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In Phenician
mythology one of the early giants. The |
|
O.E. A leopard.(1883=
m1) |
|
R. (libra, a level or balance=
). (1)
A level, or instrument employed by masons, joiners, and carpenters, in the
same way as with us, for testing the evenness of the surface of their wor=
k. (2) A small Roman si=
lver
coin, afterwards substituted by the As,
which it equalled in value.(1883m1) |
|
R. A small book, pam=
phlet,
letter, or notice.(1883m1) |
|
Liber (literally, the rind of the papyrus; Gr. =
$4=
$8=
\@=
<[=3Dbiblion=
], from
the Egyptian word |
|
Liber Pontificalis, =
seu de gestis Roman=
orum
pontificum. A work of the 15th century, of great value to the student of early
Christian art work, and in particular of textiles and embroidery.(1883m1)=
|
|
A Babylonian king, the first ruler of Nipur, who restored the |
|
R. (1) A balance wit=
h two
scales (lanx=
),
depending by chains from the ends of the beam (jugum); in the centre of =
the
latter was a handle (ansa).
(2) The As or pound;=
the
unit of weight. (See AS.)(188=
3m1) |
|
(Arch.) A term appli=
ed to a
room in which books are arranged in shelves, or to a public building which
serves the purpose of a storehouse for books and provides accommodation f=
or
readers.(1891a1) |
|
|
|
It. The words of an =
opera,
oratorio, &c.(1883m1) |
|
R. (libra). A term denoting t=
he
ends of the beam (jugum)
in a balance, and thence the balance itself; it is thus synonymous with L=
IBRA
(q.v.).(1883m1) |
|
In Chaldean
astronomy one of the seven stars of the week. (1876c1) |
|
R. A vessel of war s=
o called
from the fact that it was built on a model invented by the Illyrian pirat=
es,
or Liburni.(1883m1) |
|
Libya
was the country lying north-west of |
|
Gr. (forefinger string). The note below the MESE of the seven̴=
9;stringed
lyre. (See MESE.)(1883m1) |
|
A dolmen which has o=
nly two
supporting stones. The name of trilith is also
given to these dolmens because they are formed of three stones, two being
placed vertically and buried in the ground, the third forming a table and
being placed horizontally. ILLUS. lichaven=
span>(1891a1)
|
|
(Arch.) This term, w=
hich is
derived from the Anglo‑Saxon lic, a body, denotes a shed or roof p=
laced
over a churchyard gate. The bearers of a coffin sometimes deposited it he=
re
on their way to the interment. It is also called corpse‑gate.(1891a1) |
|
A shed over the gate=
of a
churchyard to rest the corpse under. (See CORPSE‑GATE.) (Fig.
197.)(1883m1)
|
|
Lich‑stone =
209;
near a churchyard gate, for resting coffins on ‑ is generally raised
about three feet from the ground, shaped like a coffin, and has stone ben=
ches
round it for the bearers to rest upon.(1883m1) |
|
Med. Lat. (Fr. lices),=
from
the Italian =
lizza,
palings. The lists; an enclosed space surrounding a camp or castle.(1883m=
1) |
|
R. A leash, or thick=
thread,
employed to divide in two a set of threads in a warp, in order to allow t=
he
shuttle to pass through them. By analogy, any kind of thread or cord used=
for
fastening.(1883m1) |
|
(Paint.) In studio s=
lang, a
picture is said to be licked up=
i>
when it is precisely and minutely painted, and when the artist has set
himself to conceal the marks of the brush as well as the effect of the |
|
An early Chaldean
proper name. (1876c1) |
|
A petty kingdom in the |
|
A Chaldean of =
low
origin, who was raised to office by Suzub the
Babylonian rebel in the reign of Sennacherib, by whom he was defeated.
(1876c1) |
|
A reflecting mirror =
on a
microscope, named after the inventor.(1883m1) |
|
Lierne Rib (in a vau=
lt),
Arch. (From =
lier,
to bind.) "Any rib that does not arise from the impost, and is not a
ridge rib, but crosses from one boss or intersection of the principal rib=
s to
another. Vaults in which such lie=
rnes
are employed are termed LIERNE VAULTS." (Parker's Glossary.)(1883m1) |
|
Lierne. (Arch.) A lierne in a vaulted compartment =
is the
rib running along the apex of the vault from boss to boss. Liernes are fo=
und
in pointed vaults, and were used principally about the middle of the 15th
century. ILLUS.<=
/span> lierne(1891a1)
|
|
A term applied to an=
y work
of imitative art which represents its subject in its actual
dimensions.(1891a1) |
|
(Paint.) The quality=
which
is possessed by the most luminous part of a picture, drawing, or engravin=
g in
contradistinction to those parts which are relatively obscure and so said=
to
be in shade (q.v.). The term is also applied to the way in which the lumi=
nous
portions of a picture are rendered. Thus we say of a picture that it lacks
light or that its light is well distributed. Light also denotes the way in
which pictures themselves should be lighted
in a studio or exhibition gallery, so as to appear to best advantage. Thu=
s we
may describe a picture as being in a good or bad light. As a general rule=
a
top light is best for pictures, as this produces the smallest number of
reflections on the surface of the canvas. For seeing sculpture, the angle
formed with the horizon by the luminous rays ought not to be more than fo=
rty‑five
degrees.(1891a1) |
|
Light Red. A pigment=
of a
russet orange tint, produced from burnt ochre.(1883m1) |
|
Light, Red. (Paint.)=
A
pigment produced from sulphate of iron or from
yellow oxides of iron burnt. It is permanent but should not be mixed with=
colours, which are adversely affected iron.(1891a1)=
|
|
(Paint.) A term appl=
ied to a
glimmer of light which is only accessory in the lighting of a painted sce=
ne.
Thus if in a moonlit pasture a shepherd is seen advancing lantern in hand,
this lantern, which throws a light over a part of the canvas, bears the n=
ame
of a secondary light, as opposed to the rays of the moon, which is the
principal light of the picture.(1891a1) |
|
(Arch.) A tower, tur=
ret, or
other lofty construction, built upon the sea‑coast or on the bank o=
f a
large river, and carrying a powerful lamp at the top, which serves as a g=
uide
to sailors. At the entrance of the harbours
constructed by the Romans a lighthouse was generally built in imitation of
the great lighthouse of
|
|
The openings between=
the
mullions of a window. (See DAYS.)(1883m1) |
|
(1.) (Paint.) The lights in a picture are those parts where the light falls with the most brilliance. A strong effect is obtain= ed by making those parts to which it is desired to give prominence the light= s of the picture. (2.) (Arch.) The architectural term for the division=
s of a
window between the mullions. Thus a window may consist of three, five, se=
ven,
or more lights.(1891a1) |
|
R. (1) A small tongu=
e‑shaped
sword. (Fig. 424.) The term is derived from lingua, a tongue. Fig.
424. Ligula.
(2) A liquid measure=
, a large spoonful, distinguished fr=
om cochlear, which is a small spoonful. (3) The leather tong= ue of a shoe. (1883m1) |
|
Another name of Urukh=
,
the early Babylonian king. (1876c1) |
|
Lilies, in Christian=
art,
are the symbols of purity; the special attribute of the Virgin Mary. They=
are
frequent in the catacombs on the tombs of Christian virgins.(1883m1) |
|
An evil spirit, who the Arab writers say w=
as
the first wife of Adam, and that her children were the jins
or devils. She is said to have had 784 children, as the letters of her na=
me
have this numerical value. Her name is found in the Assyrian inscriptions=
as
Li-lit, "the black," an "evil spirit." She was said to
have stimulated nocturnal impurities, and to have been more especially
dangerous to married women at the birth of their first child, upon which
occasion the Arabian nurses still throw stones at the foot of the bed to
drive her away. (Boscawen.) (1876c1) |
|
The symbol of purity=
and
innocence. In representations of the Annunciation (q.v.) it is always to =
be
seen, either in the hand of the angel Gabriel or placed in a vase.(1891a1=
) |
|
Lily or Iris Green. (It. verde
giglio). A pigment anci=
ently
used in |
|
R. (1) A file or ras=
p,
applied to the same purposes as at the present day. (See SCOBINA.) (2) In Med. Lat., a =
tool or
weapon worn by archers in the French service, either as a kind of sword or
for sharpening arrows with. (Meyrick.)(1883m1) |
|
O.E. An alembeck.(1883m1) |
|
O.E. Hell. "Beholde now what owre Lord Jhesu dide one the Saturday, as sune=
as he was dede. He went =
downe
to helle to owre =
holy fadyrs that ware in lymbo to tyme
of his Resureccione." (MS. Lincoln. A. i. 17, f. 186.)=
span>(1883m1) |
|
R. An ornamental ban=
d or
border resembling scroll‑work or architectural foliage, employed as=
an
ornament on dress, vases (especially on Etruscan vases), &c.; and the=
nce (1) a ribbon worn as=
an
ornament in the hair; (2) the zodiacal cir=
cle
described on a globe (see Fig. 48);
(3) a stout cord for=
ming the
main rope in a fishing‑net; (4) in
Med. Latin, a military tunic ‑ the German Wapenrock; or a wrapper w=
orn by
soldiers round the head, temp.
John, usually termed cargan.
(Meyrick=
.)(1883m1) |
|
A border worn on the=
garments
of both men and women among the Greeks and in a less degree the Romans. It
assumed a variety of patterns, many of which resembled architectural mouldings. Representations of the limbus are frequently fou=
nd on
Greek vases, from which our cuts have been taken. ILLUS. limbus(189=
1a1)
|
|
Slaked lime, alone o=
r mixed
with pulverized white marble, was a white pigment used in fresco‑pa=
inting.(1883m1) |
|
O.E. A sporting̴=
9;dog in
a lime or leash.(1883m1) |
|
R. The threshold or =
step laid down before the entrance of a door; the same te=
rm is
also applied to the lintel. Limen superius is the lintel, and limen inferius
the threshold properly so called. "L=
imen
superum inferumque,
salve!" (Plautus.)(1883m1)<=
span
style=3D'mso-no-proof:no'> |
|
O.E. A bloodhound. &=
quot;A dogge engendred betweene an hounde
and a mastyve, called a =
lymmer, or a mungrell."(1883m1) |
|
A hard finely‑=
grained
stone used in building.(1891a1) |
|
O.E. A begging
friar.(1883m1) |
|
O.E. Painting, espec=
ially
portrait painting.(1883m1) |
|
|
|
|
|
The manufactory of
faïence at |
|
The Assyrian name of the officer who is now
generally called an eponym, which see. (1876c1) |
|
An Assyrian city which supported Assurdainpal in his revolt against his father Shalmaneser II. (1876c1) |
|
The name given by the Assyrians to the cit=
y of
|
|
R. A kind of apron b=
ordered
with a purple hem, worn by the popa or attendant who killed the animal offered at a
sacrifice.(1883m1) |
|
An academy for natur=
al history,
founded in |
|
(1.) (Paint.) The gr=
eat
ambition of an exhibitor at the
(2.) The contour of a
figure. Thus we speak of a figure which possesses great purity of line. I=
f we
say of an artist that he has sacrificed line to colo=
ur,
we mean that he has allowed his colour to
predominate over his design.(1891a1) |
|
A line formed of a s=
eries of
round points or small strokes regularly spaced, which are used on a plan =
to
indicate axes, invisible lines, or directions.(1891a1) |
|
The line of intersec=
tion
between a horizontal and a vertical plane. In perspective the term is app=
lied
to all lines parallel to the horizon.(1891a1) |
|
That branch of engra=
ving in
which the design to be copied is reproduced on copper by incised lines. T=
he
process is as follows. The drawing to be reproduced is traced and transfe=
rred
to a copper plate; it is then cut in with a sharp tool called the dryR=
09;point.
The lines thus slightly cut in are emphasised=
with the
graver (q.v.), and when the work of the graver is finished the plate may =
be
printed from. The resources at the disposal of the line engraver are few.=
He
has only lines of different lengths and at different distances from one
another, aided by dots and crosshatching, with which to reproduce the ton=
es
and values of his original. Many line engravers to lessen their work have
used etching (q.v.), not only to get the first sketch of the original on
their plate, but also in the later stages of their work. The labour involved in the process is very considerable=
, and
it is not surprising that in modern times the art has considerably declin=
ed.
Samuel Cousins, the last great line engraver of |
|
A curve like an elon=
gated S.
(See Hogarth=
's Analysis of Beauty.)(1883m1) |
|
A term applied, in
accordance with a certain artistic theory, to a graceful, curved, or
undulating line ‑ sometimes quite mannered ‑ outside which, i=
t is
said, there is no line really beautiful and worthy of admiration. Hogarth was the first to formulate the theory of the
serpentine line or line of beauty, which he did in two large volumes. He
placed his line of beauty on a palette underneath his own portrait and it=
is
here engraved. ILLUS. line2ofb(1891a1)
|
|
The line w=
hich
determines the horizontal position of two points at some distance from one
another.(1891a1) |
|
One of the lines in =
the
hand; a term in palmistry.(1883m1) |
|
The line w=
hich in
a lighted body separates the luminous part from the part in shadow.(1891a=
1) |
|
The line w=
hich
determines the difference in level between two points.(1891a1) |
|
A line
perpendicular to the surface of smooth water. This line indicates the
direction of the plummet.(1891a1) |
|
R. (linum, a flax‑threa=
d). A
line or any kind of string; linea alba=
, a
rope whitened with chalk and stretched across the arena in a circus for t=
he
purpose of giving a fair start to runners, chariots, or riders.(1883m1) |
|
That which relates t=
o the
lines of a drawing or painting. Thus we speak of the lineal harmony of a
painting.(1891a1) |
|
A term applied to pl=
ans
executed by means of regular lines, geometrical curves, and to drawings m=
ade
with the rule and compass.(1891a1) |
|
Her. (1) Having a co=
rd
attached. (2) Having a lining.(1883m1) |
|
Linseed oil. =
"Lineleon ex semine lini fiet."(18=
83m1) |
|
Painting on linen was
largely practised in England during the 14th
century; and a drawing sent by Albert Durer to
Raphael is described by Vasari as having been
painted "in water colours on a fine linen
cloth, which showed the transparent lights on both sides, without white;
water‑colours only being added, while t=
he
cloth was left for the lights; which thing appeared wonderful to
Raphael." (Vasari, Vita di Raffaello.)(1883m1) |
|
The
manufacture of linen was one of the most important industries. It was used
for clothing, being considered purer than woollen garments, and immense
quantities were used in the mummifying of men and animals. In a tomb at <=
span
class=3DSpellE>Medûm there is a list of different kinds of l=
inen.
Three are mentioned, and of each kind there are three qualities. Pliny
mentions four qualities, naming them after the districts from which they
came. The finest quality almost resembles an Indian=
span>
muslin. Examination shows that there were always many more threads in the
woof than in the warp. (See W=
EAVING
and DYEING.)(1902b1) |
|
Linen‑scroll. A
decorative ornament, common in German wood‑carving of the 15th and =
16th
centuries. It resembles a napkin stood on end, and partly opened into scr=
oll‑shaped
cylinders.(1883m1) |
|
Linen Scroll. A deco=
rative
pattern found in panels of carved wood and so called from its resemblance=
to
a linen napkin folded up. It is characteristic of the ornamental woodwork=
of
the 15th and 16th centuries. ILLUS.
|
|
In Hindu mythology an emblem of the mascul=
ine
powers of nature, generally adored under the form of an upright stone, of=
ten
in combination with the Yoni, which see. (1876c1) |
|
O.E. The stool on wh=
ich
women sat while spinning.(1883m1) |
|
(O. E. Lylse‑wulse).
Coarse woollen stuff first made at Linsey in Suffolk.(1883m1) |
|
O.E. (15th century).=
A pike,
with branches on each side to hold a lighted match for firing
artillery.(1883m1) |
|
A pike with two bran=
ches
which terminated in a snake's head, as is shown in the cut. It was carrie=
d by
cannoniers in the 16th century, and a lighted=
fuse
being placed in one of the branches, it enabled him to fire the cannon an=
d at
the same time to have a weapon with which he could defend himself. ILLUS.=
linstock(1=
891a1)
|
|
The stone or beam pl=
aced
across a door or window overhead (limen superius).(1883m1) |
|
(Arch.) The horizont=
al beam,
sometimes plain, sometimes ornamental, which unites the uprights of a doo=
r or
window. The lintel may be of timber, iron, or stone. In the latter case, =
if
it is a monolith, it is generally of little width. More often, however, i=
t is
composed of stones, narrowed towards their base, which form a secure plat=
‑band.
Lintels of iron can hardly be treated in a decorative spirit, yet they ha=
ve
the advantage of rendering a very wide bearing possible. 3 ILLUS. =
lintel1, lintel2, lintel3(1891=
a1)
|
|
R. and Chr.
(linteum=
).
Any small piece of linen, such as a napkin or handkerchief.(1883m1) |
|
R. A flat boat, freq=
uently
formed of the trunk of a tree, used in shallow waters for the transport of
produce; it was also used in the construction of bridges of boats.(1883m1=
) |
|
R. (8\<@<[=3Dlinon]). Flax, =
and thence
anything made of that fibre.(1883m1) |