$H Jehu. Assyrian, Yahua.

Jehu. Assyrian, Yahua. An officer in the service of = Ahab, king of Israel. He was the son of Nimshi, and overthrew the dynasty of Omri and Ahab, and reigned twenty-eight years over Israel. He had been an advi= ser and friend of Ahab, whose family and descendants he afterwards murdered, wading to the throne through their blood. The stratagem by which he destr= oyed the worshippers of Baal and Asherah in one day is well known. One of the epigraphs of the Black Obelisk Inscription of Shalmaneser states that Jeh= u, wrongly called "the son of Khumri," or Omri, sent to Assyria, by way of tribute, "silver, gold, bowls of gold, vessels of gold, goble= ts of gold, pitchers of gold, lead, sceptres for the king's hand, and staves= ." The tribute was probably sent in B.C. 842, after the defeat of Hazael of Syria, by Shalmaneser. Hazael afterwards conquered all the Israelitish territory on the East of the Jordan. (1876c1)

$H Jennet.

A Spanish or Barbary horse.(1883m1)

$H Jerkin. [See Jacket - Editor]

$H Jerome, St.

St. Jerome was one o= f the Fathers of the Church, who died in 420 A.D. In order to quell his fervid spirit he spent some time in absolute seclusion in the wilderness. By som= e he is regarded as one of the founders of monasticism, and he is represented = in art more frequently than almost any other saint. He generally appears as = an aged man, with a cardinal's hat (though this of course is an anachronism), and a lion by his side. The lion no doubt originally symbolised the strong fiery spirit of S= t. Jerome, and having been accepted as a symbol a s= tory was required to explain it. This story, which resembles the old fable of = Androcles and the lion, ran that one day St. Jerome was sitting in his cell wh= en a lion approached with a thorn in his foot. This thorn St. Jerome removed, and henceforth th= e lion was his constant companion. One of the most celebrated representations of= St. Jerome is a = print by Durer.(1891a1)

$H Jer= usalem.

A famous city of central Palestine, the early history of which= is unknown. It was probably a stronghold of the Jebusit= es in pre-historic periods, and as such it was wrested from them by the suffete Joshua, soon after the Jewish conquest of <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Canaan. The complete subjugation of the city was however, apparently only accomplished by David, who thenceforth made it t= he capital of his kingdom. The history of Jerusalem is almost the history of the Jewish nation, and it therefore does not properly belong to an Archaic dictionary. On the Cuneiform inscriptions o= f Assyria the sieges of the city by Sennacherib and Nebuchadnezzar are given in some detail with particulars which do not occ= ur in the Jewish record of the events; indeed the Assyrian monarchs seem to = have regarded the Hebrew nation as always a tributary one, except perhaps duri= ng the reign of Solomon. The invasion of the city under Pul or Phul is at present one of the chief diffic= ulties in the matter of Archaic chronology, no king of Assyria having yet been f= ound who either bore that name, or if he had a similar one, who entered Palest= ine. The conquest of Jerusalem by Shishank or Shishak of = the XXVIth dynasty, is recor= ded on the inscriptions of Karnak, and the Babylonian attack, and ultimate destruction of the capital, are confirmed by the annals of Nebuchadnezzar. The account of the siege of Bethulia and Palestine by Holo= fernes, and the death of that general, as related in the book of Judith, is now generally accepted as a patriotic romance; but the subsequent restoration= of the temple and palaces by the Persian kings, and the presents made to the city by the Greco-Egyptian Ptolemies, are all matters of Classic history. The conquest of Palestine by Esa= rhaddon and Assurbanipal, and in still earlier times,= the triumphal marches of Thothmes II. and Rameses II. and III. into Mesopotamia= , either did not directly affect Jeru= salem, or are not referred to in the inscriptions. Few cities have been more oft= en ruined and rebuilt than the capital of the Jewish empire, not less than seventeen complete conquests being known, from the time of Joshua to that= of Mahomet Ali. Though at all times a small town, it was capable of being defended by a small garrison, or from its excellent system of wells and conduits of protecting a large body of people; hence the apparent discrep= ancy in the accounts of the numbers slain in its various conquests is reconcil= able with the truth of history, and with the extent of a capital city at no ti= me more populous than a modem suburb of London or Paris, or broader than hal= f a mile from wall to wall. (1876c1)

$H Jessant. Heraldry

Her. Shooting forth,= as plants growing out of the earth.(1883m1)

$H = Jessant‑de‑lys. Heraldry

Her. A combinatio= n of a lion's face and a fleur‑de‑lys. <= /span>Fig. 404. Jess= ant‑de‑lys.(1883m1)

$H Jesse. Old English

O.E. A large branched chandelier.(1883m1)

$H Jesse, Tree of. Christian

Chr. An ornamental design common in early Christia= n art, representing the genealogy of our Lord in the persons of his ancestors in= the flesh.(1883m1)

A tree representing = the genealogy of Christ as it is given in the Gospel of St. Matthew. The vari= ous personages who form links in the chain of descent are placed on branches stretching out from the tree. At the bottom Jesse is shown in a recumbent= position, and at the top the Virgin and our Saviour in an aureole. Representations of the tree = of Jesse are frequently found, sculptured, painted, or embroidered, in the ecclesiastical ornaments of the Middle Ages. This is not to be wondered a= t as the subject is peculiarly adapted to decorative treatment. Candlesticks a= lso sometimes assumed the form of a tree with branches, and hence were called Jesses. A very fine specimen of a Jesse window is to be seen at Dorchester in Oxfordshire (1320). ILLUS. jesse(1891a1)

$H Jesseraunt. (See JAZERINE.) (1883m1)

$H Jesses. Heraldry

(Her.) These are the= little straps, generally of leather, by which the bells worn by falcons and hawks were attached to the birds' legs.(1891a1)

Straps for hawk's be= lls. (See Fig. 405.) Fig. 405. Hawk's bells and Jesses.(1883m1)

$H Jet.

A species of lignite= of a brilliant black, of which all kinds of personal ornaments are made. Artificial jet is manufactured in large quantities out of black glass.(18= 91a1)

A variety of soft bi= tuminous coal, admitting of a fine polish, which is used for ornaments. It is, in = its natural state, soft and brittle, of a velvet‑black colour, and lustrous. Ornaments of jet are found in ancient tumuli.(1883m1)

$H Jet d'Eau.

Fr. A fountain. That= at Chatsworth springs 267 feet in the air, and is the highest in existence.(1883m1)

$H Jettie or Jutty. Architecture

Jettie, or Jutty (Ar= ch.) A portion of a building which projects beyond the rest. The best example of= a jettie is to be found in half‑timbered houses (q.v.), in which each storey projects beyond the one below. The effect of this in some Gothic houses is that where the streets are narrow and the houses high the gable‑ends almost touch across the street. <= span style=3D'font-family:Arial;mso-no-proof:no'>ILLUS. jettie(1891a1)

$H Jetur.

An Ishmaelite settlement mentioned by Hebr= ew writers. It was in the = province of Mount Athal in the Neged. (18= 76c1)

$H Jewel.

A term applied to ge= ms set in one or other of the precious metals, and by a figure of speech to obje= cts of art admirable in execution and of considerable worth.(1891a1)

$H Jeweller.

An artisan, sometime= s an artist, who sets precious stones in gold or silver.(1891a1)

$H Jewellery.

The art of mounting = precious stones in gold or silver. The precious stones thus mounted and their sett= ing. Personal adornment being one of the primary instincts of mankind, it is n= ot surprising that in all ages and amongst all nations the making of jewellery has been one of the earliest manifestatio= ns of art. The jewellery of the Assyrians and Egypt= ians was of great beauty, while the jewels found at Hissa= rlik by Schliemann and at Cyprus by Cesnola were many of them masterpieces of = art. Throughout history we find fine specimens of the jew= eller's art produced, following the style of each epoch. The jewels of the Middle Ages were simple but massive, but at the Renaissance they became singular= ly beautiful and elaborate. The handicraft was introduced into England in all probability after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, when some foreign goldsmiths settled in Clerkenwell. It= was first practised at Birmingham, its present centre, about= the middle of last century. Manifold processes enter into the production of <= span class=3DSpellE>jewellery ‑ gem‑cutting and engraving, = enamelling, repoussé work, chasing and casting. Of these something is said under their separate headings.(1891a1)

--- $H Jewellery, Egypt.

A considerable amount of jewellery has been found, the greater part of it in the form of beads of carnelian, turquoise, lazuli, amethyst, etc., and faience, which were arranged in necklaces. The custom of burying ornament= s on the mummy has preserved to us many fine examples of the jeweller's work, = the best of which may be seen in the Cairo Museum. The work = of the New Empire was very fine, as the beautiful gold and inlaid work of the bracelets, collars, and pectoral of Queen Aah-hetep<= /span> show, but is almost surpassed by that of the ornaments of the XIIth Dynasty found at Dahshur= . The cloisons= of gold are filled with carnelian, turquoise, lapis lazuli and other prec= ious stones, instead of paste, though that also was used. More recently, wonde= rful bracelets of cast and chased gold, and amethyst and lazuli beads have been found at Abydos, which are thought to have belonged to the queen of Z= er, of the Ist Dynasty. (See RINGS.)(1902b1)

$H Jew's Harp or Jew's Trump.

Jew's Harp or Jew's Trump (from the French j= eu and trompe). A small musical instrument, known for centuries all over Europe, consisting of a metal frame with two branches, and a vibrating tongue of steel in the middle. It has suggested a number of modern instruments, including the HARMONIUM.(1883m1)

$H Jew's Pitch.

A kind of asphaltum used as a brown pigment. It attracts dust, and never dries perfectly.(1883m1)<= o:p>

$H Jewes Light.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> O.E. (See JUDAS LIGHT.) (188= 3m1)

$H Jiddah.

A seaport of the Jorh= amite Arabs in the Hedjaz. (1876c1)

$H Jinn. Arabia

In ancient Arabian mythology a series of spiritual beings whom men were able to control by the power of magic. (1876c1)