$H Guacos. Peru

Guacos or Huacos. Peruv. The consecrated burial‑places of the anci= ent Peruvians.(1883m1)

$H Guard.

The part of a sword, poniard, or sa= bre the object of which is to cover and protect the hand. It is richly decora= ted with niello, damascene, sculpture, or chasing= in the more splendid weapons of every age. The guards of Japanese sabres are above all marvellou= s examples of decorative invention. They consist generally of iron or steel inlaid with precious metals.(1891a1)

$H Guardant. Heraldry

Her. Looking out from the field, as the lions in Fig. 370. Fig. 370. Passant guardant.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Guazzo.

Guazzo. It. A hard and durable ki= nd of distemper painting, used by the ancients, calculated to resist damp an= d to preserve the colours.(1883m1)

GUAZZO. (Ital.) A hard and durable kind of distemper painting used by the ancients, the vehicle or medium consisting= of egg, gum, or glue, which resists the action of damp of all kinds, and preserves the colours very completely; its nature also gives the artist t= he power of using a very solid impas= to for his effects. (1855f1)

$H Gubal.

A North-Syrian state, which was conquered = by Tiglath Pileser II. (18= 76c1)

$H Gubaruwa.

The Persian name of the officer and friend= of Darius Hystaspes who was more generally calle= d Gobryas. (1876c1)

$H Gubbio (Ware).

Gubbio War= e. (Pot.) A factory of majolica was established at Gubb= io in 1498 by Giorgio Andreoli, of Pavia. The pieces of this ware now ex= tant are distinguished by vigorous modelling and admirable colour. They are not commonly met w= ith, and are of great value. Giorgio carried on his work for upwards of thirty years, and pieces dated 1531 bear his name.(1891a1)

Gubbio. A celebrated Italian botega of ceramic art, founded in 1498 by Giorgio Andreoli, the reputed inventor of the secret of metallic lustres. Fig. 37= 1 is a cup bearing upon a fillet the inscription "Ex o Giorg.," "of the fabric of Giorgio." Fig. 371. Gubbio

Cup, 1519. Louv= re Museum.= (1883m1)

$H Gubernaculum.=

R. (guberno, to direct). A rudder; originally an oar with a broad blade, which was fix= ed, not at the extremity, but at each side of the stern. A ship had commonly = two rudders joined together by a pole.(1883m1)

$H Gud-e-a.

An early Chaldean king, ruling at Zirgulla. He was a great builder; but nothing else = is known respecting him.(1876c1)

$H Gudule, St.

GUDULE, ST. The pat= roness of Brussels, who is generally represented carrying a lanthorn, containing a light whic= h a demon tries to extinguish, in accordance with a legend similar to that of= St. Genevieve. (1855f1)

$H Guelfs or Guelphs. (See GHIBELLINE= S.) (1883m1)

$H Gueridon.

Gueridon. A Fr= ench term applied to a decorative stand, designed in imitation of an ancient candelabrum, used either to hold flowers or as a stand for a lamp. ILLUS. gueridon(1891a1)

GUERIDON. (Fr.) A carved and gilt stand for= lamps or flowers. Such stands were much used as decorative furniture in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They were a reproduction of the ant= ique candelabra adapted to modern usage. FIGURE(1855f1)=

$H Gueux, Badge of the.=

The celebrated Netherlandish confraternity of the Gueux (or Beggars), which h= ad its origin in a jest spoken at a banquet, assumed not only the dress, but= the staff, wooden bowl, and wallet of the professional beggar, and even went = so far as to clothe their retainers and servants in mendicant garb. The badge represents two hands clasped across and through a double wallet. <= span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Fig. 372. Badge of the Gueux.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Gugu.

The Assyrian form of the name of Gyges, king of Lydia, which see. (1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Guidon.

Guidon. Fr. = (1) The silk standard of a regiment; (2) its bearer.(1883m1)

GUIDON. (Fr.) A flag resembling a banner = in form and emblazonment, but one third less in size than that, and generally hav= ing the end rounded off. It was the standard of a company of soldiers, and bo= rne by their cornet.(1855f1)

$H Guige. Heraldry

Guige. Her.= A shield‑belt worn over the right shoulder.(1883m1)=

GUIGE. (Fr.) The strap of leather by whi= ch the shield of a soldier was suspended from the neck, when not in an encounter= . (1855f1)

$H Guild. Old English

O. E. (Saxon guildan, to pay). A fraternity or company, every membe= r of which was gi= ldare, i.e. had to pay something towards the charges. Merchant guilds first beca= me general in Europe in the 11th century.= (See Anderson's History of Commerce, = vol. i. p. 70.)(1883m1)

$H Guilloche or Guillochis. Ornament

Guilloche, Guilloch= is. A system of ornament formed of symmetrical lines, undulating and crossed, yet parallel to one another, as shown in the cut given above. ILLUS. guilloch(189= 1a1)

Guilloche A series of interlaced ornaments= on stone, resembling network.

Fig. 373. Base orn= amented with guilloche. Fig. 374. Band with the guilloche ornament.(1883m1= )

&nbs= p; &= nbsp;

GUILLOCHE. GUILLOCH= IS. (Fr.) A kind of ornament composed= of undulating lines, and parallel in their contours to each other. It is see= n in the upper portion of this ornament, engraved from a bronze vessel in the = Museo Borbonico. FIGURE (1855f1)

$H Guilloched.

Guilloched. = Wave= d or engine‑turned.(1883m1)

$H Guimet's Ultramarine= , French Ultramarine.

Guimet's Ultramarin= e. A valuable substitute for the more costly preparation. It is transparent and durable.(1883m1)

GUIMET'S ULTRAMARIN= E, FRENCH ULTRAMARINE. A factitious pigment of a line azure blue colour, a c= ompound of alumina, soda, sulphur, and a trace of iron, offered as a useful substitute for the more costly ultramarine. It is not, when properly prepared, deficient in any of the good qualities of the lapis lazuli, and for the artist, as well as for purposes of decoration, answers every purpose. It is a valuable addition to the palet= te, being transparent and durable. (1855f1)

$H Guimet's Yellow.

Guimet's Yellow is the= deutoxide of lead and antimony, useful in enamel or porcelain painting.(1883m1)

$H Guinea.

An English coin first struck temp. Car. II., and so ca= lled because the gold was brought from the coast of Guinea (the Portuguese Genahoa). It originally bore the impress of an elephant. The sovereign superseded i= t in 1817.(1883m1)

$H Guisarme.

An ancient weapon of the nature of a pike or bill. (See = Meyrick= .)(1883m1)

A destructive weapon consisting of a scythe and bill, wh= ich was fixed on a long pole and was employed by infantry against cavalry. It= is of great antiquity, a weapon closely resembling it being spoken of in the= 6th century, while from the 11th until the 16th century it was in constant us= e. ILLUS. guisarme(1891a1)

$H Guitar.

(Spanish guitarra). A stringed musical instrument, played as a = harp with the fingers.(1883m1)

$H Gukhande.

The Accadian n= ame of the river Arakhtu, or the Araxes, a confluent= of the Euphrates, which runs toward Arabia. (1876c1)

$H Gules. Heraldry

Gules. Her. (Fr. gueules). Red, represente= d in engraving by perpendicular lines.(1883m1)

GULES. The heraldic= term for red, derived from the Latin g= ula, the throat; or the Arabic gule, a rose. (1855f1)

Gules. (Her.) The heraldic name for = red. It is shown on a shield by parallel vertical lines, as in the accompanying cut, in which the white half of the shield represents argent or silver. This shield would be blazoned party per bend gules and argent.= ILLUS. gules(1891a1)

$H Gullinbursti.= Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

In Scandinavian mythology the name of the horse which drew the chariot of the goddess Freyia. (1876c1)

$H Gulltopp. "Golden Tress." Scandinavia

Gulltopp<= /span>. "Golden Tress." In Scandinavian mythology the name of the horse of Heim= dall. (1876c1)

$H Gulusu.

A tribe in Mesopota= mia, conquered by Tiglath Pil= eser II. (1876c1)

$H Gum Arabic or Gum‑ara= bic.

Gum‑arabic dissolved in water constitutes the well‑known vehicle for water‑colour painting ‑ gum water.(1883m1)

Gum Arabic. A gum obtained from acacias in Africa and Australia. When dissolved in water it yields a size, which is a valuable vehicle in water‑colour. A little honey or white s= ugar‑candy is generally added to it, to prevent its scaling when dry. A light coatin= g of gum arabic laid over water‑colours produces the effect of a brilliant varnish,= but has the disadvantage of too often scaling or cracking when the paint is dry.(1891a1)

GUM ARABIC dissolve= d in water constitutes the well-known vehicle in water-colour painting-gum-wat= er. It should be made of the cleanest and whitest pieces picked from the mass, and when dissolved, strained through muslin, and a small portion of white sugar-candy added to prevent its cracking or scaling when used.(1855f1)

$H Gum Lac [See Lac - Editor]

$H Gumption.

GUMPTION. Syn. MUGILP. * This elegant and expressive name is applied to a nostrum much in request by painters in se= arch of the supposed "lost medium" of the old masters, and to which = they ascribe their unapproachable excellence. Notwithstanding the favour with which this compound is regarded, it has= never been known to accomplish the desired object; nor can any rational mind be deceived into the delusion, that it was any such trifle as a medium that could impart those f= ruits which are due only to genius and well-directed industry, The old masters = were not mere painters; they were, for the most part, men possessing highly cu= ltivated minds, and truly devout; who would have achieved greatness in any other vocation. The formula for preparing this medium, gives a mixture of drying linseed oil and mastic varnish, which gelatinises; or simple linseed oil and sugar of lead. =

* Ingenuity appears to have exhausted itself in supplying names to this pan= acea for imbecility. In the different treatises on painting and in the colourm= en's catalogues we find it thus variously named. The list is too curious and significant to be omitted: - magelp, magelph, magilp, magylp, magylph, megilp, megelp, megylp, megylph, macgelp, macgelph, macgilp, macgilph, macgylph, macgulp, magulp, megulph, mygelp, mygelph, mygilp, mygilph; myg= ulp, mygulph, Gumption! (1855f1)

$H Gun.

GUN. This implement, originally termed "hand-cannon," came into use in the fifteenth century, the earliest notice thereof being at the siege of Lucca, in 1430, and described by a contemporary writer as "a club, to which was affi= xed iron tubes, which, being filled with sulphur and nitre, by the force of f= ire emitted iron balls." They were quickly adopted in other parts of Eur= ope, and were common in England before the middle of the century. Two "hand-gunnes" are noted a= s costing four shillings, in a roll of expenses of the castle of Holy Island, Durha= m, in 1446; and when Edward IV. landed at Ravensburg, in 1471, he was attend= ed by 300 Flemings, armed with "hand-gunnes;" they had no triggers, but were fired by a match applied by hand. (1855f1)

$H Gun-gu= n-nu.

An early Babylonian king who reigned at Ur. He was possi= bly the son of Ismidagan. He is recorded as the build= er of several temples at Ur. (1876c1)

$H Gunter's Line.

A line of logarithms graduated on a ruler, for practical= use in the application of logarithms to the ordinary calculations of an architect, builder, &c. Other similar instruments invented by the gre= at mathematician (+ 1626) are Gunter= 's Quadrant and Gunter's Scale, used by seamen and for astronomical calculations.(1883m1)

$H Guthlac, St.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

GUTHLAC, ST. A holy= hermit, who died in 714, in the swampy island of Crowland, in Lincolnshire, where a celebrated mona= stery was afterwards founded to his memory. He was reported to have been much torme= nted by demons, whom he is sometimes represented as punishing with a scourge, = or as putting to flight; or submitting to their molestations, while angels cons= ole him. (1855f1)

$H Gunulahmi.

A people who were conquered by Budil, a very early king of = Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Gurgoyle. Architecture

Gurgoyle. (Ar= ch.) A term having the same meaning as gargoyle and denoting a spout or gutter, generally carved in a grotesque form, which carries off rain water from a roof [Gargoyle.] ILLUS. gurgoyle(1891a1)

$H Gurgustium.

R. A cave, hovel, or any dark and wretched abode.(1883m1= )

$H Gurru.

An Assyrian measure, used in the tonnage of ships. It is not exactly known to what it would have been equal. (1876c1)=

$H Gurumu.

A tribe in Mesopota= mia, who were conquered by Tiglath Pileser II. (1876c1)

$H Gushtasp.

The Persian form of the name of Hystaspes, which see.(1876c1)

$H Gusset.

Gussets were small pieces of chain mail at the ope= nings of the joints beneath the arms.(1883m1)

Gusset. (Her.) This name is sometimes given to a nondesc= ript charge such as that shown in the cut. From its meaningless irregularity s= uch a charge would not be considered honourable, = and would be assigned as a mark of abatement to a man who had in some way disgraced himself. ILLUS. gusset(1891a1)

$H Gusur.

One of the names of the Assyrian deity Marduk.(1876c1)

$H Guti-uki.

The Accadian n= ame of the Babylonian city Guti. (1876c1)=

$H Gutta.

GUTTA. (Lat.) A long-necked vessel, gene= rally of glass, with a small globular base, to hold precious oils or perfumes, = and so named from its resemblance to a tear; and sometimes, in catalogues of antiquities, described as tear-sh= aped vessels. The name is also applied to the golden drops at the angles of the chlamys, employed to keep the ends of that part of the garment pendan= t, and closer to the person. (See cut to CHLAMYS.) In Architecture, it is used to designate the conical-shaped ornaments under the triglyphs of a frieze. (See cut to METOPE.) (1855f1)<= /span>

$H Guttae. Architecture

Arch. (drops). Small conical‑shaped ornaments, use= d in the Doric entablature immediately under the mutule beneath the triglyph. (See Fig. 265.)(1883m1)=

(Arch.) An architectural ornament consisting of a series= of small truncated cones, placed underneath the corona of a cornice or at the base of the triglyphs in the Doric order. ILLUS. guttae(1891a1)

$H Gutté or Guttée. [See Goutt&eac= ute;e - Editor]

Guttée. Her.= (See GOUTTÉE.) Sprinkled over. (1883m1)

GUTTÉ. (Fr.) An heraldic term, used to designate a shield or charge covered with drops, after the manner of the hearse-cloth, or hangings of a funeral-chamber. (1855f1)

$H Gutter. Archietcture

(Arch.) A reservoir at the base of a roof which receives rain‑water and directs it to a waste pipe. In ancient buildings we = find gutters hollowed out of blocks of marble or stone. In some mediaeval chur= ches the gutter projects beyond the façade and is surmounted by an arca= de. From the end of the 13th century gutters are provided with projecting gargoyles (q.v.), and some carry off the water in conduits made in flying buttresses. In ambitious buildings of the 13th and 14th centuries grooves, which serve as gutters, are sometimes cut in solid blocks of stone. At a later period gutters were made of terracotta or of wood covered with lead= or bronze. The surface of the gutter is often enriched with ornament. In some modern buildings there are gutters of some pretensions, formed of tubes, decorated with flutings, rosettes, &c. 3 ILLUS. gutter1, gutter2, gutter3(189= 1a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p; &nbs= p; &= nbsp;

$H Gutts. Heraldry

Gutts, or Gouttes (He= r.) This is the heraldic name given to drops of water or other liquid when represented on a shield. The liquid of which the drop is supposed to be composed is suggested by the tincture of the <= span class=3DSpellE>gouttes= . Thus gouttes de sang= are blazoned gules, gouttes= de larmes azure. ILLUS. gutts(1891a1)

$H Gutturnium.

R. (guttur, the throat). A water‑jug or ewer; it was a vessel of very elegant f= orm, and was used chiefly by slaves for pouring water over the hands of the gu= ests before and after a meal. (See ABLUTIONS.)(1883m1)

$H Guttus.

R. (gutta, a drop). A vessel with a very narrow neck and mouth, by means of which liquids could be poured out drop by drop; whence its name. It was especia= lly used in sacrifices, and is a common object upon coins of a religious character.(1883m1)

$H Gutty. Heraldry

Her. Charged or sprinkled with drops.(1883m1)

$H Guze. Heraldry

(Her.) A small round disc or roundel (q.v.) of san= guine or blood colour is called by English heralds = a guze.(1= 891a1)

$H Guzune.

An Assyrian city on the borders of Minni. It was conquered by Ahs= era, king of Minni, who was soon afterwards defeat= ed by Assurbanipal. (1876c1)

$H Gwerre. Old English

O.E. The choir of a church.(1883m1)

$H Gyges.

An officer of Candaul= es, king of Lydia; he murdered his master, married his wife, and usurped the throne, thus founding the dynasty of the Mermnadae. He rei= gned from B.C. 687 to 653 (so Gelzer), and was the cotemporary of Archilochus, Simonides of Amorgos, Terpander, and the Homer of Euphorion. In consequence of= a dream he sent embassies and tribute to Assur-bani-pa= l, including two captive Kimmerian chiefs. His a= id enabled Psammitikhus to revolt successfully f= rom Assyria; but the Kimmerians soon afterwards i= nvaded Lydia again, and he was slain in battle. His son, Ardys, again submitted to Assyria. Gyges was a benefactor of the Delphic oracle, and t= he old folk-tale of underground treasures and a ring which rendered the owner in= visible attached itself to him. He is called Gugu in = the Cuneiform inscriptions, and Gog in the Old Testament. (1876c1)=

$H Gyller. Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

Gyller. "Golden.&= quot; In Scandin= avian mythology the name of one of the horses of the gods. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Gymmers. Old English

O.E. Hinges. (The word is still used.)(1883m1)

$H Gymnasium.

Gymnasium Gr. ((L:<VF4@<[=3D= gumnasion]; = (L:<ÎH[=3D= gumnos], stripped). A large building used by the Gr= eeks, answering to the Roman palaestra, in which gymnastics were taught and practised. There were also attached to it assembly rooms for rhetoricians and philosophers.(1883m1)

A collection of buildings and porticoes in which the you= th of antiquity indulged in exercises and games. The training of the physical powers was a very important element in Greek education, and the gymnasia = of Greece were very elaborate institutions, including colonnades, shady walks, baths, &c. The influence of the gymnasium and the physical types developed t= here upon art was considerable. [Athletes.] The gymnasium of modern times is generally a simple unpretentious building, in which physical exercises ma= y be practised. It possesses, it need scarcely be = said, none of the importance, civic or artistic, which belonged to the gymnasia= of ancient times.(1891a1)

GYMNASTICS. (Gr.) Public athletic exercises a= nd games constituted that phase of Grecian life which was most completely re= flected in Art, on account of the natural affinity in which it stood to sculpture. From this source, as well as from relievos, vase paintings, and gems, a v= ery complete cyclus of representations can still be composed; and these also certainly enable us to penetrate deeper than has hitherto been done into = the gymnasia, or methods and artific= es of the ancient corporeal exercises. Short curling hair, robust limbo, a powe= rful development of form, and comparatively small heads, characterise the enti= re class of gymnasts; the bruised ears and prominent muscles distinguish in particular the boxers and pancratiasts. It was a leading aim with ancient= Art to represent, with perfect truth, the particular form of body and characteristic motions belonging to the different kinds of combat, and th= ese were also indicated in the statues erected in honour of the victors; but = the ATHLETES were also sculptured as frequently in actions which were common to all - = such as the anointing the body, praying for victory, encircling the head with = the victorious fillet, and very often in quite a simple and tranquilly firm posture. These statues, which some time ago often received false names (f= or example, genius praestes), fo= r the most part held garlands in their hands; palms also served, as in Hermes, = to point out their significance. Amidst the numerous figures which appear, p= articularly in vase paintings, as superintendents of the exercises, we may chiefly ex= pect to find the aliptae, or teach= ers of gymnastics, whose fame was intimately bound up with that of their pupils.= (1855f1)

$H Gynaeceum.

Gynaeceum Gr.= (from (L<¬[=3D= gune], a woman). That part of the Greek house which= was set apart for the women. (See DOMUS.)(1883m1)

$H Gypsum.

Gypsum. A sulphate of = lime, the commonest form of which is plaster of Paris. Owing to its plasticity = it is useful in taking casts of works of sculpture or other objects. It has = been used for this purpose from the very earliest times and in this connection= is mentioned by Pliny.(1891a1)

Gypsum. (Gr= . (bR@H[=3D= gupsos]). The property of rapid consolidation rende= rs gypsum very available for taking casts of works of art, &c. It is much employed in architectural ornaments. The gypsum of = Paris is called = Montmartrite, and forms t= he best Plaster of Paris, as it resists the weather better than purer sorts. It contains 17 per cent. of carbonate of lime. (See also ALABASTER.)(1883m1)<= o:p>

GYPSUM, PLASTER OF PARIS. A sulphate of lime, found in large quantities at Montmartre, near Paris. It is extensively employed in the Arts for making moulds, taking casts, &= amp;c. It is rendered much harder by the addition of a small portion of silicate of potash, or soluble g= lass.

The Art of makin= g fluid plaster and images of that material is very ancient, and is named by Plin= y* as pract= ised by the artists of his day. Such works are of too fragile a character to h= ave reached our own time, except in rare instances. Some have been found in ancient Cilicia; † they consisted of small figures cast in a mould, like those vended by the modern Italian image-men, ‡ and were of fine plaster, made from calcined gypsum or alabaster, and were believed to have been made about 150 years = B.C.

*<= /span> Nat. Hist. lib.= xxxv. p. 153. who says: - Hominis autem imaginem gypso e facie ipsa prim= us omnium expressit ceraque in ceraque in <= span class=3DSpellE>eam formam gypsi infusa emendare <= span class=3DSpellE>instituit Lysistratus <= span class=3DSpellE>Sicyonius, frater Lysippi, de quo diximus= ."

&#= 8224; They are descri= bed in Mr. Barker's Lares and Penates; or Cilicia and its Governors.= London: 1853.

‡ The antique name for these workmen was gypsoplastes.(1855f1)

$H Gyron. Heraldry

Her. A triangular figure, one of the subordinaries.(1883m1)

(Her.) This subordinary is a device in the form of a right‑angled triangle cut off from one corn= er of the shield ‑the dexter chief‑ by lines drawn bar‑wise= and bandwise intersecting at the fess‑po= int. A gyron is, however, seldom borne alone, but = the device is utilised to form the varied field c= alled gyronny= . ILLUS. gyron(1891a1)

$H Gyronny. Heraldry

Her. A field divided into gyrons. Fig. 375. Gyronny.(1883m1)

(Her.) This is the name given to the varied field found by an alternation of = gyrons. The usual number = is eight, but the number should always be specified in blazoning. Thus the accompanying cut would be blazoned Gyronny of eig= ht argent and gules. ILLUS. gynronny(1891a1)