$H Malachite.

A green carbonate of= copper used in jeweller's work and in decorating furniture. A green pigment is obtained from it, to which the name "mountain green" is also given.(1891a1)

A native carbonate of copper, forming a beautiful and permanent green pigment, used for oils and water‑colours. Incrusted upon other materials it is used for articles of ornament. Blue malachite is p= ure carbonate of copper; green malachite is green carbonate of copper; emerald or royal malachite is dioptase of copper, a still rarer green and the bes= t of all, which is a mixture of copper and silica; false or pseudo&#= 8209;malachite is phosphate of copper, soft and silky, and of a rich velvet green marred= by black spots or lines, and not so rich as the three kinds of true malachite.(1883m1)

$H Malamir.

A place in Media where Sutur-Cit, king of Amardi, executed an inscription in honour of the gods Dipti and Turutur. It is now called Kul<= /span> Faraum. (1876c1)

$H Mala Pioba. Irish (mala, a bag). The ba= gpipe.(1883m1)

$H Malatya.

Another name of the kingdom of Milid, near Armenia. (1876c1)

$H Malaviskh. Etruria

A richly-dressed Etruscan goddess, with diadem, necklace, and jewels. She was represented as seated on a throne, = and served by three female divinities, one of them being Munthukh, while Turan stands by. (1876c1)

$H Malchus.

R. An old term for a confessional having only one stool for penitents; it signified that which= has only one ear, from the fact that Malchus, Caïaphas' servant, was deprived of his right e= ar by Peter.(1883m1)

$H Malek-taus.

A deity adored by the Yezedees, in the Lebanon range. He was represented either as a cock, or a man with a cock's head (1876c1)

$H Malichas.

A king of the Nabathe= ans, who is mentioned in the Periplus of Hanno. (1876c1)

$H Malicu.

The Assyrian title used to denote a petty chief, literally "A Kinglet." (1876c1)

$H Malik. "King."

A son of Kahlan, king of Sabaea, in South-western Arabia. He wrested the province= of Oman from his brother Wathil, king of = Sabaea, and maintained it as a separate kingdom. (1876c1)

$H Malleability.

The property of exte= nsion under the hammer (malleus). Gold is the most malleable of metals. The art of rendering glas= s malleable was discovered by an architect in the reign of Tiberius. Buried treasures of glass vessels have been found to be malleable when first disinterred, but to harden quickly on exposure to the air.(1883m1)

$H Mallet. Sculpture

(Sculp.) The mallet generally used by sculptors consists of a cylindrical block of wood slightly curved so as to form the arc of a circle, and. fitted on to= a wooden handle that passes through it. In heraldry the mallet sometimes appears as a common charge. ILLUS. mallet(1891a1)

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$H Malleus.

R. (1) A hammer (2) = Med. The MAULE (Gothic Miölner), Thor's hammer; a military weapon.(1883m1)

$H Malluvia, Malluvium.

R. A wash‑hand basin.(1883m1)

$H Malouli. Egypt

An Egyptian deity of the later period He w= as represented as wearing the warlike crown crested with the Atef. He was worshipped i= n Nubia. (1876c1)

$H Malus.

R. (malus, an apple‑tree). (1) The mast of a vessel. (2) In theatres and amphitheatres (Fig. 440) mali were the poles over which the vel= arium was stretched. Fig. 440. Malus of an Amphitheatre.(1883m1)

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$H Malveisin. Mediaeval

Med. (Fr. malvoisin, a disagreeable neighbour). A military engine for projecting stones or arrows.(1883m1)

$H Ma-mai. Egypt

A "Divine Father," or priest of = Amen Ra and the goddess Maut. Period unknown. (187= 6c1)

$H Ma-ma-= mi-amen. Egypt

A surname of Rameses<= /span> IV. of the XXth dy= nasty. (1876c1)

$H Mamamis.

A king of the country of the Luksai, who paid tribute to Sa= mas Rimmon, king of Assyri= a. (1876c1)

$H = Mama‑quilla. Peruvian

Peruv. One of the divisions of the temple of the Sun, INTI (q.v.); so called because it was dedicated to the moon, Mamaquilla.(1883m1)

$H Mameliere and Mamillare.

Mamillare, R. (mamilla, the breast). (1) A broad band made of soft leather, a kind of small stays, used by the Roman ladies to support the breasts, (2) In Mediaeval Latin, circular plates on the surcoat with rings from which two chains depended, one of which was attached to t= he sword and the other to the sheath. The fashion was introduced under Edward I., and continued until Henry V.(1883m1)

Mameliere. A round plate or boss fastened to the breastp= late, as indicated in our cut, which is from a brass in = Minister Church, Isle of Sheppy. A chain attached to it held t= he helmet or sword in its place. ILLUS. mamelier(189= 1a1)

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$H Mami. "The Waters.&qu= ot;

The Accadian w= ord from which the name of the Greco-Babylonian deity Mo= umis was derived (1876c1)

$H Mamillare. [See Mameliere= -Editor]

$H Mammisi. Egypt

"House of giving birth." That chamber in a temple in which the goddess is supposed to have given birth to the third person of the triad.(1902b1)

$H Manaff.

An ancient Arabian divinity. He was possib= ly a form of the sun. (1876c1)

$H Managina.

An Assyrian measure of weight, equal to si= xty shekels or I= g, equal to 1 lb. 4 oz. 8dwt. (1876c1)

$H Manche. Heraldry

(Her.) A long hangin= g sleeve which is used as a charge in heraldry.(1891a1)

$H Mancop Oly.

Dutch. Poppy oil, &q= uot;a very white oil used by the painters in the Netherlands, who execute delicate works requiring lively colours<= /span>, such as the vases of flowers of De Ghein, &c." (Eastlake.)(1883m1)=

$H Mandauces.

A king of the Medes, the successor of Arbaces. He reigned fifty years. (Ctesias.) (1876c1)

$H Mandonophis. = Egypt

The Greek form of the royal name Mentuhotep, which see. (1876c1)

$H Mandorla, Chr. (lit. an almond). (See AUREOLE and VESICA PISCIS.)(1883m1)

$H Mandothph.

A petty prince under the Persian rule in <= st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Egypt who revolted against Darius, and m= ade himself king of Eg= ypt for a short time. (1876c1)

$H Mandra.

Chr. (lit. a fold). A favourite appellation for monastic establis= hments in the East.(1883m1)

$H Manducus and Manduchus.

Manducus, R. (mando, to chew), A comic masked character, distinguish= ed by his ugliness and voracity (whence his name). (See PERSONA.)(1883m1)

Manduchus. A grotesquely ugly mask with open gaping mouth which was worn by the actors in Roman rustic plays. Our cut is taken from= an engraved gem, and beside the manduchus = there is another attribute of the pastoral player, the pedum or shepherd's crook. ILLUS. manduchu(189= 1a1)

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$H Mandyas.

Chr. In the Greek Church, an outer garment worn by monks. It is a long cloak, reaching almost to the feet, and fastened at t= he throat. It is originally a Persian dress, and is frequently mentioned as = worn by emperors and kings.(1883m1)

$H Maned. Heraldry

(Her.) When the mane= s of horses, unicorns, &c., are of a different tincture from their bodies = they are said to be maned.(1891a1)

$H Manefaire. Old English

O.E. A covering of <= span class=3DSpellE>armour for a horse's mane.(1883m1)

$H Ma-nefer. Egypt

The son of Se-khem-ka, an Egyptian officer of the Vth dynasty. (1876= c1)

An Egyptian functionary in the court of Ki= ng Assa-Tatkera, the last king but one of the Vth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Maneh. Assyria

An Assyrian measure of weight, composed of= two Managineh, equal to 2lbs. 8oz. 16dwt. (1876c1)

$H Manes. R. The s= hades of the dead. (See LEMURES.) (1883m1)

$H Manet-ankh. Egypt

The wife of Harbenen<= /span>, and mother of Ra-kherpa, a priest of Osiris in the XIIth dyn= asty. (1876c1)

$H Manetho. Egypt

A historian of the Alexandrian school, who, under Ptolemy Philadelphus (third century B.C.) wrote a history of Egypt with a list of its thirty dynasties, which he professed to have drawn from genuine archives in the keeping of the priests. He himself was an Egyptian priest, living at Sebennytus, in Lower Egypt. His book is now only known by some lists and fragments preserved by Josephus in his treatise "Against = Apion," by Eusebius in his "Chronica," and = by Syncellus. Of these, Syncellus= does not quote from the original. Though Egyptian monuments have afforded confirmation of many of his statements, it is not wise to rely entirely on his assertions, since through transcriptions and ret= ranscriptions the original has probably suffered from alterations. His method was apparently not strictly chronological, the number of years for each dynas= ty being made up of the sum of the kings' reigns, without allowance being ma= de for the overlapping of some of these dynasties. The work is, however, invaluable to the student for comparative use. Several other works have b= een ascribed to Manetho.(1902b1)

An Egyptian high-priest of Heliopolis in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, about B= .C. 290, by whose desire he compiled a History of Egypt, the materials for wh= ich he asserted he had obtained from inscriptions preserved in the temple of = Thoth, or Hermes Trismegistus<= /span>. His chronology, which has been handed down in a condensed condition by Africanus, and afterwards still further reduced by = Syncellus and Eusebius, gives a period of 53,535 ye= ars for the duration up to that date of the Egyptian empire. The arrangement = of the dynasties of Manetho is very uncertain, a= nd though monumental records attest the general truth of his statements, the synchronization of them is one of the most difficult problems in Archaic chronology. See Table of Dynasties in the Appendix. (1876c1= )

$H Manfalut. Egypt

The modern name for the city and nome in Upper Egypt which was called by the Greeks Lycopolis-parva. It is famous for its mummy pits. (1876c1)

$H Manganese Brown.

Manganese Brown. A r= ich semi‑opaque brown pigment, permanent and drying well. (See CAPPAGH.)(1883m1)

Manganese, Brown. (P= aint.) A native brown pigment of considerable value in painting. Its advantages are that it dries very rapidly and is permanent.(1891a1)

$H Manger.

Chr. The boards of the manger = in which the Infant Saviour was laid, are said t= o be preserved in the crypt of the church of St. Maria Maggiore at Rome. They are called the culla, and are the object of a solemn procession on Christmas Eve.(1883m1)<= /o:p>

$H Mangonell. Mediaeval

Med. A military machine for hu= rling stones; the spelling is frequently varied: ‑

"= ;Vous peussez bugles, mangoniaux Veoir pardessus les carniaux." (Roman de la Rose.)(1883m1)

$H Mani. Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

In Scandinavian mythology the name of the = moon deity. (1876c1)

$H Manica.

R. (manus, a hand). (1) An armlet, or piece o= f armour which protected the arm of the gladiator. (2) A leather glove worn by barbarous nations.

In the plural, manicae= denotes (1) manacles; (2) a grappling‑iron called HARPAGA (q.v.).(1883m1)

The term manica is used in several senses. First of all, it denotes the long sleeve reaching to the wrist wo= rn by Eastern nations, and regarded with contempt by the Romans of the republican ages (cut 1); secondly, it denotes a protection for the arm wo= rn by gladiators (cut 2); and thirdly, a covering reaching from the elbow to= the wrist worn by Roman archers (cut 3). ILLUS. manica(1891a= 1)

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$H Manicora, Manicore.

Chr. In Christian iconography, the manicora is a hyb= rid animal with a human head, and a globular body ending in a serpent. It is = a symbol of the World, the Flesh, and the Devil. (Fig. 441.)

Fig. 441. Manicore.(1883m1)

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$H Maniple and Manipulus.

Maniple, Chr. A short stole held in the left hand, originally used as a napkin by the officiating priest. Afterwards it was worn pendent from the wrist, and ri= chly decorated. (See FANON.) The word is derived from ‑ Manipulus, R. (lit. a handful). (1) A maniple, the earliest ensign of the Roman legion; it consisted of a handful of hay attached to the end of a pole. (2) A body of infantry in a legion, consisting of about 180 to 200 men.(1883m1)

Maniple. A piece of = linen, frequently richly embroidered, which was worn by priests across their left hand or arm. In its origin it was no doubt a handkerchief, but it soon be= came a mere ornament. One of our cuts represents the maniple held in the hand = of Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, in the Bayeux tapestry. It was also borne as a charge in heraldry. ILLUS. maniple(1891a1)

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$H Maniyahe.

The king of the Dahe<= /span>, one of the Persian tribes. He attempted to resist Sennacherib in his stro= ng city Ukku, but was compelled to abandon the <= span class=3DSpellE>defence upon the approach of the Assyrians. The Dahe are supposed to have been the Dinaites of Hebrew writers. (1876c1)

$H Manner.

The method of compos= ition and the process of execution adopted by a particular artist. For instance, when we say that a picture is painted in the manner of Corot, we mean that, at the first glance, it reminds us of the work of that arti= st. We may say too that an artist has several "manners," meaning th= at his style or technique have undergone distinct changes. In fact few paint= ers have lived whose pictures do not display several "manners," corresponding to the growth, development, and decadence of their talent.(1891a1)

$H Mannered.

The style (or work) = of an artist is said to be mannered when instead of being fresh and suggestive of nature, it exhibits certain stereotyped tricks or dodges of execution. The term is applied indifferen= tly whether these tricks are caught by the artist from his own previous work = or copied by a pupil from his master.(1891a1)

$H Mannerism.

Mannerism may be def= ined as manner in a bad sense. Qualities of treatment which when moderately displayed mark individuality of style, when carried to excess and too oft= en repeated degenerate into mannerism.(1891a1)

$H Mannu-ki-assur.

Governor of Gozan, in the reign of Vulnirari III. He was eponym = of the year B.C. 794, the chief event in which was an expedition to Media. (1876= c1)

$H Mannu-ki-assur-liha.

The governor of Bile in the reign of Sargo= n I. He was eponym of the year B.C. 709, the chief event in which was an expedition to Chaldea<= /st1:place>. (1876c1)

$H Mannukibabil.

The governor of Dakku= ri. He joined the revolt of Saulmugina, but was defeated and severely punished by Assurbanipal (1876c1)

$H Mannu-ki-vul.

The governor of Salla= t in the reign of Shalmaneser III. He was epony= m of the year B.C. 773, the chief event in which was an expedition to Damascus. (1876c= 1)

$H Mannus.

In Teutonic mythology the son of the giant= Tuisco, and the father of Isti= o, Ingnio, and Hermino, from whom the German races were descended. (1876c1)

$H Mansaka.

A king of Magalani in Arabia, who paid tribute to Esarhaddon, by whom he was afterwards put to death. (1876c1)

$H Mansakir.

A king of Marabanu in Arabia. He was conquered by Esarhaddon. (1876c1)

$H Mansard. Architecture

Mansard Roof, Arch. = (so called from Mansard, the Fren= ch architect, who introduced it), or Curb Roof (from the French courber, to bend). A roof with two sets of rafters, of which the upper part is, as it were, broken off, and not so steep as the lower. According to Mesanges, Mansard took the idea of his roof from a fra= me composed by Segallo, and Michael Angelo emplo= yed it in the construction of the dome of St. Peter's. The houses in Lower Brittany were covered with these roofs in t= he end of the 15th century.(1883m1)

Mansard. (Arch.) A w= indow placed in the slope of a roof. Mansard brought this kind of window (to wh= ich he gave his name) into fashion in 1650. Pierre Lesco= t, however, had used it much earlier in the Louvre. Rooms with mansards are often low ‑ pitched, and have as a rule insufficient light, but from a decorative point of view the external effe= ct of a mansard is admirable, and helps to soften the hard outline of a roof= . 2 ILLUS. mansard1, mansard2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; <= /o:p>

$H Manse. Old English

O.E. The parsonage&#= 8209;house.(1883m1)

$H Mansio.

R. (maneo, to remain). Statio= ns placed at intervals along the high roads, to serve as halting‑places for the troops on a march. (See MUTATIO.)(1883m1)

$H Mantapa. Hindu

Hind. A porch to a temple.(1883m1)

$H Man-tef-ef. Egypt

The mystical name of one of the planks of = the boat of souls in the XCIXth chapter of the Ri= tual of the Dead.(1876c1)

$H Mantelpiece or Mantel‑piece.

Mantel‑piece, = Arch. (formerly ma= ntil). A cloak or covering; hence the slab which covers a part of the fireplace;= the canopy over a shrine (Latin mandualis).(1883m1)

Mantelpiece. (Arch.)= A slab of marble placed horizontally, rather higher than breast‑high, upon= the two vertical uprights of a modern chimney.(1891a1)

$H Mantelet or Mantlet.

Mantelet or Mantlet. A shed used for protecting soldiers from missile weapons. (See PLUTEUS.)(1883m1)=

$H Mantica.

R. (manus, the hand). A double wallet serving as a portmanteau for riders or pedestrians.(1883m1)

$H Mantle.

Mantle. A flowing ro= be worn over the armour, as shown in the costume of t= he knights in the ivory mirror‑case. (Fig. 463.)(1883m1)

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Mantle. (Her.) The m= antle is a long flowing cloak worn in former times by knights over their armour, and still worn peers when in their robes of state. The decoration and fulness of the mant= le varies with the dignity of the wearer, and each order of knighthood has i= ts own appropriate mantle. In blazonry it is often shown as covering a shiel= d. ILLUS. mantle(1891a1)

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$H Mantlet. [See Mantelet<= /span> - Editor]

$H Mantling or Lambrequin. [See also Lambrequin - Editor]

Lambrequin. A coveri= ng for the helmet. (See MANTLING.)(1883m1)

Lambrequin. A French term which is primari= ly applied to the point of a label or the mantling of a helmet. In architect= ure, however, and decorative art it bears several other meanings. For instance= , it denotes the broad borders of stuff trimmed with fringes and tassels, which are employed either to hide the joining of draperies or as a mere ornamen= t. In the 17th and 18th centuries lambrequins, cut in the solid stone, are frequently found on the bases of pilasters. The name is also given to poi= nts of lead‑work placed on each side of the ridge of a roof. For the heraldic sense of the word, see Mantling. 3 ILLUS. lambreq1, lambreq2, lambreq3(1= 891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p; &= nbsp; <= /o:p>

Mantling or Lambrequ= in. A small mantle, of some rich materials, attached to the helmet, and worn hanging down, and ending in tassels. (See Fig. 177.) It is usually represented, in Heraldry, with jagged ends, to represent the cuts it woul= d be exposed to in actual battle.(1883m1)

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Mantling. (Her.) The mantling of a helmet is an accessory formed of cloth or other material hanging in ornamental folds. It was probably intended originally to prote= ct the helmet from the effects of the weather. The mantling of a peer's arms ought to be of crimson velvet, in other cases = its colour should follow the tincture of the field of t= he escutcheon. ILLUS. mantling(1= 891a1)

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$H Mantu-mi-ankhu. Egypt

The Assyrian form of the Egyptian royal na= me Mentu-em-ankh, which see. (1876c1)

$H Manu.<= /span>

The Egyptian name of the West, which was represented as a basin or deep valley in which the setting sun rested. (1876c1)

A name of the Supreme Being in the Vedic literature of Hindustan. (1876c1)=

A mythical personage in Vedic mythology to whom the Deluge was foretold by a fish, who further directed him to build= an ark, and thus escape the flood. He did so, and on performing a sacrifice = to the deity he had a daughter named Ida or Ila,= by whom he became the father of mankind. (1876c1)

$H Manuale. R. (manus, the hand). A wooden = case for a book.(1883m1)

$H Manuballista.= R. A hand‑ballista. (See ARCUBALLISTA.)(1883m1)

$H Manubrium.

R. i.e. what is born= e in the hand). A general term for a handle of any kind. (See Fig. 377.)(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Manuscript.

Books written by han= d and sometimes enriched by miniatures. Some manuscripts of the 12th and 13th centuries were decorated on each page by painted illustrations, or with initial letters in gold. The manuscripts of the 14th and 15th centuries a= re adorned with equal richness. And even as late as the 17th and 18th centur= ies we find splendid examples of the art, both as regards colouring and design.(1891a1)

$H Manus Ferrea.=

R. Literally, a hand of iron; an iron hook which served as a grappling‑iron, differing from the harpaga, as it was launch= ed at the end of a chain, while the harpaga was fixed on a long beam (asser).(1883m1)