$H Hu. Egypt

Hu= . A mystical bei= ng mentioned in the CXth chapter of the Ritual o= f the Dead. (1876c1)

Hu. "Taste." An obscure Egyptian divinity = who is named in the XVIIth chapter of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Huacos. (See GUACAS.) (1883m1)

$H Hubert, St.

Hubert, St. A noble = of Aquitaine, who= was converted by seeing a milk‑white stag with a crucifix between its horns, when he was hunting on a holy day. For many years he was a hermit = in the Ardennes, and afterwards became Bi= shop of Liège. He died in 727. Representati= ons of him by Flemish and German artists are not infrequent. The St. Hubert engraved by Dürer is perhaps the best known. He generally appears in epis= copal vestments and carries a hunting horn and book. The stag always appears cl= ose to him or upon the book.(1891a1)

HUBERT, ST= . The patron saint of huntsmen. = He was a nobleman of Aquitaine, who lived in the eighth century, and was so entirely engrossed by the cha= se, that he hunted on holy days; he was converted by a milk-white stag bearin= g a crucifix between his horns. He renounced the world, and became a hermit in the forest of Ardennes, where this is said to = have happened. His miraculous conversion has been a favourite subject with artists; Albert Durar particularly excelled in his version of the tale. H= e is sometimes represented as a bishop, with a miniature stag resting on the b= ook in his hand. But he is most generally depicted as a noble hunter, kneelin= g to the miraculous crucifix borne by the stag. (1855f1)

$H Hud. Arabia

In Arabian history a prophet who was sent = to convert the Adites from idolatry. He preached without effect for fifty years during the reign of K= huldjan. At last the entire people of the Adites havin= g been punished by a drought, were miraculously slain= by a tempest, except a few who had believed in Hud. (1876c1)

$H Hudun. Mesopotamia<= /st1:place>

A city in Mesopotam= ia which submitted to Assurnazirpal. (1876c1)

$H Hue= .

Hue. Properly speaking the term hue denotes a = colour which results from the mixture of a primary = with a secondary colour. It is, however, carelessly applied to any colour, and is very often used= where the term tint would be more correct.(1891a1)

HUE. A compound colour in which one of the primaries predominates. Such are the various greys, which are composed of the three primary colours, in unequal strength and proportion. A grey in which blue predominates has a blue hue; one in which red predominat= es has a red hue, &c. This term is often carelessly employed by writers, who substitute it for tint and shade, which are strictly primar= y or secondary colours, in various degrees of intensity. (1855f1)

$H Hugin. Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

Hugin. "Thought.= " In Scandinavian mythology one of the ravens which sat upon the shoulders = of the great god Odin. (1876c1)

$H Hui. Or Houi. Egypt

Houi. Or= Hui. An Egyptian architect, whose votive statuette is in the Museum of the Louvre. (1876c1)

Hui. An Eg= yptian captain of the XIXth dynasty. Nothing else is known respecting him. (1876= c1)

Hui. A roy= al treasurer in the reign of Rameses II. of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)=

Hui. The son of Amen-em-heb, the chief of the grooms= of a king of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

Hui. An Egyptian officer, the keeper of the royal ba= rk of Meri-Ra or Thothmes III. of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

Hui. The auditor of the palace of justice in the rei= gn of a king of the XVIIIth dynasty. He was a worshipper of the Syro-Egyptian goddess Katesch. (1876c1)

Hui. The governor or viceroy of Ethiopia under Amenhotep II= I., to whose third successor Tut-ankh-amen, he sent a costly embassy, attended w= ith a large retinue of Negroes. (1876c1)

$H Huilai.

A country near Media, which was rendered tributary by Samas-Rimmon, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Huircas. Peru

Huircas or Pinchas. Peruv. Subterranean aqueducts of= the ancient Peruvians, distinct from the barecac or open conduits.(1883m1)

$H Huischera. Egypt

An Egyptian officer, the scribe of the tre= asury at Sais, in the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Hukkurana.

A Nabathean ci= ty where Abiyateh the rebel was taken captive by= the army of Assurbanipal. (1876c1)

$H Hula.

The chief of the Assyrian colony of Halziluha, near the head of the Tigris. He and his people attacked the Assyrian town of Damdamusa= , but they were defeated by Assurnazirpal, who flay= ed alive their chief Hulai. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Hulli.

A Syrian nobleman whom Tiglath-Pileser II. placed on the throne of Tabal, instead of Varsarmi, the king, who had revolt= ed from him. (1876c1)

$H Hullings or Hullyng. Old English

Old English name for hangings for a hall, &c.(18= 83m1)

$H Humai. Egypt

The lord or chief of Memphis in the reign of Thothmes III. (1876c1)

$H Human Sacrifice. Egypt

It remains still a disputed point whether the pylon scenes representing the Pharaoh about to kill his bound enemies indicates the practice of sacrifi= cing the captives to the god after a battle. Nor can it be positively proved t= hat from certain scenes in tombs we are to learn that victims were killed at = the death of a rich man in order that their spirits or kas (see KA) might follow him and minister to him in the other wor= ld. If this were so the custom did not survive the civilization of the Theban Empire. M. Maspero has written, "On the occasional persistence of human sacrifice, real or simulated, even into t= he times of the second Theban Empire."(1902b1)

$H Humatio.

R. (humo= , to bury). The act of burying, and thence any mode of interment whatever.(188= 3m1)

$H Humbanigash.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

A king of Elam. He and Merodach Baladin I., and Urza, king of Ararat, combined against Sa= rgon II., but without success, as Humbanigash was = first of all defeated by the king of Assyria= on the plains of Kalu. (1876c1)

$H Humba-undasha.

An officer in the Ela= mite army who betrayed the plans of Ummanminan and= his allies to Sennacherib, thus securing an easy but sanguinary victory to the king of Assyria at the battle of Halule. (1876c1)

$H Hume's Permanent White. SULPHATE OF BARYTES (q.v.). = (1883m1)

$H Humerale. (See ANABOLOGIUM, AMICE.) (1= 883m1)

$H Humettée or <= span class=3DSpellE>Humetty. Heraldry

Humettée, Her. Cut short at the extremities.(1883m1)

Humetty. (Her.) Another term for = couped. [Cross, Couped.](1891a1)

$H Humorist.

An artist = who executes grotesque scenes and fanciful sketches, and who appeals to the s= ense of the ridiculous in those who look at his pictures.(1891a1)

$H Humri.

The name by which Omr= i, king of Israel, is mentioned in the Assyrian inscriptions. (1876c1)

$H Humut. Babylonia

A city in Babylonia= which was conquered by Tiglath Pileser II., who enlarged it, built a palace there, and changed its name to Kar-Assur. (1876c1)

$H Huni. Egypt

The last king of the = IIIrd Egyptian dynasty. He reigned twenty-six years, and was the Kerpheres of the Greeks. (1876c1)=

$H Hunra. Egypt

A priestess of the goddess Nut in the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Hunting Flask.

M. Jacquemart thinks that that represented in Fig. 3= 89 may be reasonably attributed to Palissy. It is glazed in green, and diapered = with little flames of a deeper shade. Upon the body, in relief, is the escutch= eon of the celebrated Anne de Montmorency, round it the collar of St. Michael, and on each side the Constable's sword supported by a mailed arm and the motto of his house, "A Planos" (unwavering). A mask of Italian style and rayonnated suns complete the decoration of this curious sealed earthenware.

Fig. 389. Hunting Flask of Jaspered Ware, 1554‑556. Louvre Museum= .(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Hunting‑horn, Bugle, or Bugle-horn.= Heraldry

Hunting‑horn or Bugle. (Her.) This is a very well‑known armorial bearing. The horn it= self takes the form shown in the cut, but it is generally represented with str= ings attached and with a band round the middle, and is then blazoned stringed and garnished. <= span style=3D'font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-= proof: no'>ILLUS. huntingh(1891a1)

Bugle‑horn. (Her.) A = figure in blazonry in the shape of a small hunting horn. Thus we say a "buglehorn g= ules." In blazoning we should specify whether it as "enguiché," i.= e. whether it has a cord attached to it or not. ILLUS. buglehor= (1891a1)

$H Hupuskia.

The capital city of the district of Nairi, North of Assyria, which submitted to Assurnazirpal. See Nairi. (1876c1)

$H Huque. [See Heuk - Editor]

Heuk or Huque. O.E. (1) Originally a cloak or mantle= worn in the Middle Ages; then (2) a tight‑fitting dress worn by both sex= es. (Fairholt; see also Planché, Encyclopaedia.) = There appears to be great uncertainty as to the character of this garment.(1883= m1)

$H Huracca.

An Assyrian city which revolted to Assurdan, and was reconquered<= /span> by Samas-Rimmon, or Sams= i-Vul IV. (1876c1)

$H Hurantalu.

A town and fortress of the Rotennu, in Upper Syria. It was made tributary = to Egypt by Thothmes III. (1876c1)

$H Hurarina.

A desert town in Naba= thea, which was conquered by Assurbanipal in his second Arabian war. (1876c1)

$H Huras.

A city of Girubbunda, near the East of Parthia, w= hich was destroyed, together with 600 of its garrison, by Samas-Rimmon, king of Assyria, its king Pirisat with all his family being taken captive in Nineveh. (1876c1)

$H Hurbasa. Egypt

An Egyptian chief who unsuccessfully revol= ted against Piankhi-Mer-amen of the XXVIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Hur= st. Heraldry

Her. A clump of trees.(1883m1)

$H Hurte. Heraldry

Her. A blue roundle.(1883m1)

$H Husia and Au'si. Assyrian for Hosea [Editor - see Ho= sea]

Husia. The Assyrian f= orm of the Hebrew royal name Hoshea, which see. (187= 6c1)

$H Husinna.

A small Syrian state which paid tribute to= Tiglath Pileser II. (18= 76c1)

$H Hut. Egypt

The white crown of = Upper Egypt. See Pschent. (1876c1)

The Egyptian name of the onion, a favourite article of diet in Egypt. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Huta. Sepulchral Tablets. Egypt

The funereal tablets, called huta, w= ere used for the same purpose as tombstones and sepulchral monuments are at the present day, but they were distinguished by having been placed inside the tombs, and not outside and in the open air. They were of different materi= als, as granite, sandstone, alabaster, and limestone; and of different sizes a= nd shapes, square, rectangular, and either pointed or rounded at the top; th= ose of square shape often representing the entrance or cornice of a tomb. At a later period (about the XXIInd dynasty, or in= the ninth and eighth centuries B.C.) wooden tablets, made of sycamore, were substituted. These tablets were generally rounded above, and surmounted b= y a wooden figure of the bai, or soul, and stand on a pedestal of two small flights of steps, into which they are inserted. They have been covered with linen, coated with plaster= , on which have been painted in tempera the vignettes, or pictures, and inscriptions. The principal subjects represented are the deceased attende= d by his mother, wife, sister, or brethren, standing in adoration to the boat = of the Sun, or to the solar deities Ra, Sekar or= Socharis Tum, Atum or Tomos, and Osir= is, either alone or accompanied by his wife Isis, Nephth= ys, Anubis, Amset, Hapi, Tuautmutf, and Kabhsenuf, and other sepulchral deities. The texts accompanying these scenes are the nam= es and titles of the deities, and of the deceased, usually placed in the sce= ne along with them, and a larger inscription, in horizontal lines of Hieroglyphics, placed under the scene, being a prosc= ynema, or act of adoration, to the principal deities, praying them to confer the usual benefit of food, permission to pass from Hades, or off the earth, a= nd for the soul to go to heaven, or the empyreal regions. Some inscriptions = are also adorations, or hymns to the sun. The name of the deceased on these tablets was preceded by the title of Osiris, into whose condition he was supposed to pass after death; but about 100 B= .C., females began to have the title of Athor, or the goddess of beauty, prefixed to their nam= es. Some of these tablets were surmounted on the rounded top by the figure of= a human-headed hawk, emblem of the bai, or soul, which was fixed by a plug into the upper= rim of the tablet. (Birch.) (1876c1)

$H Hutch. Old English

O.E. = (Fr. huche). A locker, which generally stood at the foot of the bed, to contain clothes and objects of value. It was commonly used for a seat.(1883m1)

$H Huvette.

Fr. A close steel skull‑cap.(1883m1)

$H Huzirina.

An Assyrian city which supported Assurdainpal in his revolt against his father Shalmaneser II. (1876c1)

$H Hyacinth.

HYACINTH. A precious stone of a violet c= olour. (1855f1)

(1) A precious stone of a violet colour.

(2) The colour formed of red with blue, blue predominating.

(3) The flower hyacinth among the ancient Greeks was= the emblem of death.(1883m1)

$H Hyacinthia.

Gr. A national festival, celebrated annually at Amyc= lae by the Amyclaeans and Spartans, in honour of the hero Hyacinthus, who was accidentally killed by Apollo with a quoit.(1883m1)

$H Hyaline.

Transparent and diap= hanous like glass. Rock crystal, for instance, is hyaline.(1891a1)

$H Hyalograph.

An instrument by mea= ns of which perspective can be mechanically drawn.(1891a1)

$H Hyalography.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

The art of engraving= upon glass either with a diamond, emery, or hydrofluoric acid. The term is also applied to a mechanical process of drawing by means of which objects are reproduced as they are seen in perspective.(1891a1)

$H Hyalotype.

Hyalotype. (= à"= 8@= H[=3Dhualos], glass, and JL= B,= Ã<[=3Dtupein], to print). An inventio= n for printing photographs from the negative on to glass, instead of paper.(188= 3m1)

HYALOTYPE.= A compound from the Greek _= 7;αλος[=3Dnalos], glass, and τυπειν, to print, indicating a peculiar photographic picture, in which the negatives and positives are b= oth taken on glass, by which any fault of texture in paper is avoided and a m= ore perfect picture obtained. The invention and term belongs to Langenheim, o= f Philadelphia. (1= 855f1)

$H Hyanes.

The Greek form of the name of the Satrap of Darius, who was named Vivana, which see. (187= 6c1)

$H Hybrid.

HYBRID. Partaking of different natures or characteristics. *

* = See ANIMALS (HYBRID) in this Dictionary, CHIMERA and HIPPOCAMPUS. (1855f1)

$H Hycsos. See Hyksos

$H Hydra.

HYDRA. A fabulous monster of antiquity reported to invest Lake= Lema, in Pelopone= sia, and to have a hundred heads each capable of double reproduction if amputa= ted, unless the wound was stopped by fire. It was one of the labours of Hercul= es to destroy this monster. The HYDRA of modern heraldry is a beast with nine heads. (1855f1)

Hydra. Gr. (a water‑serpent). A hundred‑= headed monster of Greek mythology, sprung, like the Chimaera, from Typhon and Echidna; he was killed by Hercules. In Heraldry the hydra is represented = with only nine heads. The illustration (Fig. 390) is of the device adopted by Curtio Gonzaga, an Italian poet, to symbolize the constancy of his love, = with the motto, "If I kill it, more strong it revives." Fig. 3= 90. Hydra with seven heads.(1= 883m1)

<= /o:p>

Hydra. (Her.) This i= s a fabulous animal represented as a dragon with seven heads. A celebrated classical myth tells of the manner in which Hercules slew the hydra near = Argos, in Greece. ILLUS. hydra(1891a1)

$H Hydraletês.

Gr. (1) A mill for grinding corn, driven by water. (= 2) A waterfall or current of water.(1883m1)

$H Hydraulis.

Gr. <= /span>(à= *D‑= "L= 84= H[=3Dhudr‑aulis]). A water‑organ. The hydraulic organ, invented about B.C. 200, was re= ally a pneumatic organ; the water was only used to force the air through the pipes. It is represented on a coin of Nero in the = British Museum. Only ten pipes are given to it, and there is no indication of any keyR= 09;board. It had eight stops, and consequently eight rows of pipes; these were part= ly of bronze, and partly of reed. It continued in use so late as the 9th cen= tury of our era.(1883m1)

$H Hydria.

Hydria. Gr. A large, heavy vessel, used principally = for holding a store of water. It is represented urn‑shaped, with a broad base and a narrow mouth, sometimes with one and sometimes with two handle= s at the top, and smaller ones on the belly. The name is applied to other pail= s of bronze or silver, &c. (Fig. 391)

Fig. 391. Hydria, or Water‑jug, in black glaze.(1883m1)

Hydria. (Pot.) An an= cient vase of variable form used to contain water. The hydria when made of terr= a‑cotta was often of elegant form and covered with ornament. It was generally provided with three handles, two large and one small one. Sometimes a sma= ll handle was placed immediately underneath a larger one, in order to add to= its strength, as is shown in our third cut. The term hydria was sometimes app= lied to a water‑can of bronze or silver, resembling in shape the modern water‑pail, and provided with a semicircular handle reaching from o= ne side of it to the other. A hydria of this kind is represented in our four= th cut. 3 ILLUS. hydria1, hydria2, hydria3(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &nbs= p; &= nbsp;

HYDRIA. (Gr.) A water jar, used by the nations of antiquity to contain pure fluid for culinary purposes or drinking; hence it was generally of much capacity and seldom moved, being filled from more portable vessels, which were carried= to the spring. The form of this ancient vessel, as seen on bas-reliefs, &= ;c., is urn-shaped, with a large base tapering to a narrow mouth, with two han= dles at the top, and sometimes with two additional ones, but smaller in the mi= ddle of the belly. The smaller handles were occasionally placed immediately beneath the larger ones, to give additional security in holding, as seen = in our cut, from a fine specimen in the Museo Borbonico, at Naples, and which exhibits a considerable amount of decoration applied to them, as well as to the rim of the vessel. When it was not of too unwieldy a character, it was frequently carried on the head, like the ordinary water= jars of modern Asiatics. The term is also applied = to a water-pail or can, particularly if of bronze or silver,* like the one here represented, which was found at Pompeii, and is = also in the Museo Borbonico. This is of an elegant form and character, with simple ornaments at the base of= the handles; but they sometimes exhibit much costly workmanship. 3 FIGURES

* See Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary. (1855f1)

&nbs= p; &nbs= p; &nbs= p;

$H Hydriaphoria.=

Gr. (water‑bearing). (1) Funereal ceremonies performed at Athens in memory of those w= ho had perished in the deluges of Ogyges, Deucalion, &c. (2) A service exact= ed from married alien women in = Athens by the female citizens, when they walked in the great procession at the Panathenaic feasts, and the former carried vessels of water for them.(188= 3m1)

$H Hydroceramic.=

Hydroceramic (vessels), Gr. Vessels made of a porous= clay, in which liquids were put for the purpose of cooling them; they were a ki= nd of alcarazas.(1883m1)

Hydroceramic<= /span> (Pot.) A term applied to vases of porous earth, which allow drops = of liquid to form beads on their surface and keep water cool by evaporation.(1891a1)

$H Hydrographical Chart.

HYDROGRAPH= ICAL CHART. A map exclusively dev= oted to the proper delineation of seas and rivers. (1855f1)

$H Hydro‑metalloplastic<= /span>.

A term applied to al= l those processes of gilding, silvering, and coppering which consist in immersing objects in a bath until they are covered with a metallic deposit produced= by chemical affinity.(1891a1)

$H Hydrometer.

HYDROMETER= . (Gr.) An instrument for testing t= he specific gravity of different fluids, and testing the strength of spirituous distillation. (1855f1)<= /span>

$H Hydroscope. Another name for the clepsydra. (See HOROLOGIUM.) (1883m1)

HYDROSCOPE. (Gr.) The water-clock of the ancients, also termed CLEPSYDRA.†

† See HOUR-GLASS.(1855f1)

$H Hyksos, Hycsos, or Hykshos &= nbsp;

Hycsos, Egyp. (lit. impure). A people of unknown origin, nomad tribe= s, but not savages, as has hitherto been believed, who came from Sinai, Arab= ia, and Syria. They are known as Poimenes (t= he Shepherds), Mentiou Sati, Asian Shepherds, and even Scourges, from their invasion of= some part of Eastern Egypt.(1883m1)

Hyksos.= A word probably derived fr= om haq, a prince, and Shasu, the tribes inhabiting the eastern desert. Of the Hyksos - erroneously called Shepherd Kings - very little is known that is absolutely certain. They appear to have been a barbaric people from the east, who, taking advantage of a period of weakn= ess, poured down into Egypt, established their own government, and, after restoring Ha-uart (Tanis), governed fr= om Memphis. After 5= 11 years they were expelled from Lower Egypt by Aahmes I. and forced into the Delta. <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Thothmes I.<= /st2:Sn> finally expelled them, and they retreated into the country from whence th= ey originally came.

Up to the pre= sent time there have only been found the remains of three Hyksos kings, Khian = and Apepi I. and II., under the last of whom it is thought that Joseph served. The genuineness of many of the so-called Hyksos monuments found in museums has been doubted by eminent Egyptologists.(1902b1)

Hykshos= . (Hyk, "Ruler;" Shasu, "Shepherds.") The name given by the Egyptians to the terrible Syrian invaders, probably nomadic Arabs, who entered the country at the termination of the XIIth dynasty. They were a combination of the adjacent Semitic tribes, and they overran and governed= Egypt from the XIVth to the XVIIth dynasty, introducing a new religion, new tow= ns, and new manners, and ruling with great cruelty, till their final subjugat= ion by Kames, the first king of the XVIIIth dynasty. They are called on the monuments Mena. See Apepi, Set-i-pet-i-nubti, and Kames.= (1876c1)

$H Hymir.

The modern name of the ancient Babylonian = city of Kis<= /span>, where Hammurabi erected a tower, called "The Tower of the Country,&q= uot; to the deity Zamana. (1876c1)

$H Hymns. Egypt

Of the number of hymns that have been preserved the greater number are in praise of Ra, the sun-god. But there are also= hymns to Ptah, Osiris, the N= ile, Amen, and Hathor. According to Renouf these hymns represent the henotheistic side of Egyptian religion. The ide= as expressed in them are often very lofty, and the conception of the Deity i= s in such language as would be employed in these times. But invariably there is mixed up with these fine passages a great deal of polytheistic teaching. = The chief hymns that have been studied are, Hymn to the Nile, in the Sallier Papyrus, translated by Maspero; Hymn to Amen, in a Cairo papyrus, XXth Dynast= y, translated by Grébaut; Hymn to Osiris,= on a stela in Paris, translated by = Chabas; a pantheistic hymn from the temple of El Khargeh, translated by Brugsch, Birch, and Renouf; Hymn to the Aten, in a tomb at Tel el Amarna, translated by Bouriant and Breasted; Hymn to Ra, in the 15th chap= ter of the "Book of the Dead" (Turin Papyrus), translated by Weidemann and others. (See HENOTHEISM.)(1902b1)

$H Hypaethral. Architecture

(Arch.) An uncovered roofless building is said to be hypaethral, w= hich, literally translated, merely means under the sky. Ancient temples were frequently hypaethral, for by adopting this f= orm of building the difficulty of roofing over a large structure was avoided.(1891a1)

Gr. and R. (lit. under the sky, or in the open air).= The term was applied to any building, especially a temple, the cella of which had no roof. On t= he roofs of Egyptian temples, hypaethral temples are arranged with regard to astronomical observations, by which the calendar was regulated.(1883m1)

$H Hypaethrum. Architecture

(Arch.) A term given= to the latticed window which surmounted the grand entrance of some ancient templ= es. The hypaethrum not only admitted air and ligh= t into the temple but added considerable dignity to the exterior effect of the d= oor. ILLUS. hypaethr(1891a1)

Gr. and R. A grating or claustra placed over the principal door of a temple for the purpose of admitting light into a part of the cella. Fig. 392 shows one of the bronze doors of the Pantheon= at Rome, with its = hypaethrum. Fig. 392. Hypaethrum= .(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Hyperthyrum.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Graeco-= Roman

Gr. and R. (over the door). A frieze and cornice arr= anged and decorated in various ways for the decoration of the lintel of a door.(1883m1)

$H Hyphernes.

The Persian form of the royal name which w= as written by the Assyrians as Eparna, which see. (1876c1)

$H Hypocastanum. Greek for CHESNUT BROWN (q.v.). (1883m1)

HYPOCASTAN= UM, or CHESTNUT-BROWN, is a brown lake prepared from the horse-chestnut; it is t= ransparent and rich in colour, warmer than brown pink, and very durable both in water and oil; in the latter it dries moderately well. (1855f1)

$H Hypocaust or Hypocaustum. Graeco-= Roman

Hypocaustum. A subterranean furnace with flues, which heat= ed the caldarium or hot bath of the Romans.(1891a1)

HYPOCAUST.= (Lat.) A subterranean stove-room = for heating baths or dwelling rooms, used by the Romans, and which was usually warmed by means of flues beneath the door and up the sides. Such apartmen= ts are constantly discovered in the = débris of Roman villas and towns, particularly in our own country, where they mu= st have suffered from the damp and inclemency of the atmosphere. It was till lately a constant mistake made by topographical and antiquarian writers t= o term all such rooms "Roman baths." (1855f1)

Hypocaust, Gr. and R. (= ßB= `‑6= "L= F4= H[=3Dhupo‑kausis] and ß= B`‑= 6"= LF= J@= <[=3Dhupo‑kauston]). A furnace with flues running underneath the floor of an apartment or bath, for heating the air. Fig. 393 represents the sectional elevation of a bat= h‑room discovered in a Roman villa at Tusculum. Fig. 394 represents a hypocausis<= /i> discovered at Paris in the old Rue de Constantine, near Notre Dame.

Fig. 393. Hypocausis of a Roman villa at Tusculum.

Fig. 394. Hypocausis discovered at Paris.(1883m1)

&nbs= p;

$H Hypocephali.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

Under the heads of some mummies were placed flat circular disks of linen covered with plaster, representing the pupil= s of the eyes of the sun, and inscribed with vignettes, and an inscription, or else bronze disks, on which the same was engraved. These amulets were pla= ced under the heads of the mummies to produce, or renew, the vital warmth, bes, of= the body, and represented the symbolic eye, or uta, of Shu or Horus. The scenes beheld were supposed to be in the pupil of the eye, while the outer band, or border, which contained an inscription, represen= ted the iris. The principal subjects were: 1. The goddess Uta holding the lotus over the cow of Athor, Amen generator, the genii, or gods of the Amenti, = and a scarab. 2. Khnum-Ra, or = Af, in his boat, and another boat with the ape Kafi, a form of Osiris. 3. Amen-Ra bifrons, Ra and sc= arab in boat, and the boat with mummied hawk. 4. <= span class=3DSpellE>Khnum ram-headed; quadrifrons<= /span>, adored by apes. These vignettes refer to the CLXIInd= chapter of the Book of the Dead, or Ritual (Birch.) (1876c1)

$H Hypocephalus.= Egypt

A disk of painted linen or of bronze, found under the heads of Graeco-Roman mummies. It is really a form of amulet= , and is inscribed with magical formulae and figures of gods - the Hathor cow being invariably among them - and is des= igned to obtain warmth for the body. An inscription runs round the border of the disk, the other representations being drawn across the field. A scene frequently depicted is one consisting of cynocephalus apes adoring the so= lar disk in his bark. Part of the border inscription runs as follows: “Chief of the gods, come thou to the Osiris Ho= r [name of the owner of the hypocephalus] maat kheru. Grant that there be warmth under his head, for he was one of thy followers.” (Weidemann.) Another prayer= runs thus: “May the god, who himself is hidde= n, and whose face is concealed, who shineth upon the= world in his forms of existence, and in the underworld, grant that my soul may = live for ever. May the great god in his disk give his rays in the underworld o= f Heliopolis. Grant thou unto me an entrance and an exit in the underworld without let or hindrance.” (Budge.)(1902b1)

$H Hypogea, Syringes.

HYPOGEA, S= YRINGES. (Gr.) Subterranean structures= hewn out of the rocks. They abound along the Nile, throughout the Libyan ridge of hills, and under the contiguous plains of sand. (1855f1)

$H Hypogeum. Architecture

(Arch.) A part of a building l= ying below the level of the ground. It is particularly applied to the subterra= nean chambers in which the ancients placed their dead.(1891a1)

Arch. A building under‑ground; a sepulchral va= ult. They form a principal part of Egyptian architecture of every period. The Greek term is a synonym of the Latin CONDITORIUM (q.v.)(1883m1)

$H Hyporchema. Greece

Gr. <= /span>A lively dance, accompanied by a mimic performance, at the festivals of Apo= llo among the Dorians. A chorus of singers danced round the altars, and others acted comic or playful scenes.(1883m1)

$H Hyposcenium.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Architecture

(Arch.) The orchestr= a in ancient theatres.(1891a1)

$H Hypostyle. Egypt

The name given to any hall the roof of which is supported by columns, such as= the great hypostyle hall at Karna= k which was originally roofed over.(1902b1)

$H Hypothenuse.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

The side of a right&= #8209;angled triangle opposite the right angle.(1891a1)

$H Hypotrachelium or Ci= ncture. [See Cincture - Editor]

$H Hypselis. Egypt

The Greek name for Shas-hetep, capital of the eleventh nome of Upper Egypt, the modern Shodb. Chief d= eity, Khnemu.(1902b1)

$H Hypselites. Egypt

A Western nome= of the Thebaid of Upper Egypt. Its chief town is= now called Shob. (1876c1)

$H Hypselos. Egypt

The Greek name for the city and nome in Upper Egypt called by the Egyptians Tuf. (1876c1)

$H Hypsistus. "The Most High." Phoenicia

In Phenician mythology an early deity, who was otherwise called E= liun. (1876c1)

$H Hypsuranius.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Phoenicia

In Phenician mythology a giant and the son of Capius. He inhabited the city of Tyre, which indeed he foun= ded, and quarrelled with his brother Usous, who was the inventor of clothing made from skins. (1876c1)

$H Hyrmensul. [See Cromlech.]= (1891a1)

$H Hystaspes.

The Greek form of the Persian name Kustaspi, which see. (1876c1)

$H Hysteria.

Gr. (from = âH[=3Dhus], a pig). Greek festivals, in = which swine were sacrificed in honour of Venus.(1883m1)