$H Gama.<= /span> Egypt

The Egyptian name of the papyrus reed Cyperus Papyrus. See Papyrus. See also= -(1876c1)

The Egyptian name of the papyrus root which was cooked as a vegetable by the Egyptians. (1876c1)

$H Gamar.

One of five chiefs who incited the Lybians= to revolt against Rameses III. (1876c1)

$H Gamashes. Costume

"High boots, bu= skins, or startups." (Holme, 1688.)(1883m1)

$H Gambe, Jambe. Heraldry

Jambe, Gambe. Her. T= he leg of a lion or other beast of prey.(1883m1)

$H Gambeson. Armour

Gambeson (Saxon wambe, the belly). A quilted tun= ic, stuffed with wool. It answered the purpose of defensive armour, and was subsequently called a pourpoint.(1883m1)

Gambeson. A tight= 209;fitting body-garment worn in the 13th and 14th century either underneath the haub= erk (q.v.) or without it. It was of considerable thickness, being padded and quilted as shown in our cut, which is taken from a picture by Memling. ILLUS. gambeson= (1891a1)<= /p>

<= /o:p>

GAMBESON, or WAMBEYS. In Armour, a body-covering, stuffed with wool, and padded in parallel lines of needle-work. &= #8224; It was worn beneath the hauberk of the knight as a pa= dding for the armour. The surcoat was also quilted or gamboised with cotton woo= l. An early and curious example may be seen in the surcoat of Edward the Bla= ck Prince which is still suspended over his tomb in <= st1:City w:st=3D"on">Canterbury cathedral.

† Our cut exh= ibits the quilted gambeson of the fifteenth century, from a painting by Memling= , at Bruges. (1855f1)

<= /o:p>

$H Gamboge. Painting

Gamboge. (Paint.) A = solid resinous green produced from the tree known to botanists as the Hebradendron cambgoides. It read= ily dissolves in water and forms a beautiful gold yellow pigment. It is very useful in water‑colour, especially in obtaining greens, which vary = in tone according as the gamboge is mixed with Indian ink, Prussian blue, or indigo. Mixed with carmine, gamboge yields an orange green.(1891a1)<= /o:p>

Gamboge. A gum resin= of a forest tree called Garcinia Cambogia, generally imported in cylindrical rolls. It forms a beautiful yellow pigment, used for water‑colour; = it is used to stain wood in imitation of box, and the tincture enters into t= he composition of the gold‑coloured varnish for lacquering brass; it a= lso gives a beautiful and durable stain to marble. (E. B.)(1883m1)

GAMBOGE. A gum-resin brought from the East, which yields a fine yellow pigment, very useful in water-colour painting.= The finest quality is the pipe-GA= MBOGE, brought from Siam<= /st1:country-region>. ‡: It dissolves readil= y in water; is very transparent and glossy when dry. It is indispensable in water-colours, forming with the various blues, excellent compound greens. This pigment would be useful in oil-painting, as it resists for a long ti= me the action of strong light, provided the resinous part could be separated from the other parts.

‡ The tree which produces Siam gamboge, the finest and only commercial kind, continues unknown. It is supposed to belong to the genus g= aroinia.(1855f1)

$H Gamelion. Greek

The seventh month of= the ancient Athenian year, corresponding to our January. It was so called bec= ause it was a favourite season for marriages ((V:0[=3Dgame]).(1883m1)

$H Games. Egypt

The games that have been pictured on tomb walls have their analogies in modern ones. Odd and even, mora, and draughts are the most frequent. Shooting with arrows at a mark, throwing javelins at a block of wood and a form of "la gràce" also occur. Many draught-boards and men have been found, but it is impossible = to recover the rules of the game or to know the way in which it was played. = It is evident from the variety of boards discovered that there were many way= s. Mora is the name given now in Italy to a game also played by the old Romans, which consists in one person suddenly holding up a certain number of fingers for an instant, the other player having to guess the number. Games played with dice belong to late times. (See SPORTS.)(1902b1)<= o:p>

$H Gamil-= nana. Assyria

Gamil-nana. "Benefit of Nana." The name o= f an Assyrian tax collector at Warka, in the reigns of Cambyses and Nabonidus. (1876c1)

$H Gamil-ninip. Babylonia

Gamil-ninip. "Benefit of Ninip."= An early k= ing of Babylonia who reigned at the city of Nisinna. (1876c1)

$H Gamil-sin. 1. Babyl= onian king; 2. Babylonian city

Gamil-sin. "Benefit of Sin." An early king of Babylonia who reiped at Ur. Nothing else is known respecting him. (1876c1)

Gamil-sin. "Benefit of Sin." A city in Babylonia, which was called after the early monar= ch of that name. (1876c1)

$H Gammut. (See GAMUT.) (1883m1)

$H Gamut. Music

The musical scale; s= o called from the first tone, UT (our DO), of the model scale of Guido, which was represented by the Greek gamma.(1883m1)

$H Gana-s= uti-canu.

A city of Datebir, conquered, together with 200 of the adjacent cities, by Samsi-Vul, king o= f Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Gandharvas.

The horses of the sun in Vedic mythology, symbols of the fierce rays of Surya. (1876c1)

$H Gandh-arva-veda.

An ancient commentary derived from the Hin= du Samaveda, treating of the subject of music. (1876c1)

$H Gandu.

An Assyrian or Babylonian, the father of t= he earliest writer of Cuneiform tablets at present recorded. (1876c1)

$H Gandunias.

Gandunias. "The Enclosure of Duni.&qu= ot; The origin= al name of the kingdom of Lower Chaldea.= The name Duni has been compared with the Eden of Hebrew history. (1876c1)

$H Ganesa-pulear.

In Hindu mythology the son of Siva, and the god of wisdom. He was represented as a human being with an elephant's hea= d. (1876c1)

$H Ganga.=

In Hindu mythology the sacred river Ganges, incarnated as a deity. (1876c1)

$H Gangamma.

A river deity, venerated by the Todas and Badagas. (1876c1)

$H Gan-gan-na.

Gan-gan-na. "The Very Cloudy." The Accadi= an name of the month Cuzallu, which see. (1876c1)

$H Gannanati.

A country conquered by Vulnirari or Rimmon-Nirari III., king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Ganoid.

Ganoid ((V<@H[=3Dganos], brightness). A name applied to an o= rder of fishes, having angular scales, composed of bony plates, covered with a st= rong shining enamel.(1883m1)

$H Ganrub= ai.

The prefect of Quazi under Sennacherib. (1876c1)

$H Gantlet. <= span class=3DGramE> (See GAUNTLET.)= (1883m1)

$H Ganymede. Mythology

In Greek mythology G= anymede was the son of King Tros and Callirrhoë. He was carried off by Zeus = and appointed his cup‑bearer in Olympus. He is generally represented in works of art as a handsome youth, while an eagle, the bird of Zeus, stands at his side, as a symbol that he holds of= fice in Olympus. In modern and popular pict= ures it has become the fashion to represent Ganymede as carried off to Olympus by an eagle, but this is a late developme= nt of the myth, and is justified neither by the art nor poetry of the ancients.(1891a1)

$H Gar. Assyria

An Assyrian measure of length, the same as= a Ribu, which see. (1876c1)

$H Gararai. Egypt

A queen of Egypt and Nubia, in the reign of Nut-amen, or Nut-mei-amen of the XXVIth dynasty. (1876c1)=

$H Garb. Heraldry

Her. A sheaf of whea= t, or of any other grain to be specified.(1883m1)

$H Garde de Bras or Garde-de-Bras. Armour

GARDE-DE-B= RAS. (Fr.) A piece of plate-armour, ad= opted in the fifteenth century as an extra defence for the arm of the soldier, = as its name implies. It covered the elbow and part of the fore-arm, and reac= hed upward in a spreading form to the shoulder. It was screwed on to the plat= e-armour beneath, and obviated the necessity of a soldier's using the shield. (185= 5f1)

Garde de Bras. An ad= ditional protection for the left arm, to the elbow‑piece of which it was fastened by straps and a screw. It was used only for jousting, and first appears at the end of the 15th cent. The example shown is of the 16th cen= t., from the Meyrick collection. (Fig. 345.) Fig. 345. G= arde de Bras.(1883m1)=

$H Garde-de-Reine. Armour

GARDE-DE-R= EINE. (Fr.) The lower part of the breast-plate below the waist, which was used, as its name implies, to pro= tect the loins of a mounted horse-soldier. (1855f1)

$H Garden.

The proper arrangeme= nt and disposition of gardens is closely allied to architecture, and therefore a= few words must be said with regard to it here. One of two contrary methods ma= y be followed in this art. In the one method rigid symmetry and dignified regularity are aimed at. All inequalities of surface are either rigorously levelled or advantage is taken of them to form terraces, while avenues, labyrinths, and flower beds are formed of combinations of straight lines = and portions of circles. Moreover trees are cut into artificial shapes, such = as cones, pyramids, or even grotesque animal forms. This kind of garden was popular in the 17th and 18th centuries and many of its characteristics ma= y be observed at Hampton Court Palace. In the other method of garden architecture an attempt is made to conceal design by giving a studied air of naturalness to the whole, so that it may resemble a landscape as much as possible.(1891a1)

--- $H Ga= rdens, Egypt.

A garden was one of the most expensive luxuries of the wealthy, owing to the necessity for perpetual irrigation. There are several pictures, or plans,= of gardens on tomb walls. They show rows of trees and shrubs, one, two, or m= ore ponds with waterplants, fish and a boat, vines on trellises, and small kiosques.(1902b1)

$H Gargoulette.

An Arab vase, or wat= er‑cooler, with one handle, furnished with a spout adapted for drinking through. The piece in the illustration is from the Arabian potteries of Maghreb in Africa. This pottery is described by M. Jacquemar= t as "covered with a pinkish grey enamel of rose colour, and heightened b= y a polychrome decoration in zones, generally consisting of bands of scrolls, flowers, denticulations, rosettes, &c.; where citron, yellow, mangane= se‑brown, green, and blue form the most charming harmony." Fig. 346. Gargoulette. Arab.(1= 883m1)

$H Gargoyle. Architecture

Gargoyle. Mod. The projecting extremity of a gutter. In antiquity terra‑cotta masks we= re used for the purpose. (Fig. 347.) During the Gothic period any kind of representation was employed. Fig. 348 shows an upright gargoyle from the = church of St. Remy= at Dieppe. Fig. 347. Gargoyle, Antique. Fig. 348. Gargoyle, Gothic.(1883m1)

&nbs= p; &nbs= p; &nbs= p;

Gargoyle. (Arch.) A = term applied to the spouts placed at the base of roofs in Gothic buildings for= the purpose of carrying the rain water far from the walls. Gargoyles came into use about the end of the 12th century. They then consisted of two layers,= one of which formed the gutter or trench, the other the lid. Even at this ear= ly period they were decorated with ornaments and grotesque sculptures. They = most frequently represented animals or fantastic creatures, from the throat of which the rain water was discharged. Sometimes they assumed the form of stooping figures projecting beyond the roof and holding a horn, from which the water flowed out. In the 15th and 16th centuries gargoyles were made of beaten lead, and represented chimaeras, sirens, and other mythical animals, not only on the façades of cas= tles but even on gables overlooking the street. Gargoyles are primarily a necessity, but they serve a distinct purpose from an artistic point of vi= ew, for by their horizontal projection they add distinction to the great vert= ical line of buildings. ILLUS. gargoyle(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

GARGOYLE. = (Fr.) This term is derived from t= he French gargouille, a dragon o= r monster. It is applied to the spouts, in the form of dragons that project from the roof-gutters in ancient buildings, as a generic term, and without any respect to the form they may take; which varies continually, and very frequently represents grotesque human figures, or animals and birds of real and fanciful kinds. Indeed, there are no architectural details of the middle ages so completely bizarre as the gargoyles constantly used, which are sometimes= positively objectionable in connection with church architecture. (1855f1)=

<= /o:p>

$H Gar= land. Architecture

Garland= . Arch. A term employed by some authors as synonymous with foliage; but it denotes rather heavy festoons tied with fillets, and consisting of leaves, fruits, and flowers, as shown in Figs.= 287 and 309, taken from the temple of Vesta at Tivoli. (See ENCARPA, FESTOONS= .)(1883m1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p; <= /o:p>

Garland= . (Arch.) A kind of architectural ornament representing foliage, flowers, and fruits plaited and tied together with ribbons. Garlands generally appear in the form of a long cylindrical band, which is flexible and swells slightly in the middle. They are sculptured on certain project= ing surfaces, placed round the shafts of columns and employed in decorating panels, pediments, &c. 2 ILLUS. garland1, garland2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p; <= /o:p>

$H= GARLANDS<= /b> were extensivel= y used by the classic nations of antiquity to decorate temples, and afterwards imitated in sculpture (see ENCARPA). They were always worn on great publi= c occasions - at feasts, funerals, &c. (See CORONA.) There was a distinction in e= ach, and a propriety in the wearing of all of them;= the classic authors are full of allusions to this fact. Garlands, as religious emblems, are s= till affixed to graves, though rarely in our own country; but garlands of vari= ous descriptions are used in the ceremonies, &c., of the Catholic Church.= 1. Of flowers, suspended over altars, and in churches, on festival-days. 2. Of roses and other flowers, worn round the heads of the assistant clergy and others in certain processions. 3. Of silver, set with jewels, or of natur= al flowers, and placed on images. 4. Of artificial dowers and other ornaments, carrie= d at the funerals of virgins. *

* = See Pugin's Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament and Costume. (1855f1)=

$H Garnet.

Garnet. A gem genera= lly of a red colour, useful for decorative purposes, but little esteemed on accoun= t of the abundance in which it is found. It is of little service to the gem engraver, as it easily splinters.(1891a1)

Garnet. This gem, on= account of its brilliant colour and hardness, is much used in jewellery, and alth= ough an abundant supply renders it of little value, the gem nevertheless posse= sses every quality necessary for ornamental purposes. It occurs in many colour= s ‑ red, brown, yellow, white, green, black; the streak is white; the diaphan= eity varies from transparent to subtranslucent, or nearly opaque, and it has a subconchoidal or uneven fracture. The varieties used in jewellery are cal= led carbuncle, cinnamon‑stone (or essonite), almandine, and pyrope or Bohemian garnet. Garnets are not much used for engraving, being of splintery, bad grain under the tool. (A. Billing, Science of Gem= s, &c.; H. Emanuel, Diamonds and Precious Stones.)(1883m1)

$H Garnished. Heraldry

Her. Adorned in a be= coming manner.(1883m1)

$H Garret. Architecture

(Arch.) The top stor= y of a house, generally formed within the roof. It is thus of necessity low̴= 9;pitched and has a sloping ceiling.(1891a1)

$H Garret Window. Architecture

(Arch.) A window whi= ch admits daylight into a garret. It fits into the roof and moves up and dow= n, being fixed on one side like a hinge. ILLUS. garretwi(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Garsal= e.

The royal city of Marudukbaladsuiqbi, king= of Babylon, which was conquered, together with 200 of the adjacent cities, by Samsi-Vul or Samas-Rimmon, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Garter. Costume

Garter. (Cost.) A st= rap or tie, the purpose of which is to hold up the stocking. In Saxon and Norman times it was fastened transversely across the leg and was then called a "cross‑garter." That this fashion was revived in Shakespe= re's time we gather from Twelfth Night= , in which play it will be remembered Malvolio wears "cross‑garters= ." Generally speaking, however, the garter was a simple tie just below the k= nee, sometimes with a bow, sometimes without. The celebrated "Order of the Garter" was established by Edward III. in= 1350. Its badge is a garter and its motto "Honi soit qui mal y pense."(1891a1)

GARTER. A = tie for securing the upper part of the stocking. In Saxon times it took the form = of "cross-gartering," the entire leg to the knee being swathed wit= h a narrow band of silk or stuff, with pendant tassels. In Shakespere's time,= the fashion was again introduced from Italy, where it still exists among the peasantry. The more ordinary form of garter, in the sixteenth century, was that of a narrow scarf, tied in a bow at the knee, having pendant ends of lace, the upper part of the stocking being rolled over the knee. They were costly and expensive articles of male costume; and only ceased to be made obtrusively visible at the close of the seventeenth cen= tury. (1855f1)

--- $H Ga= rter, Order of the.

Garter, Order of the, instituted by Edward III. in 1350, consists of the Sovereign and twenty‑= five knights companions, of whom the Prince of Wales always is one. Knights of= the Garter place K.G. after their names; and these letters take precedence of= all other titles, those of royalty alone excepted. The stalls of the knights = are in the choir of St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, where their garter‑= ;plates are fixed and their banners are displayed. The insignia are the garter itself, the badge of the order; the collar, and the Lesser George or jewe= l. (Fig. 349.) It was this jewel that Charles I., immediately before he suffered, delivered to Archbishop Juxon, with the word "Remember!&qu= ot; The ribbon of the order is dark blue; it passes over the left shoulder, a= nd the Lesser George hangs from it under the right arm. Fig. 349. Order of the Gart= er. Lesser George.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Garter King of Arms.

Her. The chief of the official heralds of England, and officer of arms of the Order of the Garter.(1883m1)=

$H Garu. Or Taru.

Garu. Or= Taru. The frontier town of Egypt towards Syria, on the left bank of the Nile. It was probably the Heroopolis of the Greek= s. (1876c1)

$H Gastrum.

R. An earthenware ve= ssel with a round belly; whence its name.(1883m1)

$H Gateway. Architecture

(Arch.) A covered opening, large enough to admit carriages. A smaller opening through which foot passengers may pass is generally found by the side of it. In the Middle Ages gateways were impor= tant structures, and a house, called a gatehouse, is frequently found above th= em. There the porter or gate‑keeper dwelt. In the 17th and 18th centuri= es they were very lofty, their height being often equal to two stories. In t= his case the upper part which formed the impost, w= as decorated with a pediment, richly ornamented. Gateways and gatehouses are still to be seen in large numbers on the Continent, but they are rarely f= ound in England. St. John's Gate in Clerkenwell, for so many years the meeting place of the Urban Clu= b, is the best and most easily accessible example.(1891a1)

$H Gau. Egypt

"Robbers." A kind of game o= f chess among the ancient Egyptians. It was played on the same board as the Sent, which see. (1876c1)

$H Gaugama.

A state in Northern= Syria, conquered by Tiglath Pileser II. (1876c1)

$H Gaulus.

R. A vessel used for drinking and other purposes. The same term was also applied to a broad= 209;built ship employed by the Phoenicians and by pirates.(1883m1)

$H Gauntlet. Costume

Gauntlet. The knight= 's gauntlet was made of leather covered with plates of steel. It was not originally divided into fingers. (Fig. 350.) Fig. 350. Gauntlet.(1883m1)

Gauntlets. Gauntlets= of leather, sometimes covered with metal plates, sometimes studded with nails called gadlyngs (q.v.), becam= e a part of the ornament of the knight towards the end of the 13th century, a= nd were worn in some form or other, until armour was finally relinquished in= the 17th century. ILLUS. gauntlet(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

GAUNTLETS.= In Armour, gloves of leather cov= ered with plate metal to correspond with the other parts of the armour, and or= iginally made without separate fingers, they being covered by large overlapping plates. FIGURE(1855f1)

<= /o:p>

$H Gausapa, Gausape, or Gausapum.

Gausapa, Gausape, Gausapum R. (= ("LFVB0H[=3Dgausapes]). (1) A garment introduced from <= st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Egypt into Rome, in the time of Augustus; it was= made of a woollen cloth with a long nap on one side, and was worn on leaving t= he bath; it was white or dyed purple. Gausapa was used not only for articles= of dress, but for table linen, napkins, dusters, and mattings. (2) A wig mad= e of human hair, worn at Rome during the Empire.(1883m1)

$H Gautma= r.

One of five chiefs who incited the Lybians= to revolt against Rameses III. (1876c1)

$H Gauze.

A light, transparent= silk texture, supposed to have been invented at Gaza in Palestine; whence the name.(1883m1)

$H Gavotte.

(It. gavotta). A lively dance‑tune in two‑fourth time, consisting of two sections, each containing eight measures.(1883m1)<= /o:p>

$H Gaza.

A famous town on the borders of Egypt and Palestine. It was conquered and plund= ered by Tiglath Pileser II., and its king Hanun driven to make peace. (1876c1)=