$H Hasan.

A king of the city of Yathrib, in Arabia. He was a tributary of Esarh= addon, who imposed a heavy tribute on his son Yala, by whom he was succeeded. See Yathrib. (1876c1)=

$H Ha-sebek. Egypt

An Egyptian town, as yet unidentified. It = was one of the two Crocodilopoli of the Greeks, being a place sacred to the g= od Sebek. (1876c1)

$H Ha-shaat. Egypt

An Egyptian town, sacred to the worship of= the deity Apis. It was also called Hanut. (1876c1)

$H Hasis-adra.

Another form of the name of the patriarch Adrahasis, which see. (1876c1)

$H Hassimir.

The viceroy of the country of Isbaggi, und= er Urukh, king of Ur= . (1876c1)

$H Hasta.

HASTA. A short spear borne by the Rom= an soldiery. Its form and use may be seen in our cut, which is copied from a= bas-relief on the Antonine column, Rome= . The hasta pura was a headless spear, often borne by Roman emperors on peaceful occasions, or represente= d on their medals, in token of their placidity; or borne by deities of bland intentions. FIGURE (1855f1)

Hasta. (Gr. = §(= P@= H[=3Dengchos]). A spear used as a pike for thrusting, or as a missile for hurling from the hand, or as a bolt from an engine. Homer defines the spear as "a pole heavy with bronze." The hast= a amentata, for hurling, had a leathern thong for a handle (amentum) in the middle; hasta pura was a spear without a head, and was a much‑valued decorati= on given to a Roman soldier who had saved a citizen's life; hasta celibarium was a spear which, having been thrust into t= he body of a gladiator as he lay dead in the arena, was afterwards used at marriages to part the hair of the bride. A spear was set up before a place where sales by auction were going on, and an auction‑room was hence called HASTARIUM. Different kinds of spear were the lancea of the Greeks; the pilum, peculiar to the Romans; the veru<= /i>, verutum, or "spit," of= the Roman light infantry; the gaesum<= /i>, a Celtic weapon adopted by the Romans; the sparrus, our English spar or spear, the rudest missile of the whole class; and many others mentioned under their respective headings in this work.

Fig. 379. Hasta ‑ Roman ceremonial spear.(1883m1)

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$H Hasta Pura. Numismatics

In Numismatics, a headless spear or long sceptre, an attribute of all the heathen deities; a symbol of the goodness of the gods and the conduct of providence, equally mild and forcible.(1883m1)

$H Hastarium.

R. A room in which sales were made sub hasta publica, that is, by public auction, under the publ= ic authority indicated by the spear. The term also denoted a list or catalog= ue of sale.(1883m1)

$H Hastile.

R. (hasta). The shaft of a spear, and thence the spear itself, a goad, &c.(1883m1)

$H Hasu.

A Libyan tribe who were subjugated by Rame= ses III. of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)=

$H Hat.    1. Egypt; 2. Heraldry; 3. Costume

Hat. A tow= n in Upper Egypt; site unknown. (1876c1)

Hat. (Her.) A cardin= al's hat is a red broad‑brimmed hat with tassels hanging from it on either s= ide. In heraldry it is employed as the crest to a shield as shown in the cut. = For archbishops and bishops the hat is green and for abbots black, and a difference is sometimes made in the number of tassels. ILLUS. hat(1891a1)<= /span>

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Hat (A.S. ha= et, a covering for the head). Froissart describes hats and plumes worn at Edward's court in 1340, when the Garter order was instituted. Hats were originally of a scarlet‑red colour, and made of "a fine kinde = of haire matted thegither." A remarkable series of changes in the fashi= on of hats is given in Planché= ;'s Encyclopaedia of Costume. Our illustration represents a young Venetian noble of the Middle Ages. (See also the illustrations to POURPOINT, BIRET= TA, BOMBARDS, CALASH, CAPUCHON, CHAPEAU, CORONETS, &c.)

Fig. 380. Costume of a nobleman in Venice (16th century), showing the Hat of the period.(1883m1)

HATS. Coverings for the head and feet have probably undergone more diversity of shape than any other portion of our apparel, and have more especially determined the varying costume of different nations. In Antiquity, hats did not belon= g to the ordinary costume of life in cities; they denote rural, equestrian, and sometimes warlike occupations - as the κυνέη, wh= ich in Boeotia bore the form of a fir cone; in Thessalia, that of an umbrella; t= he arcadian hat is known by its very large flat brim; the petasus = was especially worn by horsemen and ephebi, with the chlamys, in the form of = an umbellated flower reversed (Fig. 1); the CAUSIA, which had a very low cro= wn, belonged to the Macedonian, AEtolian, Illyrian, and also, perhaps, Thessa= lian costume. We may also mention the semi-oval sailor's bonnet, to which was given a very significant interpretation in Samothr= ace. The Phrygian cap (Fig. 2) is not unfrequently met with in Greek Art, in i= ts simpler as well as more complex form. Coverings for the head and feet characterise grades of men or gods in antique costume, to trace the varie= ties of which is of importance, for the more accurate determination of heroic figures. HOODS are a most ancient covering for the head, and far more use= ful and convenient than the modern fashion of hats, which present a cumbrous, useless elevation, and leave the ears and neck completely exposed. * FIGURES

* The felt hats lat= ely introduced, and, as we are gratified to perceive, likely to be generally adopted, are identical in form and material with the CAUSIA. This kind of head-piece has everything to recommend it - material, form, and colour - = and, moreover, it is classic and picturesque. It is truly melancholy to reflect upon the singular tyranny that for two generations has inflicted upon an intelligent people so unsightly, uncomfortable, and altogether unsuitable= a covering for the "seat of thought" as the modern hat. It has, in fact, nothing to recommend it; very little rough usage renders it shabby; rain spoils it; in crowded assemblies it is an incumbrance, always in the way, and a source of anxiety and annoyance to the wearer, while for artis= tic purposes it has to be studiously avoided. What, can a painter or a sculpt= or make of a modern hat?(1855f1)

$H Hat-ant.     Egypt

The Egyptian name of the town called Antaeopolis by the Greeks. (1876c1)

$H Hatasu.      Egypt. See HATSHEPSUT.(1902b1)

$H Hat-a-su or Hat-scheps.     Egypt

Hat-a-su. The name of the queen of Thothmes III. Her history and relationship, if any, to the royal family are unknow= n. (1876c1)

Hat-a-su. Or= Hat-scheps. An Egyptian lady, the wife of the governor Titiu of the XVIII= th dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Hat-a-su. Or Hatsheps. "The First of Noble Ones."     [See Hatshepsut – Editor]

$H Hat-athor.     Egypt

Another name of the town of Tentyra, in Upper Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Hatchet.    Heraldry

Hatchet. (Her.) This= is a not unfrequent charge in early heraldry. Hatchets of all shapes are to be found in different coats of arms, including both battle‑axes and ax= es for cutting trees. When the handle of the axe is shown, the axe is said t= o be helved. ILLUS. hatchet(1891a1)

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HATCHET. An axe used by the military, o= r by executioners. It is borne by the apostles Matthew and Matthias, as an emb= lem of their martyrdom. (1855f1)<= /o:p>

$H Hatching.

HATCHING. The term applied to a series of lines placed closely side by side, to produce the effect of an uniform ti= nt in engraving, and laid on by the strokes of the crayon or graver, at angl= es more or less acute, according to the degree of shadow. It is also used to produce some of the shadows in fresco-painting; and in MINIATURE it is ve= ry effective when well executed. (1855f1)

Hatchings. Lines either parallel or crossed, by= means of which the modelling of objects is indicated in engraving. These lines according to their size and closeness enable the engraver to suggest tone= s, to render the effect of vibrating lights, and to distinctly mark the form= and even the texture of each object. For instance, it is by means of fine and delicate hatchings that flesh is indicated, while vigorous hatchings represent the folds of drapery, &c. Sometimes the small spaces between cross‑hatchings are stippled, in order to tone down the too strongly marked whites and to give depth to the modelling. In maps and topographic= al plans hatchings represent the slope of mountains, and they vary in number= and length according to the height and declivity of the mountain. The length = of the hatchings is in inverse ratio to the suddenness of the declivity, and represents the distance existing between two consecutive curves. <= span style=3D'font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-= proof: no'>ILLUS. hatching(1891a1)

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$H Hatchment.    Heraldry

Her. (for at= chievement). An achievement of arms in a lozenge‑shaped frame, placed upon the f= ront of the residence of a person lately deceased, made to distinguish his rank and position in life.(1883m1)

$H Hat-ei.     Egypt

An Egyptian scribe, whose monument is in t= he Leyden Museum. Period uncertain. (1876c= 1)

$H Haten-ash.     Egypt

The Hieroglyphic name of the cedar oil, wh= ich was much used as am unguent by the ancient Egyptians. (1876c1)=

$H Hat-hesi.     Egypt

A town in the Libyan nome, sacred to the goddess Isis. (1876c1)

$H Hathna.

A young nude Satyr, who was represented on= an Etruscan mirror as upturning an amphora, with a leopard on each side of h= im. (1876c1)

$H Hathor or Hat-hor.      Egypt

Hat-hor. An Egyptian goddess called "= the Lady of Horns." She was supposed specially to preside over the birth= of princes, the female toilette, and the production of precious stones. She = was the local deity of the nome of Lower Arsinoe, in Upper Egypt, of the gold= and turquoise mines at Wady Magara, and of the land of Pount in Arabia Felix. Her name was often written Athor. In common with the oth= er goddesses her headdress was the solar disk resting upon the outspread hor= ns, and she was represented on the monuments with the ears, and sometimes with the face, of a cow. The Egyptian queens were generally considered to be u= nder her special favour. (1876c1)

Hathor. One of the most important goddesses of the Egyptian Pantheon. Her name signifies "the House of Horus," and in one aspect she is a sky goddess, Horus the sun rising and setting in her. Her best known form is = as the goddess of beauty, love, and joy. As such she was in later times identified by the Greeks with their Aphrodite. Many festivals were held in her honour, and the great temple at Dendera was devoted to her cult. In another form she is the "Lady of the Underworld." The cow was h= er sacred animal, she herself being sometimes represented in the form of a c= ow. More often she is shown as a woman, though sometimes wearing the cow̵= 7;s head or ears. Her characteristic headdress is the disk between two horns. Near= ly all goddesses were at times identified with her, and when this happens th= ey usually wear her attributes, the disk and horns. Very frequently Hathor is represented suckling Horus. ILLUS. Hathor.(1902b1)

$H Hat-hor.     Egypt

The father (?) of an unimportant Egyptian named Senbeb. His name is important as showing that the Egyptians used the names of their deities as proper names of persons without any alteration = or combination. (1876c1)

$H Hat-hors.     Egypt

In Egyptian mythology seven deities, also called the seven cows, who attended upon the birth of children, and in a certain degree foretold their destinies. Their analogues were the Parcae = of the Greeks. (1876c1)

$H Hat-hor-hat.     Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the wife of Pakhrua, and= the mother of Ankhkheper-ra, priest of Apis. (1876c1)

$H Hat-hor-het-aei.     Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the daughter of Petemet = and the lady Hemsuisi. Her sarcophagus and mummy are in the Leyden Museum. (1876c1)

$H Hat-hor-isis.     Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the wife of the sculptor= and architect Abet, of the XIIth dynasty. Her name is peculiar as containing those of two deities Hathor and Isis. (1876c1)

$H Hat-hor-se.     Egypt

The father of Osirtesen, an Egyptian offic= ial in the reign of Amenemha II. of the XIIth dyna= sty. (1876c1)

The wife of Ameni, the chief of the embalm= ers of a king of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

An Egyptian lady, the wife of a private individual named Ta-ta, who probably lived in the XIIth dynasty. (1876c1)=

An Egyptian lady, the sister of two private individuals of the XIIth dynasty, named Antef and Ameni. (1876c1)

$H Hat-hor-se-t.     Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the mother of Ankh, the keeper of the cars of the palace of Amenemha I. of= the XIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Hat-hor-set-dsjatho.     Egypt

The Egyptian name of the lady Sensaos, whi= ch see. (1876c1)

$H Hat-hor-set-month.     Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the daughter of Neferpou= and the lady Ketet. Her sarcophagus and mummy are in the Leyden Museum. (1876c1)

$H Hati.     1. Egypt; 2. Scandinavia

An Egyptian emblem or amulet in the shape = of a heart, generally wrought in red feldspar, jasper, or cornelian. (1876c1)<= o:p>

In Scandinavian mythology the name of the = wolf which by pursuing and seizing the moon caused eclipses. He was the son of= the giant Hrodwitner, by the giantess Iarnwidr. See Sköll.(1876c1)

$H Hati-nofre.     Egypt

Hati-nofre. "Good Heart."= An Egyptian scri= be, whose monument is in the Leyden Museum. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

$H Hat-ka-nebter.     Egypt

Hat-ka-nebter. "Abode of the Universal Lord." One of the mystical cows or Hathors of Egyptian mythology= . She was called "the Universal Lord" (sic). (1876c1)

$H Hat-mehi.     Egypt

An Egyptian goddess, worshipped in the city and name of Chev, in Lower Egypt. (187= 6c1)

$H Hat-mehu.     Egypt

A city in Upper Egy= pt. Its site is unknown. (1876c1)

$H Hat-mit-ra.     Egypt

The mother of Amenhote= p II. of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Hat-ne-hat.     Egypt

Another name of the city of Tentyris, in Upper Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Hat-nub.     Egypt

The Egyptian name for the royal quarries at Ombos, in Upper Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Hat-nut.     Egypt

A town in Egypt sacred to the goddess Sekhet. Site unidentified. (1876c1)

$H Hat-reshpu.     Egypt

An Egyptian town, sacred to the goddess Re= shpu or Reseph. Site unknown. (1876c1)

$H Hat-scheps. Or Hat-a-su.     [See also Hat-a-su - Editor]

Hat-scheps. = Or Hat-a-su. An Egyptian lady, the wife of the governor Titiu of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Hat-schep-u.     Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the daughter of Nunnu, an officer in the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

A daughter of Anhurmes, the priest of the deity Anhur, in the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Hatsheps. Or Hat-a-su. "The First of Noble Ones."     [See Hatshepsut – Editor]

$H Hatshepsut, Queen    Egypt

Hatshepsut, Queen , Maat-ka-Ra , Dynasty XVIII., B.C. 1516-1481. This queen was the daughter and heiress of Thothmes <= st2:Sn w:st=3D"on">I., and was married to her half-brother, Thothmes II., by whom she had two daughters, Neferu-Ra, who died young, a= nd Hatshepset, who became the wife of Thothmes III.

Hatshepsut is one of the most interesting figures in Egyptian hist= ory. Left a widow quite young, she took up the reins of government with vigour= and decision, and during her reign raised the country to a most prosperous condition. Apparently she preferred the arts of peace to the conquest of fresh territory. Her name will be remembered for all time by the magnific= ent and unique temple of Dêr-el-Bahri, built under the Theban hills. Its great historic interest lies in the representation upon one of the dividing walls of the expedition to the land of Punt. This purely commercial and pacific expedition was ostensibly to seek for and bring back some of the incense trees which did not grow in Egypt. Hatshepsut's envoys = were successful, and besides returning with some of the previous trees, which = were planted in the garden of Amen, they bro= ught to their queen the allegiance of the people of Punt, and rich gifts of electron, ebony, ivory, leopard skins, incense, and wild animals. At Karnak she erected two obelisks, the greater one = being to celebrate the Sed festival= , in the sixteenth year of her reign. It is nearly 100 ft. high, and is cut ou= t of red granite; it was quarried at Aswân, inscribed, polished, and set= up in its place in the incredibly short period of seven months.(1902b1)=

Hat-a-su. Or= Hatsheps. "The First of Noble Ones." A queen of Egypt of the XVIIIth dynast= y. She was the daughter of Thothmes I., and regent of the kingdom during the reigns of her brother, Thothmes II., and the earlier part of that of Thot= hmes III. She invaded the land of Ta-Neter or Arabia Felix, and Pount, Arabia Barbarica, bringing the queen of that country captive to Egypt. She was the first to establish an Egyptian navy on the Red Sea, and she re-opened the turquoise mines at Wady Magara, which had been abandoned since the time of the Hyks= hos, and enlarged the temples of Ammon at Karnak and of Athor at Deir el Bahri. The length of her reign and the time and c= ause of her death are at present unrecorded. (1876c1)

$H Hatu-khnum-amen.     Egypt

A king of the XVIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Ha-uar.     Egypt

The Egyptian name of the capital city of t= he Hykshos, which the Greeks corrupted into Avaris. (1876c1)

$H Haubas.

Haubas. "The Shining." A Himyaritic sol= ar male deity, of whose attributes nothing is known. He was probably a form = of the god Il. (1876c1)

$H Haubergeon.    Armour

HAUBERGEON= . (Fr.) In Armour, a garment worn over the quilted gambeson or haquet= on, and under the jupon. (1855f1)

$H Hauberk.    Armour

Haube= rk. (Germ. Hals‑berg, a thr= oat‑guard). A military tunic of ringed mail, of German origin, introduced in the 12th century.(1883m1)

Haube= rk. A kind of cuirass or coat of mail in use in the Middle Ages. It had wide sleeves and reached to a little below the knee as shown in our cut. It is said to have been introduced about the 12th centu= ry. ILLUS. hauberk(1891a1)

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HAUBERK, HALBERCUM (Lat.). In Armour,= a tunic of ringed mail, descending below the knees, with wide sleeves reach= ing a little below the elbow; being cut up before and behind, a little way, f= or convenience in riding, thus it had the appearance of terminating in short trousers. It was introduced in the twelfth century, and is supposed to ha= ve been invented in G= ermany. It is said that the name given to this vestment by the Normans originally signified a protec= tion for the throat; but the term could only have been appropriate when the capuchin or cowl formed a component part of it.* F= IGURE

* See Meyrick's Critical Inquiry into Ancient Arms a= nd Armour; Fairholt's Costume in= England<= /st1:place>; Planché's History of Briti= sh Costume. The engraving is copied from the Bayeux tapestry, and represents a war= rior of the time of William the Conqueror.(1855f1)

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$H Haumudeys.    Old English

O.E. A purse.(1883m1)

$H Haunch.

(1.) An anatomical term denoting that part of t= he os iliacum which is articulated in the thigh bone, and generally in popular lang= uage the exterior projection of this bone.

(2.) (Arch.) The haunch of an arch is the part = which lies between the vertex of the arch and its springing.(1891a1)=

$H Hauriant.    Heraldry

Her. Said of fishes upright, "sucking the air.&= quot; (Fig. 381.) Fig. 381. Hauriant.(1883m1)

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(Her.) This term is = used to describe a fish depicted upright on a shield, or, in heraldic language, a fish in pale with the head in= chief. The word is derived from = the supposition that the fish assumes this attitude when rising to the surfac= e to draw in air. ILLUS. hauriant(1891a1)

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$H Haurvatat.

Haurvatat. "The Universe." In Zendic mythol= ogy the fifth of the heavenly Amshaspands, which see.(1876c1)

$H Hautboy.

A wind instrument of the reed kind.(1883m1)

$H Haversack.

(Fr. havre&#= 8209;sac). A soldier's knapsack.(1883m1)

HAVERSACK.= A soldier's knapsack, containi= ng personal necessaries for a campaign. It is a corrupt form of the French term havre-sac. (1855f1)

$H Havilah.

In Hebrew tradition a country abounding wi= th gold, believed by Aryan scholars to be the district of Darada near Cashme= re, and thought by some Assyriologists to have been Ava in India. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Hawk.    1. Egypt; 2. Heraldry

Egypt<= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-= ansi-language: EN-GB'>. This bird was sacred to Horus, and was frequently mummified. If = any deity is represented with the head of a hawk it may be safely concluded t= hat he was one of the solar gods.(1902b1)

Egyp. This bird symbolizes the successive new births= of the rising sun. The hawk is the bird of Horus. It stood, at certain perio= ds, for the word God, and, with a= human head, for the word soul. The = sun (Ra) is likewise represented with= a hawk's head, ornamented with the disk.(1883m1)

(Her.) In costs of a= rms the hawk is represented perched on both feet upon a horizontal beam. It may be with or without a hood, but like the falcon it has as a rule jesses or ti= es attached to its feet. ILLUS. hawk(1891a1)

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$H Hawk Bell.    Heraldry

(Her.) This is a lit= tle bell of spherical form that used to be attached to the legs of hawks. In heral= dry these bells are sometimes borne as separate charges on a shield, but more often appear in connection with the hawk, which is then blazoned a hawk belled. ILLUS. hawkbell(1891a1)

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$H Hayani.

A king of Hindana in Mesopotamia, who paid tribute to Assurnazirpal. (1876c1)

$H Hazael.

A king of Damascus. He ascended the throne after murdering Benhadad II., and soon afterwards he was called to the defence = of his kingdom against Shalmaneser II., who defeated him with a loss of 16,0= 00 men and all his baggage. The king of Assyria then marched to the siege of= Damascus, but ab= andoned it for want of time, and contented himself with wasting the = land instead. See Appendix, Kings = of Damascus. (1876c= 1)

$H Hazail.

A king of the Hedjaz in Arabia. He submitted to Sennacherib, who rendered him tributary to Assyria. He was succeeded by his son Vaiteh, which see. (1876c1)=

$H Haz-aqi-yahu.

The Assyrian form of the Hebrew royal name Hezekiah, which see. (1876c1)

$H Haziluha.

A Syrian settlement at the head of the Tigris. The people revolted against the Assyrians= , and were subdued by Assurnazirpal. (1876c1)

$H Hazi-yahu.     [See Yahu-hazi - Editor]=

$H Hazu.

A district in Arabi= a conquered by Esarhaddon. It was probably the Uz of Hebrew writers. (1876c= 1)

$H Hbai.

The Egyptian name of the town of Isidis or Baibai= t. (1876c1)