$H Lubat. Chaldaea

The Chaldean n= ame of the seven chief planets. See = Dibbat. (1876c1)

In Chaldean astronomy the planet Jupiter, so called from its brilliancy. (1876c1)

$H Lubat-guttuv.= "Furrow of Heaven," i.e. ecliptic. <= /span> Chaldaea

In Chaldean astronomy a name of the planet Jupiter. (1876c1)

$H Lubat-sukus. "Head Man." Chaldaea

In Chaldean astronomy a name of the planet Saturn. (1876c1)

$H Lubdi.

A city in the South of Assyria which suppo= rted Assurdainpal in his revolt against his father= Shalmaneser II. It was also the seat of the rebelli= on of the Tartan Iludaria, which see. (1876c1)=

$H Luburna.

A king of the people of Patina on the Orontes. He was a tri= butary of Shalmaneser II. His subjects slew him, and raised to the throne one Surrila, which see. (1876c1)

$H Lucariae.

R. Festivals institu= ted at Rome to commemorate the refuge which the Roman arm= y had once found in a wood (lucus) between the Via Salaria and the left bank of = the Tiber. At the time of the invasion of the Gauls in the year 365 B.C., the Roman army would ha= ve been entirely cut to pieces but for this refuge.(1883m1)

$H Lucarne.

Fr. Arch. A dormer o= r garret window.(1883m1)

(Arch.) A window whi= ch projects vertically from the slope of a roof. It assumes different forms.= which are described under the varieties of Dormer (q= .v.). ILLUS. lucarne(1891a1)

$H Luce.

Her. The fish now ca= lled a pike. (Fig. 380.)(1883m1)

$H Lucerna.

R. (luceo, to shine). An oil&= #8209;lamp of terra‑cotta or bronze. (Fig. 435.) On one side they had a handle, and on the other one or more places for wicks (myxae). The oil was poure= d in through an opening in the centre. Lucerna bilychnis, trilychnis, polylychnis, and lucerna bimyxos, trimyxos, or polymyxos, were respectively lamps with two, three, or several nozzles, or with two, three, or several wicks; lucerna pensilis was a hanging lamp. (Se= e Fig. 435.) Fig. 435. Bronze Lucerna. Roman.(1883m1)

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$H Lucia, St.

A Syracusan saint who suffered martyrdom, in A.D. 303. She determined at an early age= to dedicate herself to the Lord, and suffered terrible persecution at the ha= nds of the Roman governor, being stabbed to death with a poniard. The commone= st legend concerning her is, that, not wishing to= marry the youth to whom she was betrothed, she plucked out her eyes and sent th= em to him on a salver. Whereon he is said to have been at once converted to Christianity and she to have recovered her sight. Most representations of= St. Lucia are suggested by this legend, for in pictorial art she generally holds her ey= es on a salver. Her other attributes are the palm of martyrdom and a poniard, with which she was put to death. She is the patron saint of the blind.(1891a1)

$H Lucidae.

Med. Lat. Lustrous varnishes.(1883m1)

$H Lucifer.

(lux, light; fero<= /i>, to bring). The morning or evening star.(1883m1)

$H = Lucta, Luctamen, Luctatio.=

Lucta= , Luctamen, Luctatio. (Gr. = BV80[=3Dpale], BV8"4F:"[=3Dp= alaisma], = B"8"4F:@Fb<0[=3Dp= alaismosune], or = 6"J"$80J46Z[=3Dk= atabletike]). Wrestling. In the Homeric age the wrestlers contended naked, excepting the perizoma round the loins;= about B.C. 720 (the 15th Olympiad) this was discarded. The Cretans and Lacedaemonians, and afterwards the Greeks, anointed= the body with oil, and then strewed it over with sand or dust. The Lucta or Palé di= ffered from the Pan= cratium. In the latter, boxing and wrestling were combined, and the contest contin= ued until one party was killed, or unable to continue. In wrestling, on the o= ther hand, the victory was awarded to the man who first threw the other three times. The most famous wrestler of antiquity was Milo of Crotona, who flourished B.C. 509, and was seven times crowned at the Pythian games, and six times at Olympia.(1883m1)

$H Lucullite.

A variety of black m= arble, first brought to Rome from an island at = Assouan on the Nile by Lucullus.(1883m1)

$H Lucumo. Etruria

The title of Etruscan priests and princes. According to Festus, it properly meant "one possessed" or "inspired." He also ascribes to this word the origin of the nam= e Luceres, given to one of the three tribes of Rome. (1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Ludi.

Games at festivals, = or a general name for such festivals as consisted entirely of games and contes= ts. Ludi circenses were games held in the circus, gladiatorial and other. (See CIRCUS.) Ludi scenici= were theatrical representations. Ludi stati, like the Feriae statae, were those held regularl= y on certain days marked in the calendar. Ludi imperativi, on the other hand, were held by special appointment, and votivi in fulfilment of vo= ws. The games were superintended by the AEDILES. The principal games will be found described under the headings Apollinares, Augustales, Capitolini,= Circenses, Compitalia, = Floralia, Funebres, Liberales or Dionysia, = Megalesia, Plebeii, Saeculares, &c.(1883m1)

$H Ludim. Or Rudim.

Ludim. Or Rudim. In Hebrew tradition the son of Mizraim. He is considered by some Egyptologists to have given the title to the indigenous Egyptian race. (1876c1)

$H Ludus.

R. A game or pastime= ; ludus litterarius, or ludus= simply, was a school for the instruction of youth; ludus duodecim script= orum, a kind of backgammon played by the ancients; ludus fidicium, a music school; ludus gladiatorius, a school for gladiators directed by a lanista.(1883m1)

$H Lukagm.

The son of Lokman. He was the second king of the revived empire of the = Adites. Nothing certain is known respecting him. (1876c1)

$H Luke, St.

The disciple and com= panion St. Paul. Tradit= ion says that he was a physician and also a painter. In very early times portraits= of the Virgin were ascribed to him. He has therefore always been regarded as= the patron saint of artists. In pictorial art he is represented either as an evangelist holding his gospel and with = an ox at his side, or as a youthful painter with a portrait of the Virgin in his hand. In pictures of the Byzantine school and the schools derived from it= he assumes the latter character.(1891a1)

$H Luke, St., Ac= ademy of.

St Luke being regard= ed as a painter himself and a patron of painters, the earliest guilds of artists = were established under his name. A guild of St. Luke was established at Florence in 1345, in Paris in 1391, and at Rome in 1593. That at Rome is still in existence.(1891a1)

$H Luksai.

A country which was rendered tributary by = Samas-Rimmon or Samsi-Vul, king of Assyria. (1876c1)=

$H Lula. Chaldaea

In Chaldean astronomy one of the twelve stars of the West. (1876c1)=

$H Lullimi.

A people in the mountains of Mesopotamia, = who were subdued by Assurrisilim, king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Lulya.

A king of Tyre, who= was tributary to Tiglath Pil= eser I. He was the Iluleus of the Greeks. (1876c1)=

$H Lumachel.

(It. lumachella, a little snai= l). A marble full of fossil shells, and of beautiful iridescent colours, sometimes a deep red or orange; called also fire marble.(1883m1)

$H Luminous.

A term applied to br= illiant and striking tones, bright canvases, and pictures in which the lights predominate over the shades.(1891a1)

$H Luna.

R. (lit. moon). An i= vory or silver shoe‑buckle worn by Roman senators. (Compare LUNULA.)(1883m1= )

$H Lunated.

Crescent‑shape= d.(1883m1)

$H Lunette.

(1) In Fortification= , a work with two faces and two flanks= , i.e. a REDAN to which flanks or lateral wings have been added; in form, theref= ore, it resembles a BASTION.

(2) In Architecture,= a crescent or semicircular window, or space above a square window beneath a rounded roof. Hence the paintings= on such a space are called lunett= es; e.g. those of Raffaelle in the Vatican.(1883m= 1)

(Arch.) A small vault constructed in a barrel vault of larger dimensions than itself, its purpo= se being to admit light to a dark place, or to throw a part of the weight of= a construction upon other points of support. The term lunette also denotes a window or space (often semicircular) a= bout a square‑headed window or door. This space is frequently filled with decorative paintings, which are themselves called lunettes. 2 ILLUS. lunette1, lunette2(1891a1)<= /p>

&nbs= p; &= nbsp;

$H = Lunula.

R. (dimin. of luna). (1) An ornament in the form of a crescent worn by women round the neck.

(2) The white moon&#= 8209;shaped marks at the roots of the finger‑nails. (Cf. MENIS.)(1883m1)

$H Lupatum.

R. A jagged bit with= teeth like a saw (lupus); whence its name.(1883m1)

$H Lupercalia.

R. Festivals held at= Rome on the fifteenth of the calends of March (15t= h of February), in the Lupercal, a sacred enclosure or cave on the Palatine, regarded as the den of the sh= e‑wolf who nursed Romulus and Remus. The luperci assembled togethe= r and sacrificed goats and young dogs, with the skins of which they ran through= the streets half naked. [Lupercus, or Februus, was the god of fertility. The festival was originally a shepherd festival; the ceremony was symbolical of a purifica= tion of shepherds, and commemorated the time when <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Rome was a natio= n of shepherds.](1883m1)

$H Lupus.

Lupus R. (lit. wolf)= . (1) A hand‑saw.

(2) Lupus ferreus, a huge iron hook, lowered from the walls of a besieged place to catch the point of the battering‑ram. (See HARPAGA.)(1883m1)

$H Lura.

R. Literally, the mo= uth of a large leathern sack for wine and oil, and thence the sack itself.(1883m1)=

$H Lure.

A falconer's decoy, made of feathers on a cord, to attract a hawk= back to the wrist. The illustration is a heraldic lure. (See Fig. 91. See also IN LURE.) Fig. 4= 35 a. Hawk's Lure.(1883m1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp;

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$H Lasiad.

The great epic of the Portuguese poet Camoens.(1883m1)

$H Lustratio.

(Gr. = 6V2"DF4H[=3Dkatharsis]). A purification, originally by water, afterwards= by solemn ceremonies of sprinkling, or the smoke of sacrifice; made privately after deaths or accidental pollutions, and publicly on the occasion of pu= blic disasters, prodigies, or the like; and at certain fixed periods, especial= ly at the close of every lustrum= .(1883m1)

$H Lustre.

(1) (Pot.) The glazing, varnis= h, or enamel which applied to porcelain in a very thin layer gives it a smooth = and glistening surface.

(2) An arrangement o= f lights hanging from a ceiling, a vault, or the nave of a church. Ecclesiastical = lustres are frequently in the form of crowns and ar= e hung from the roof by chains. [Co= rona.] The lustres which light the auditorium of a t= heatre are of immense size. The fittings and decorative portions are generally of gilded bronze and are enriched with crystal balls and drops arranged in festoons.(1891a1)

$H Lustricus.

(sc. dies), R. (lustrum, a lustration). The day of purification for a newR= 09;born infant, when it received its name.(1883m1)

$H Lustrum.

R. (luo, to wash). A solemn purification performed by the censors on laying down their office, that i= s to say, every five years; whence= the term was used to denote that space of time.(1883m1)

$H Lusuna.

The king of the district of Harru, East of Assyria. He was conquered and his ki= ngdom pillaged by Dayan-assur, the Tartan of Shalmaneser II. (1876c1)

$H Lut. See Rut and Ludim. (1876c1)

$H Lute.

(Arabic, el oud). A stringed instrument of great antiquity, first mentioned in Persia in 682 A.D. Before t= he 10th century the lute had only four strings, or four pairs producing four tones, each tone having two strings tuned in unison. About the 10th centu= ry a string for a fifth tone was added. The strings were made of silk neatly twisted. The neck of the instrument was provided with frets of string, regulated according to the system of seventeen intervals to an octave. The Chinese god of music is represented playing on a lute with four strings. = The lute was very popular in England in Elizabeth's time. Originally it had eight catgut strings, arranged in four pairs, each pair being in unison. The number of strings varied from time to time, and= in the 17th century they were twenty‑four. The size of the lute also varied; the treble lute was the smallest, and the bass lute the largest. There were also the ARCHLUTE, the CHITARRONE, THEORBO, &c. (Consult Thomas Mace's Musick's Monument, 1676.)(1883m1)

$H Luxembourg.

A gallery of picture= s in Paris, inaugurated in 1818, including a large number of w= orks by living artists. In accordance with a law, which, however, is very litt= le respected, works ought not to receive a definite place in the Louvre until the artists who painted them have been= dead at least five years.(1891a1)

$H Luxor. Egypt

An Arab village on the Eastern bank of the= Nile, situated amid the ruins of the great temples of Amen and Pthah, which were erected by the monarchs of the XIXth dynasty. The chief of the buildings are but little inferior to the grand edifices of Karnak, from which Luxor is = distant about two miles. The plans of the temples are very irregular, owing to th= eir having been originally erected on the shores of the rim Nile, and partly upon a kind of quay inclosed betwe= en two windings of its stream. The oldest parts of the temple are of the date of= the reign of Amenhotep III. o= f the XVIIIth dynasty. The great colonnade bord= ering the shore was erected by Horus, the restorer.= The two colossi in front of the entrance pylon, and the lofty obelisks which accompany them, were set up by Rameses II.-Miamun. The internal buildings, now more or less in ruins, were the work of successive Pharaohs, from the period of the XIXth dynasty and that of Tirh= akah and Psametik of the XXVI= th dynasty, to Alexander the Great, all of whose cartouches are found upon t= he walls. Luxor was connected with the capital t= emples of Karnak at Thebes, by a grand avenue of crio-sphynxes a mile and a half long (Bonomi), terminated by obelisks and colossi, and its suburbs were surrounded with smaller avenues, temples, and aediculi, now m= ore or less covered with sand and debris. (1876c1)

$H Lybian Nome.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

The Greek name for the third nome in Lower Egypt which was anciently called Ament. (1876c1)

$H Lycaea.

A festival of the Ar= cadians in honour of Zeus 7L6"Ã@H[=3DLukaios].(1883m= 1)

$H Lyceium or Lyceum.

Lyceum. A building a= mong the ancients in which learned men met to discuss and the youths of Athens received instruction.(1891a1)

Lyceium. A sacred en= closure at Athens, dedicated to Apollo Lycius, where the polemarch originally held his court. It was decorated with fountains, plantations, = and ornamental edifices by Peisistratus, Pericles, and Lycurgus.= Here Aristotle delivered his lectures, as he walked about with his followers, hence called "Peripatetics."(1883m= 1)

$H Lychnus, Lychnuchus.

R. (8bP<@H[=3Dluchnos], 8LP<@ØP@H[=3Dluchnouchos]). = The former of these terms is of by far the most frequent occurrence. It denotes a ki= nd of lantern or candlestick made to support oil lamps (lucernae). Fig. 436 repre= sents a lychnus supporting three lucernae. Fig. 4= 36. Lychnus.(1883m1)

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$H Lycopolis. Egypt

Lycopolis. "Wolf City." See Siayut. (1876c1)

The Greek name for Saud, the capital of the thirteenth nome of Upper Egypt, the modern Asyût= . Chief deity, Ap-uat. This name, "the cit= y of wolves," came from the jackal-headed form of the god worshipped there.(1902b1)

<= /o:p>

$H Lycopolis Magna and = Parva. "Greater, and = Lesser, City of Wolves." Egypt

The Greek name for the cities and names in= Upper Egypt called respectively Chesf-chent and Chesf-pehu, which see. (1876c1)

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$H Lydian.

Of music, soft and slow; generally effeminate.(1883m1)

$H Lydian Stone.

(Lydius lapis or Heraclius lapis) was a kind of flinty sla= te used by the ancients as a touchstone for the trial of gold and silver.(1883m1)

$H Lydus.

A mythical hero, who with Tyrrhenus led the original Lydians by sea from Greece to the coasts of Italy. (1876c1)

$H Lymphad. Heraldry

Her. An ancient gall= ey, the feudal ensign of the house of Lorn, and as su= ch quartered by the Dukes of Argyle. It is borne also by the Prince of Wales= as "Lord of the Isles." (Fig. 437.) Fig. 437. Lymphad.(1= 883m1)

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$H Lynx Sapphire.

A lapidary's term fo= r dark‑grey or greenish‑blue varieties of the sapphire.(1883m1)

$H Lyon King at = Arms.

The Scotch Herald, L= ord Lyon. The regalia of this officer are, a crown of gold, with a crimson ve= lvet cap, &c.; a velvet robe reaching to his feet, with the arms of the kingdom embroidered thereon, both before and behind, in the proper tinctu= res; a triple row of gold chains round his neck, with an oval gold medal pende= nt thereto, on one side of which is the royal bearing, and on the other St. = Andrew with his cross enamelled in proper colours, and a baton of gold e= namelled green, powdered with the badges of the kingdom.(1883m1)=

$H Lyra.

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>8bD"[=3Dlura]). A lyre;= a stringed instrument which assumed various forms. On Assyrian monuments the lyre occurs in three different forms, and is held horizontally in playing. Its front bar was generally either oblique or slightly curved. It was pla= yed with a plectrum or with the fingers. The HEBREW lyre is represented on coins of Judas Maccabaeus. Some have three strings, others five, and others six. The two sides of the frames appear to have been made of horns of animals. The Hebrew square= 209;shaped lyre is probably the PSALTERION; the KINNOR, a lyre of triangular shape, = the instrument of King David, is named in the Bible as the oldest stringed instrument, the invention of Jubal. The Rabbis record that King David used to suspend his over his pillow at night. On Egyptian monuments, at Beni Hassan, a Hebrew lyre is represented, probably of the date of Joseph, 1700 B.C. T= he GREEKS had lyres of many kinds, distinguished by different names; LYRA, a generic term, and also the lyre oval at the base, to be held in the lap; KITHARA, with a square base, to be held against the breast; CHELYS, a sma= ll lyre with body made of tortoise‑shell; PHORMIX, a large lyre, &= c. Some lyres have a bridge, others have none; the largest were probably hel= d on or between the knees, or were tied by a band to the left arm. The strings= of catgut or sinew were twanged with a plektron or short stem of ivory or metal, pointed at b= oth ends. The lyre was the most favourite instrum= ent of the ROMANS, under various names. The CORNU had a frame ending at the top = in two long horns; the BARBITOS was a lyre with a large body; the PSALTERIUM= was of an oblong square shape, &c. The lyre is represented in early CHRIS= TIAN monuments of the 4th century. In one of them the Sav= iour is represented as Apollo touching the lyre. ANGLO‑SAXON MSS. of the= 9th century also represent the lyre. A GERMAN fiddle of the 9th century, with only one string, is called lyra in the MS. In Christian symbolism the lyre represented "the attractive power of the Lord." (See MESE.)(188= 3m1)

$H Lyre.

A stringed musical instrument frequently represented in ancient works of art. In form it resembled the cithara. It was the attribute of Apollo and St. Cecilia.(1891a1)

$H Lysis. Architecture

Arch. A plinth, or s= tep above the cornice of the podium which surrounds the PEDESTAL.