian stela records how the Pharaoh ha= d a dream which was interpreted to him to mean that he would unite Egypt and Ethiopia under one sceptre; (e) the dream of the Pharaoh which was interpreted by Joseph in Genesis xli.(1902= b1)

$H Dresden China or Porcelain.

Dresden China. The f= irst hard‑paste porcelain made in Europe was produced at Dresden by B&oum= l;ttcher. This celebrated chemist succeeded in making white porcelain in 1710. A factory was then established at Meissen, and Böttcher was appointed director. This factory is still in existence, but the pieces which are sent out from it have little artistic merit. The picturesque figures which were modelled under Kündler's management (1731‑63) are of gr= eat value. ILLUS. dresden(1891a1)

Dresden Porcelain, made at the Royal Manufactory established at Meissen in Saxony in 1709, is most excellent anterior to 1796, since when its ancient perfection has been lost. The mark of the best period is two crossed swor= ds, with a sloped cross or a small circle beneath. The later mark has a star beneath the swords. On rejected pieces the swords were cut across with a line; but the manufactory at the present day counterfeits its old marks. = Fig. 271 is a specimen of the best period, later than 1720 and before 1778.

Fig. 271. Dresden milk‑jug. Fig. 272. Pot‑pourri vase, Dresden china.(1883m1)

&nbs= p;

&n= bsp;

$H Dresser.

A piece of furniture standing or fixed against a wall. It consists generally of two front legs= and an upright back, carrying shelves on which are arranged and displayed the service of plate. About the 16th century sideboards or buffets began to t= ake the place of dressers, and the dresser was relegated to the kitchen. 2 ILLUS. dresser1, dresser2(18= 91a1)

&nbs= p;

$H Dressings. Architecture

(Arch.) A term appli= ed to any kind of moulding, projecting beyond a doo= r, window, or any other opening, and so forming a frame. ILLUS. dressing(1891a1)

$H Dressoir or Dressouer.

Dressoir or Dressouer (the = buffet of the 15th century, the = évidence of the 16th) was the principal object of the dining‑room, on which = were displayed all the ornamental plates of the owner of the house, costly vas= es, &c. Kings had often three dressers, one for silver, another for silve= r‑gold, and the third for gold plate. In form they varied; but they were made of = the most valuable woods, and enriched with the finest carving. They were sometimes covered over with cloth of gold: the city of Orleans offered one in gold to Charle= s IV., which was valued at 8000 livres Tournois.(1883m1)

$H Drilbu. Hindu

Hin= d. A bell used in Buddhist worship.(1883m1)

$H Drill.

A steel tool to whic= h a rotary motion is imparted by means of a bow. This tool is employed by sculptors to perforate holes in blocks of marble with a view to removing = the superfluous portions of the block. [Bow‑drill.](1891a1)<= /span>

$H Drinking‑cups of Glass.

Drinking‑cups = of Glass are frequently found in the Saxon barrows or graves in England. They are ornamente= d in various patterns, and rounded at the bottom. The Anglo‑Saxons were = also rich in cups of the precious metals. They used horn cups also, as did the= Normans. In the= 15th century flat‑shaped cups or bowls were used.(1883m1)

$H Drip. Architecture

Arch. The edge of a = roof; the eaves; the corona of a cornice.(1883m1)

$H Drip‑stone or Dripstone. Architecture

Drip‑stone, Ar= ch. The moulding in Gothic architecture which serves as a c= anopy for an opening and to throw off the rain. It is also called weather‑m= oulding and water‑table. (See a= lso CORONA.)(1883m1= )

Dripstone. (Arch.) A= moulding over the heads of doorways and windows in = Gothic architecture. It corresponds to the corona (q.v.) of the classical style. It got its name from an idea that it was intended for the rain to drip off, but that this idea is mistaken is show= n by the fact that the moulding is used inside as = well as outside a building.(1891a1)

$H Dromo, Dromon or Dromound. Roman

Dromo, Dromon, R. (<= /span>*D`:T<[=3Ddromon]; *D":,Ã<[=3Ddramein], to ru= n). A vessel remarkable for its swift sailing; hence ‑ Dromon or Dromound, O.E. A mediaeval ship, propelled by oars and one sail, used for the transport of troops. The Crusaders called it a dromedary.(1883m1)

$H Dromos. 1. Greece; 2. Egypt

Gr. and Egyp. (= *D`:@H[=3Ddromos]). (1) T= he Spartan racecourse.

(2) An avenue leadin= g to the entrances of Egyptian temples; that leading to the great temple of Karnac contained 660 colossal sphinxes, all of which were monoliths.(1883m1)=

$H Dromound, Dromo, or Dromon.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> [See Dromo-Ed.]

$H Dropicans. Persia

The ninth of the ten great tribes of Persia. They were a nomadic, or shepherd caste. (1876c1)

$H Drop Lake.

Drop Lake is a pigment obtained from Brazil wood, which affords a very fugitive colour.(1= 883m1)

$H Drops. Architecture

Arch. (Lat. guttae). Ornaments resembling drops, used in the Doric entablature, immediately un= der the TRIGLYPH and MUTULE.(1883m1)

(Arch.) Small cylind= ers attached by their upper end to a flat horizontal surface in a vertical position. They are found under the architrave in the Doric order [Guttae].(1891a1)

$H Druidic.

(Monuments), Celt. C= eltic monuments, also known by the name of Megalithic. (See STANDING‑STONES, DOLMENS, MENHIRS, CROMLECHS, &c.). The mo= st ancient and probably the largest Celtic or Druidical temple was at Avebury in Wiltsh= ire. Dr. Stukeley, who surveyed it in 1720, says that "this may be regarded as the grand national cathedral, while the smaller circles which are met with in other parts of the island may be compared to the parish or village churches."(1883m1)

A term applied to the monuments raised by the Druids or British priests. Under the head of Drui= dic remains, which are Celtic in origin, come dolm= ens, cromlechs, &c., which are described under their proper headings. ILLU= S. druidic(1891a1)

$H Drum.

Arch. (1) Of a dome or cupola,= the STYLOBATE (or vertical part on which the columns rest).

(2) Of the Corinthia= n and Composite capitals, the solid part; called also BELL, VASE, BASKET.(1883m1)

$H Dryad. Architecture

A nymph of the woods frequently represented in works of ancient art.(1891a1)=

$H Dryers. Painting

In painting, substan= ces imparted to oils to make them dry quickly. The most general in use is OXI= DE of LEAD, but white copperas, oxide of manganese, ground glass, oxide of z= inc, calcined bones, chloride of lime, and verdigr= is have all been used at various times.(1883m1)

$H Drying Oil.

Boiled oil, used in = painting as a vehicle and a varnish. It is linseed oil boiled with litharge (or ox= ide of lead).(1883m1)

$H Dryness.

A quality attributed= to paintings, in which the outlines are hard and formal, the modelling stiff, and the colour harsh and inharmonious.(1891a1)

A style of painting = in which the outline is harsh and formal, and the colour deficient in mellowness and harmony.(1883m1)

$H Dry Point. Engraving

Direct engraving upo= n copper with the sharp etching‑needle itself, without the plate being cover= ed with etching‑ground, or the lines bit in by acid. This method produ= ces very soft and delicate work, but it is not so durable in printing as the etched line.(1883m1)

(Engrav.) A sharp steel needle with which an engraver draws directly upon a copper plate. In proportion to the pressure used, the dry point sinks more or le= ss deeply into the metal. It does not, however, cut the plate, but as it wer= e makes a furrow and throws up slight projections on each side. The rough edges t= hus caused are removed by the scraper (q.v.) if it is desired to give a grey = tone to the print. If, on the other hand, the engraver aims at obtaining velve= ty blacks, the rough edges are not scraped away. When the plate is inked they naturally print black. A limited number of proofs only can be struck off = in this case, as the process of wiping soon destroys the rough edges. The dry point is used to give to a plate which has already been bitten a delicacy= of tone, which it would be impossible to obtain by mere biting. It is thus of value in retouching a plate, and it was for this purpose that Rembrandt employed it. In more recent times artists have executed works of consider= able size ‑portraits as a rule‑ exclusively in dry point. The beau= ty of these prints depends to a great extent on the skill of the printer.(1891a1)

$H Dshainas.

A Hindu sect whose creed is a combination = of Buddhism and Brahminism. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Dsjaho. Egypt

A form of the Hieroglyphic name Saho, some Dutch Egyptologists using the sound dsj for= the Egyptian character representing sah. See t= he following examples. (1876c1)

$H Dsja-Khons. Egypt

The father of the priest of Amen, Pesahi, which see. (1876c1)

$H Dsja-ta-baf-ankh. Egypt

The father of Pebamen= , a functionary in the te= mple of Amen-Ra, which= see. (1876c1)

$H Dsjot-Khons.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

A priestess of Amen Ra. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

$H Dsjot-Men. Egypt

A spondist of = the temple of Amen. Period uncertain. (1876c1)=

$H Dsjot-Month.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

A spondist of = Amen, and prophet and overseer of the sacred scribes of the god. Period uncerta= in. (1876c1)

$H Dsjot-Month.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

A priest and scribe of the temple of Amen Ra= , in the time of Amenhotep II. or III. of the XVIIIth dynasty. His sarcophagus and mummy are in the Leyden Museum. (1876c1)

$H Drachma. Greek

$H Draco.

$H Draconarius.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Roman

$H Dracontarium.=

$H Dragon. Roman

$H Dragon's Blood.

$H Drah-Aboul-Neggah. Egypt

$H Dramatic.

$H Drape. To arrange the drape= ry on the model or on a lay‑figure; and also to paint or model drapery.(1= 891a1)

$H Draped.

$H Drapery.

--- $H Dr= apery, Mock.

$H Draught (or Drawte) = Chamber. Old English

$H Draught‑board Mouldin= g.

$H Draughts, Game of. (See DAMES, LATRUNCULI= ) (1883m1)

$H Dravid'ha. Hindu

$H Drawing.

--- $H Dr= awing, Architectural.

--- $H Dr= awing Board. A flat board, upon w= hich drawing paper is strained. The paper is moistened and secured to the board round its under edge by paste or glue. It beco= mes flat, when dry, and can be removed from the board by cutting inside the p= aste line.(1891a1)

--- $H Dr= awing, Freehand. =

--- $H Dr= awing from Nature.

--- $H Dr= awing from the Cast.

--- $H Dr= awing from the Flat.

--- $H Dr= awing, Machine. <= /h2> A term applied to ou= tline or washed drawing, representing machines, pieces of mechanism, &c.(1891a= 1)

--- $H Dr= awing Pin.

$H Drawte Chamber. See Draught Cha= mber-Ed.

$H Dreams. Egypt

$H Dresden China or Porcelain.

$H Dresser.

$H Dressings. Architecture

$H Dressoir or Dressouer.

$H Drilbu. Hindu

$H Drill. A steel tool to whic= h a rotary motion is imparted by means of a bow. This tool is employed by sculptors to perforate holes in blocks of marble with a view to removing = the superfluous portions of the block. [Bow‑drill.](1891a1)<= /span>

$H Drinking‑cups of Glass.

$H Drip. Architecture

$H Drip‑stone or Dripstone. Architecture

$H Dromo, Dromon or Dromound. Roman

$H Dromos. 1. Greece; 2. Egypt

$H Dromound, Dromo, or Dromon.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> [See Dromo-Ed.]

$H Dropicans. Persia

$H Drop Lake.

$H Drops. Architecture

$H Druidic.

$H Drum.

$H Dryad. Architecture

$H Dryers. Painting

$H Drying Oil.

$H Dryness.

$H Dry Point. Engraving

$H Dshainas.

$H Dsjaho. Egypt

$H Dsja-Khons. Egypt

$H Dsja-ta-baf-ankh. Egypt

$H Dsjot-Khons.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

$H Dsjot-Men. Egypt

$H Dsjot-Month.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

$H Dsjot-Month.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

$H Drape.

To arrange the drape= ry on the model or on a lay‑figure; and also to paint or model drapery.(1= 891a1)

--- $H Dr= awing Board.

A flat board, upon w= hich drawing paper is strained. The paper is moistened and secured to the board round its under edge by paste or glue. It beco= mes flat, when dry, and can be removed from the board by cutting inside the p= aste line.(1891a1)

--- $H Dr= awing, Machine. <= /h2>

A term applied to ou= tline or washed drawing, representing machines, pieces of mechanism, &c.(1891a= 1)

$H Drill.

A steel tool to whic= h a rotary motion is imparted by means of a bow. This tool is employed by sculptors to perforate holes in blocks of marble with a view to removing = the superfluous portions of the block. [Bow‑drill.](1891a1)<= /span>