$H Fan.
|
FAN. In an=
cient
Art FANS frequently occur, especially on vases, and on mural paintings; t=
hey
were constructed of various materials and elegant forms, sometimes of
peacock's feathers, at others, of the wings of a bird fastened together. =
Our
cut represents Cupid fanning his mother, Venus, from the antique sculpture
published by Maffei. They were used by both sexes among the nations of
antiquity, as they are still used by the natives of the East. Sometimes t=
hey
were made of very large size, and were carried by slaves (flabellifer), whose business it =
was to
use them in cooling the air for their masters, driving away flies from the
table, &c. It was not unusual to make them of linen stretched on a fr=
ame,
like the large fans still used for cooling an Indian house. They also took
the place of the modern bellows in stimulating an expiring fire. Their use
seems to have ceased among the European nations until the fifteenth centu=
ry,
when they were re-introduced, and formed of costly feathers, with handles
inlaid with jewels, or made of precious metals. The Italian fans were sha=
ped
like a small square flag. Folding fans, as at present used, first appear =
at
the commencement of the seventeenth century. FIGURE(1855f1)
|
|
Fans were known to t=
he
Greeks as well as to Eastern nations, and representations of them occur in
monuments of classic art. Our first cut represents Cupid fanning his moth=
er,
and is taken from an ancient sculpture. During the Middle Ages fans do not
seem to have been used in
|
|
Fan, Egyp.
With the Egyptians, the fan of
ostrich feathers for brushing away flies was looked upon as the insignia =
of
princes and chieftains; the flabe=
llum
or umbellum<=
/i>
(parasol) was carried by inferior officers. Both kinds of fan are frequen=
tly
represented on the sacred barges. The use of the fan was first introduced
into Fig. 302. Feather Fan ‑ Italian. Fig. 303. Venetian lady, with a square fan of the 16th
century.(1883m1)
|
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$H Fan‑crest. Heraldry
|
Her. An early form of
decoration for the knightly helm.(1883m1) |
$H Fancy.
|
A work of pure imagi=
nation
may be said to be full of fancy. The word is also used in a bad sense. Th=
us
we may term a work not sufficiently studied from nature but painted out of
the artist's head a "mere fancy."(1891a1) |
$H Fandango.
|
A Spanish dance.(188=
3m1) |
$H Fane. A= sacred edifice or temple. (1855f1) {
|
Fane. (1) A vane or weathercock; "a fayne of a schipe,"=
; i.e. a
vane on the top of a mast. "Of sylver hi=
s maste, of golde his fane." (2) Anglo‑Saxon. A banner. (3) The white flower=
‑de‑luce. (Gera=
rd.)
(4) Enemies. (Halliwell.)
(See also FANUM.)(1883m1) |
|
Fanum. R. (fari, to
speak); |
|
Vane, or Fane. O.E. =
(from
the German F=
ahne,
a banner). (1) A broad flag to be carried by a knight in a tournament. (<=
span
class=3DSpellE>Meyrick=
, i. 155.) Hence (2) a weathercock, in Mediaeval buil=
dings
generally in the form of a heraldic banner supported by a figure. (See
FANE.)(1883m1) |
$H Fanfare.
|
Fr. A flourish of
trumpets.(1883m1) |
$H Fanfreluche.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
A French term denoti=
ng
brilliant and excessive ornaments. In some of Boucher's portraits of ladi=
es,
for instance, the fanfreluches are rendered with much skill.(1=
891a1) |
$H Fannel or Phannel. O.E. The FANON (q.v.). (1883m1)
$H Fanon. Christian
|
Chr. The maniple or =
napkin
worn by the priest at mass. It was originally nothing but a plain strip of
linen worn on the left wrist. In later times it was highly decorated, and
often made of the richest materials.(1883m1) |
|
FANON. An
embroidered scarf, worn over the left arm of the priest in the celebratio=
n of
the mass. It is also termed a MANIPLE. See cut to that word. (1855f1) |
$H Fan‑tao. Chinese
|
Chinese. A fabulous =
peach‑tree,
which blossoms every 3000 years; represented on pottery as an attribute o=
f Cheou‑Lao, the god of longevity, who holds in=
his
hand a fruit of it.(1883m1) |
$H Fantastic.
|
A work is said to be
fantastic when it is fanciful and extravagant, displaying curious effects=
of
light and representing supernatural scenes, phantoms, and apparitions.(18=
91a1) |
$H Fan‑tracery. Architecture
|
Fan‑tracery. I=
n Gothic
architecture, elaborate carved work spread over an arched surface, like a=
fan
with the handle resting on a corbel or stone bracket below.(1883m1) |
|
Fan‑tracery. (=
Arch.)
This term is applied to a kind of vaulting found in late Perpendicular
buildings. All the ribs, of which the vaulting is composed, rise from the
springing of the vault and diverge as they go upwards, so as to produce t=
he
effect of a fan spread out. The best examples of fan‑tracery are to=
be
seen in Henry VII.'s Chapel, |
|
FAN TRACER=
Y. An
elaborate geometric carved work in gothic architecture, which spreads over
the surface of a vaulting, rising from a corbel, and diverging like the f=
olds
of a fan, of which some of the finest examples occur in King's College
Chapel, Cambridge. (1855f1) |
$H Fanum.
|
Fanum. R. (fari, to speak); |
$H Faram-yanhab.
|
Faram-yanhab. A Himyaritic king of |
$H Farnese Bull. Sculpture
|
A celebrated sculptu=
red
group, the work of Apollonius and Tauriscus,
sculptors of the |
$H Farrago.
|
R. (i.e. made of far, spelt). Fodder for horses a=
nd
cattle, consisting of the green ears of different kinds of grain.(1883m1)=
|
$H Farthingale.
|
Farthingale. A kind =
of cage
worn by women in the 16th century under their dress. It was not at all un=
like
the hoop or crinoline, and served the same purpose of spreading out the
dress, till it had the appearance of a bell.(1891a1) |
|
FARTHINGAL=
E. The
under-props of the wide gown and petticoat of the sixteenth century, term=
ed wheel-farthingale and tub-farthingale, which made these
articles of female costume project a considerable distance around the wea=
rer,
much in the style of the hoop of the reigns of George II. and III. (1855f=
1) |
|
Farthingale. (Fr.
|
![](3D"fan_files/image026.gif")
$H Fartura.
|
R. (farcio, to stuff). The ac=
t of
fattening poultry; and thence applied to a kind of structure, the centre =
of
which was filled with rubble.(1883m1) |
$H Fasces or Fascis.
|
Fasces. A bundle of twigs or r=
ods,
with an axe in their midst, which was in ancient times carried before Rom=
an
magistrates. Soon after the expulsion of the kings, however, the axe was
removed. and was only carried in front of a di=
ctator
or a quaestor in time of active service. Our =
cut
represents the fasces with the axe. ILLUS. fasces(1891a1)
|
|
FASCES. (Lat.) The most ancient insignia =
of the
Roman magistrates, consisting of bundles of elms or birch rods, in the ce=
ntre
of which was an axe. The custom was borrowed from the Etruscans, and some
authors assert that it was known in the time of
|
|
Fasces. (See FASCIS.) =3D Fascis, R.
A bundle; a small packet; a small faggot of wood, or fascine. In the plur=
al fasces denoted the bundle of rod=
s,
with an axe in the middle, carried by the lictors before certain of the R=
oman
magistrates. (See Fig. 305.) Fasc=
es
laureati were the fasces crowned with laurel leaves, which were carri=
ed
before a victorious general; fasc=
es
versi, the reversed fasces, which were carried axe downwards, in toke=
n of
mourning, at funerals. The fasces were carried by the lictors on their
shoulders, as shown in Fig. 305; and when an inferior magistrate met a
superior one, the lictors of the former lowered their fasces to him; hence
the expression submittere fasces<=
/i>,
to yield or confess inferiority. Fig. 305. Roman lictor carrying the fasces.(1883m1)
|
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$H Fascia.
|
Fascia. (Arch.) A fl=
at moulding, like a fillet, used in classical architec=
ture.
In architraves of the Ionic or Corinthian orders two or even three fasciae are found, each one rece=
ding
from the one above it.(1891a1) |
|
Fascia. R. Any strip=
of
cloth used for a bandage; such as (1) the swathes (Gr. FBVD‑("<@<[=3Dspar‑ganon]) in
which newly‑born children were wrapped; (2) a white band, or for wo=
men,
a purple, worn as a diadem (DIADEMA); (3) (f. pectoralis) a bandage wor=
n by
young Roman girls to prevent excessive development of the breast; (4) (f. cruralis)
a bandage wound closely round the leg from the ankle to the knee, &c.;
these were adopted in Europe in the Middle Ages; (5) (f. pedulis, Gr. B@*,Ã@<[=3Dpodeion]) a soc=
k; (6) see
ZONA. (7) In architecture the=
term fascia or facia is applied to three=
flat
parallel bands of stone, intr=
oduced
to break the monotony of architraves, more especially of the Ionic,
Corinthian, and Composite Orders.(1883m1) |
|
FASCIA. (Ital.)
A bandage employed in various ways: 1. As a DIADEM, worn round the head a=
s an
emblem of royalty, the colour being white; th=
at worn
by women was purple. * 2. As=
a support
to the breast by women - the "fascia pectoralis=
"
of Martial; or as a means of compressing their growth. 3. As a bandage ro=
und
the legs, especially of women, from the ancle=
to
the knee, serving as a protection or a support to the legs of the wearer,=
a
practice that was adopted in Europe in the middle ages. 4. As a bandage f=
or
enswathing the bodies of infants, as practised by
the modern peasants of Italy; the children being completely entwined in t=
he
folds of this long strip of cloth, their face only being uncovered, and t=
he
arms and feet rendered perfectly immovable. The American Indians use the =
same
practice, and sometimes place the child thus bound in a cradle, hanging t=
hat
to a tree. * See cut, p. 138 (1855f1)
|
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$H =
Fasciculus.
|
R. (dimin. of fascis).
A small bundle, or number of objec=
ts
tied up into small bundles.(1883m1) |
$H Fascina.
|
(fascinu=
m
=3D fascination). Amulets worn to =
avert
the "evil eye." "Nescio quis
teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos." (=
Virgil.)(1883m1) |
$H Fascinum.
|
FASCINUM. =
(Lat.) Amulets worn about the per=
son to
prevent the injurious effect of "the evil eye." The widely spre=
ad
belief in the power of certain persons to injure others by their glances,=
was
generally endeavoured to be counteracted, by the nations of antiquity, by=
the
exposure of phallic emblems, which were believed to exert a most potent
agency. Hence we find the most indelicate symbols worn as necklaces by
children particularly, as against them the fatal eye was considered to be
peculiarly directed. Before temples and houses similar figures were erect=
ed
for the same purpose; also in gardens that their produce might not suffer;
and when an evil glance was suspected to have been received by a person
unprovided with such a charm, he endeavoured to obviate its evil effects =
by
some immodest gesture. Amulets of this kind are frequently seen in
continental museums, and as frequently in sepulchres, and the débris of classical citie=
s.
(1855f1) |
$H = Fasciola.
|
Fasci=
ola (dimin.
of fascia). A small bandage. =
(See
FASCIA.)(1883m1) |
$H =
Fascis. (See Fa=
sces)
$H = Faselus. (See PHASELUS.)= (1883m1)
$H Fasti.
|
R. (fas, divine law). Archive=
s or
calendars engraved on stone or marble; they were of two kinds. (1) The |
$H Fastigium.
|
Fastigium. R. (fastigo=
, to raise to a point). The top of a pediment, and thence=
the
entire pediment itself. In a building this term also signifies the ridge, or top of a roof whose two
sides rise up to a point.(1883m1) |
$H Fates, The. Mythology
|
Three sisters, the d=
aughters
of Night, who spun the thread of human life. They were named Clotho, Lachesis, and <=
span
class=3DSpellE>Atropus, and it is said that C=
lotho
put the wool on the spindle, Lachesis
spun it, while Atropus cut it. The Fates are
frequently represented in art, mediaeval as well as classical, as three
maidens of sober aspect. The marvellous group=
in
the eastern pediment of the Parthenon, now among the |
|
Parca=
e. The "Fatal Sisters" of Greek
mythology. They were derived from the Egyptian Hathors. (1876c1) |
$H =
Faun.
|
Faun.=
(Lat. Faun=
us). A woodland god, frequently represented with =
sharp
ears and with the feet of a goat.(1883m1) |
|
Faun.=
The fau=
ns
were silvan deities frequently represented in=
Greek
and Graeco‑Roman art. They should more
properly be called Satyrs. In ancient times a faun from the hand of
Praxiteles was particularly famous. In art fauns generally assume the for=
m of
youths, with shaggy hair and horns sprouted from their forehead. There is=
a
well‑known statue of a laughing faun in the |
$H Faün. Etruria
|
According to Corssen<=
/span>
the Etruscan Orpheus. He was represented on mirrors as seated on a rock a=
nd
playing a lyre, with laurel crown and necklace. A female, with crown,
necklace, tunic, and mantle, is at his side, called =
Rutupis,
Rodôpis according to Corssen.
|
$H Fauteau.
|
Fauteau. Fr. A milit=
ary
engine used in the Middle Ages; it was a kind of battering‑ram
suspended in a tower. (See ARIES.)(1883m1) |
$H Faux.
|
Faux. R. Any narrow =
passage,
lobby, corridor, or entrance to a house, in especial the passage which fo=
rmed
the communication between two blocks of a house. In the plural, fauces,=
like carceres,
denoted stalls or stables for horses. (See CARCER.)(1883m1) |
$H Favas.
|
FAVAS. A t=
ile or
slab of marble cut into an hexagonal shape, so as to produce the honeycomb
pattern in pavements of the kind called SECTILIA. (1855f1) |
$H Favissae.
|
R. Pits or cellars u=
nder a
temple, in which all the furniture and sacred implements which had become
unfit for use were kept.(1883m1) |
$H Faveur. Old English
|
O.E. A love‑gi=
ft; a
ribbon or glove, &c., worn on the crest of the f=
avoured
knight at a tournament, &c.(1883m1) |
$H Favour.
|
FAVOUR. A =
bow of ribbon,
sometimes with pendant ribbons attached, given by ladies to favourite
champions in the tournaments of olden times, and now exclusively worn at
elections, public ceremonies, or at weddings as bridal gifts. (1855f1) |
$H Favourite. Old English
|
O.E. A lock of hair:=
"a
sort of modish lock, dangling on the temples." (Ladies' Dictionary, 1694.)(1883m1) |
$H Favus.
|
R. A flagstone or ta=
blet of
marble cut into a hexagon, like the cell of a honeycomb (favus), whence its name.
[Pavements of this pattern were called Sectilia.](1883m1) |
$H Fax.
|
R. A torch. This con=
sisted
either of pieces of wood joined together and steeped in resin, or a metal
tube filled with inflammable materials, such as resin, pitch, tallow, tow
impregnated with wax, &c. [The early evening was hence called prima fax, and as marriages were
celebrated at that time of day, the torch
was made an attribute of Hymen, and a symbol of marriage. The torch was a=
lso
carried at funerals to fire the pile with.](1883m1) |
$H Fayence. Pottery.= (1883m1) [See Faience, Editor]
$H Fayoum. Egypt
|
The modern name for a province in |