$H Ja. Egypt

An Egyptian title corresponding to that of mayor of a city. (1876c1)

$H Jacinth.

A precious stone. (S= ee HYACINTH.)(1883m1)

$H Jack.    [See Jacket for Costume - Editor]

(1.) (Arch= .) A machine with which weights may be lifted. It is also used to hold up, with the aid of stays, a portion of a building while the work of restoration or consolidation is in progress.

(2.) A term applied to the leather cups and bottles, sometimes rimmed with silver, wh= ich were used as drinking vessels in the 16th century.(1891a1)

$H Jack‑boots.    Old English

(O.E.) were introduc= ed in the 17th century.(1883m1)

$H Jackes.=     =

O.E. (1) Towels. (2)= The roller for a well‑rope.(1883m1)

$H Jacket or Jack, Jerkin. Old English

Jacket or Jack, Jerk= in &c., O.E.; worn over the doublet; but the names are applied indiscriminately to a great variety of such garments.(1883m1)<= /span>

Jerkin. O.E. The jer= kin was generally worn over the doublet; but occasionally the doublet was worn al= one, and in many instances is confounded with the jerkin. Either had sleeves or not, as the wearer pleased.

"My jerkin is a doublet." (Shakspeare.)(1883m1)

$H Jackfield Pottery.

(Pot.) A manufactory was established at Jackfield, nea= r Broseley, in 1713. Stoneware, both black and white,= was produced there. The industry ceased at the beginning of the present centu= ry, and specimens of Jackfield ware are now hard = to come by.(1891a1)

$H Jack‑rafter. Architecture

(Arch.) A short raft= er used in the construction of hip‑roofs. It is joined at the top with the = hip‑rafter (q.v.), at the bottom with the wall plate.(1891a1)

$H Jacob's Staff. Old English

O.E. A pilgrim's sta= ff.(1883m1)

$H Jacobus. =

An English coin of J= ames I., value 25s= ., weighing 6 dwt. 10 grains. The Carolus, a similar coin, = value 23s., weighed 5 dwt. 20 grains.(1883m1)

$H Jaculatores.    =

R. Soldiers armed wi= th a javelin (jac= ulum), who formed part of the light troops of the Roman army.(1883m1)=

$H Jade.

Spanish piedra de la yjada. A green stone, closely resembling jasper, much used by prehistoric man, and to which supernatural virtues h= ave in all ages been attributed, especially by the ancient Mexicans. Fine specimens of jades are carved in China, where they are of a whitish colour, and are called Yu. The clear white and green specimens are the most prized by collectors. (See NEPHRITE, SAUSSURITE.)(1883m1)

A mineral varying in= colour from green to yellow and yellowish white. It= is a species of nephrite, and may be described as a native silicate of calcium= and magnesium. It is found in China, America, and some islands in the South Pacific. By the Chinese it is held in high estimation, and in spite of its toughness carved into all sorts of forms.= It is never found in a natural state in Europe, y= et curiously enough jade celts (q.v.) have been = found in Switzerland and by Schliemann at Hissarlik. Their presenc= e in these localities is difficult to explain.(1891a1)

$H Jadis.

An early Arabian Semitic race. See Tasm. (1876c1)

$H Jagerant.    (See JAZERINE.) (1883m1)

$H Jah.

The Egyptian name of an unidentified Syrian city. (1876c1)

The awful name of the Supreme Being among = the Hebrews. It is a shortened form of Jehovah, or as it is now written Jahve= h, "The Self-existent." As the proper name of the local deity of <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Judea, Jah often occu= rs in the Cuneiform inscriptions, as it does also on the Moabite Stone, where i= t is written Yaveh. This title must not be confoun= ded with that of the Assyrian deity Yav, the inundater, who was a form of A= nu. (1876c1)

$H Jamb.    Architecture

Arch. The side of any opening in a wall.(1883m1)

(Arch.) The vertical uprights which frame an opening, whether it be a window or door. The term= is also applied to the uprights which support a chimney‑piece. The jam= bs of some mediaeval chimney‑pieces consist of clustered colonettes. ILLUS. jamb.(1891a1)

$H Jambe.    Heraldry

(Her.) This is the n= ame usually given by heralds to the leg or part of the leg of an animal when shown alone on the shield. If, however, the foot alone appears, being cut= or torn off below the second joint, it is called a paw (q.v.).(1891a1)<= /o:p>

$H Jambe, Gambe.    Heraldry

Jambe, Gambe. Her. T= he leg of a lion or other beast of prey.(1883m1)

$H Jambes.    Armour<= /h1>

Armour for the legs; 14th century.(1883m1)=

$H Jambs.    Armour<= /h1>

Pieces of armour which protected the leg. In the 14th century= they were composed of cuir bo= uilly (q.v.), but after the 15th century they were always made of metal. They ceased to be worn altogether in the reign of James I. ILLUS. jambs(1891a1)

$H James, St, the Greater.

Of James the Greater= , the kinsman of Christ, we know little, except that he followed our Lord, and = that after the crucifixion he was put to death with the sword. In art he is generally represented with the attributes of a pilgrim, the staff, gourd,= and scallop shell. Sometimes he bears a sword, the emblem of his decapitation= . In Spain<= /st1:country-region>, where he is particularly revered, an extraordinary mass of legends has gathered round his name. In the year 939 he is said to have appeared on a milk‑white charger to lead on the troops of King Ramirez to achieve= a brilliant victory over the Moors. So strong was the belief in the appeara= nce of St. James on this occasion that ever since "Santiago" has been the battle= 209;cry of the Spaniards, and in the pictures of the Spanish school St. James is commonly represented as mounted on a white charger.(1891a1)

$H James, St., t= he Less.

Like St. James the G= reater, St. James the Less was a kin= sman of Christ, whom he is said to have closely resembled. He is said to have = been the first bishop of Jerusale= m. He suffered martyrdom by being thrown down the steps of the temple and ha= ving his brains beaten out with a fuller's club. In art accordingly he is generally represented as leaning upon a fuller's club, and he is often to= be recognised on account of the striking resemblance w= hich his features bear to the accepted features of Jesus.(1891a1)

$H Janais.     Egypt

According to the Greek lists an early Egyp= tian king of Bubastis. He has not yet been certainly identified. (1876c1)

$H Janua.

R. (Janus). The front door of= a house opening on the street. The inner doors were called ostia, in the singular ostium,= while the city gates were called portae.(1883m1)

$H Januales, Janualia.    Rome

Januales, Janualia. = R. Festivals held at Rome, in honour of Janus, on the first or kalends of January in each year;= the offerings consisted of incense, fruits, and a cake called janual.(1883m1)

$H Janualia, Januales.    [See Januales<= /span> - Editor]

$H Janus.    Rome

A god much honoured by the Romans, in whose estimation indeed = he rivalled Jupiter himself. He was particularly assoc= iated with the beginning and ending of enterprises. In art he is represented as= Bifrons, i.= e. two‑faced, and he generally holds a key as a symbol of the opening = and closing of undertakings. The worship of Janus= was an ancient one at Rome, and it was the custom to open his temple in time of war and to close it in time of peace.(1891a1)

$H Jaoh. "The Being."

A mysterious or secret name of the Phenician deity Hadad, = which see. (1876c1)

$H Japanese Paper.

Japanese Paper of a = creamy tint is frequently used for proof impressions of etchings, &c.(1883m1= )

Japanese paper, whic= h is used in expensive printing, is made from the bark of the tree called by <= span class=3DGramE>botanists morus papifera saliva. White Japanese paper is the be= st and thickest. It is used for printing proofs of etchings and engravings upon.= It is transparent and of a satiny texture, and the velvet tones which result from the deep bitingin of a plate come out admirably upon it. But it too quickly absorbs the ink, a= nd when it is to be printed upon the plate must be more thoroughly inked than when ordinary laid paper is used.(1891a1)

$H Japanning.

A species of lac‑varnishing, in imitation of the lacquered= ware of Japan. (See LAC, LACQUER.)(1883m1)

A process of paintin= g and varnishing, by means of which a smooth and brilliant surface is given to = such articles as trays, boxes, &c. It is practised especially by the Japanese, and is of service in decoration as it dries v= ery hard and is unaffected by damp.(1891a1)

$H Japhetos.

According to the Greeks, one of the three = sons of Xisuthrus. See Zervau. (1876c1)

$H Japonaiseries.

A French term which = includes all objects of art and curiosity which come from Japan.(1891a1)

$H Jar.    Pottery

(Pot.) A full‑= bellied vase of glazed earthenware, sometimes with handles, sometimes without. In ancient times earthenware jars were, and in the East still are, hung by t= heir handles or necks on long poles and thus carried upon the shoulders. ILLUS. jar(1891a1)

$H Jardinière.

A vase of porcelain = or metal, sometimes richly decorated, made to hold plants or flowers.(1891a1= )

$H Jarnwidr.     Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

In Scandinavian mythology the giantess who= was the mother of the two wolves, Skoll and Hati, which attack the sun and moon. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H Jasper.

A species of hard an= d opaque quartz, out of which decorative vases, columns, and many other ornaments = are carved.(1891a1)

A kind of agate, the= best known description of which is of a green colour. Many colours and varieties are used for gem&#= 8209;engraving, such as agate‑jasper, striped jasper, Egyptian red and brown, and porcelain jasper. In the Christian religion the jasper symbolizes faith; = its hardness expresses the firmness of faith; its opaqueness the impenetrabil= ity of the mysterious.(1883m1)

$H Jasponyx.

An onyx mixed with jasper.(1883m1)

$H Jaune.    [See Yellow.] (1891a1)

$H Javelin.    Weapon

A light hand‑s= pear. (See HASTA.)(1883m1)

A short spear, used = as a missile. It has been employed by all nations, both savage and civilised, and in all ages, and wherever it is foun= d it is of the same general form. In the Middle Ages it was a weapon of war, b= ut gradually disappeared after the introduction of firearms. Its use now is chiefly ceremonial.(1891a1)

$H Jayada.    (See VIMANA.) (1883m1)

$H Jazel.

A precious stone of = an azure blue colour.(1883m1)

$H Jazerine.    Armour<= /h1>

(It. ghiazerino). A jacket strengthened with overlapping plates of steel, covered with velvet or clo= th, and sometimes ornamented with brass; 13th century.(1883m1)

A material used for = armour in the Middle Ages. It consisted of plates of steel fastened on canvas and overlapping. Its great advantage was its lightness.(1891a1)

$H Ja. Egypt

$H Jacinth.

$H Jacket or Jack, Jerkin. Old English

$H Jackfield Pottery.

$H Jack‑rafter. Architecture

$H Jade.

$H Jadis.

$H Jagerant. (See JAZERINE.) (1883m1)

$H Jah.

$H Jamb. Architecture

$H Jambe. Heraldry

$H Jambe, Gambe. Heraldry

$H Jambes. Armour<= /h1> Armour for the legs; 14th century.(1883m1)=

$H Jambs. Armour<= /h1> Pieces of armour which protected the leg. In the 14th century= they were composed of cuir bo= uilly (q.v.), but after the 15th century they were always made of metal. They ceased to be worn altogether in the reign of James I. ILLUS. jambs(1891a1)

$H James, St, the Greater.

$H James, St., t= he Less.

$H Janais. Egypt

$H Janua.

$H Januales, Janualia. Rome

$H Janualia, Januales. [See Januales<= /span> - Editor]

$H Janus. Rome

$H Jaoh. "The Being."

$H Japanese Paper.

$H Japanning.

$H Japhetos.

$H Japonaiseries.

$H Jar. Pottery

$H Jardinière.

$H Jarnwidr. Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

$H Jasper.

$H Jasponyx.

$H Jaune. [See Yellow.] (1891a1)

$H Javelin. Weapon

$H Jayada. (See VIMANA.) (1883m1)

$H Jazel.

$H Jambes. Armour<= /h1>

Armour for the legs; 14th century.(1883m1)=

$H Jambs. Armour<= /h1>

Pieces of armour which protected the leg. In the 14th century= they were composed of cuir bo= uilly (q.v.), but after the 15th century they were always made of metal. They ceased to be worn altogether in the reign of James I. ILLUS. jambs(1891a1)