$H Moat, Mote.

(1) Originally a hea= p or hillock; the dune on which a = tower was built, forming the original castle. The Saxons assembled on such moats or mounds to make laws and administer justice; hence their word witten‑m= ote for parliament.

(2) Mod. Usually app= lied to the fosse of a rampart, the side next the fortress being the scarp, and the opposite the counterscarp.(1883m1)=

$H Mobcap.

O.E. A cap tying und= er a woman's chin by an excessively broad band, gen= erally made of the same material as the cap itself. (H.)(1883m1)

$H Mobed. Persia

The Persian word for a high-priest See Magupai= ti. (1876c1)

$H Moccinigo.

A small Venetian coi= n, worth about 9d. (H.)(1883m1)

$H Mochado, Mokkado.

O.E. (1) A silk stuf= f, commonly called "mock velvet," much used in the 16th and 17th centuries. (= Fairholt.)

(2) A woollen stuff of the same kind. (Halliwell.) It was probably a mixture of silk and wool= . (Planché= .)(1883m1)

$H Mocket (See Mokador)

$H Model.

Any object which an = artist undertakes to reproduce is called a model. Thus we speak of a drawing mod= el. In the language of sculptors the term model is applied to the first representation of his subject modelled in clay, as well as to the plaster cast taken from the clay. These two st= ages on the way towards a statue in marble or bronze are called the clay model= and plaster model respectively. Model= is used absolutely to denote the living model. [Model, Living.](1891a1)=

--- $H Mo= del, Living.

One whose profession= it is to pose to an artist. Many female models, possessed of great beauty of fa= ce and form, have gained considerable celebrity from sitting to distinguished artists. Male models are of various nationalities, frequently Italians. Y= oung children and white‑bearded old men, with strongly marked features, = were in great request when religious painting was still fashionable, and artis= ts wanted models for the infant Christ, the saints, and the prophets. Nowada= ys, however, the artist devotes himself to the reproduction of less conventio= nal types, to modern or even realistic portraiture, and so the classical type= of the model is fast disappearing. The living models of tradition ‑ the men with slouched hats and torn and patched cloaks, the women with curious costumes, so very much the worse for wear ‑ only pose now in academ= ies or schools of art. In these institutions the model stands upon a pedestal= or table in the midst of a semicircle. The students sit round in tiers, the = draughtsmen in the front row, the painters in the s= econd, and the sculptors behind. A good deal of nonsense has been talked of late years by ignorant but well‑meaning persons about the temptations to which models are exposed. They are as a rule a hardworking and deserving class, who devote themselves with intelligence and energy to the professi= on, to which, in most cases, they have been brought up from their earliest childhood. The business of a model, like so many of the liberal professio= ns, runs in families.(1891a1)

$H Modelling. Sculpture

(Sculp.) That part of the sculptor's art which consists in constructing in clay or= wax the model, which is to be reproduced in plaster, terracotta, bronze, marb= le, stone, or wood. The term has another meaning. In a painted portrait we say that the modelling is good, when the painter = has succeeded in indicating the various planes of the figure which he has represented. The term is also applied to painting. The modelling of a figure is admirable, when its projection is so strongly and withal s= o subtly indicated that you can see all round.(1891a1)

$H Modelling Tools.

The tools used by the sculptor for modelling clay are made of wood, ivory, or metal, and vary considerably in shape and size. Our first cut represents that one generally used; the second and third tools have serra= ted ends for removing masses of clay, which purpose is also served by that represented in Fig. 4, which, it will be noticed, has a loop. The last, F= ig. 5, is a metal tool used for cutting plaster. ILLUS. modellin(1= 891a1)

$H Modelling Wax.

(Sculp.) A yellow wax, with which black resin, terebinth, and oil are mixed. It is used by sculptors for model= ling works of small dimensions, and especially for making preliminary sketches= for statues which are afterwards modelled in clay= . It is slightly tinted with vermilion or red brown. The facility with which <= span class=3DSpellE>modelling wax is moulded varies according to the quantity of oil which enters into its composition, and i= t is harder in summer than in winter.(1891a1)

$H Modena Pottery.

The antique pottery = of Modena is referred to by Pliny and Livy, but there i= s no exact record or marked example of wares produced there during the Renaissance. The manufacture flourishes now at Sassuolo, a town ten miles south of Modena.(1883m1)

$H Modesty Bit or Piece.

O.E. "A narrow = lace which runs along the upper part of the stays, before, being a part of the tucker, is called the modesty piece." (Guardian.) "Modesty bits ‑ out of fashion" is= an announcement in the London Chroni= cle, vol. xi. 1762.(1883m1)

$H Modgudhr. Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

In Scandinavian mythology a virgin goddess= who guarded the bridge over the river Giöll,= which formed the boundary of hell. (1876c1)

$H Modillion. Architecture

Modillions, A= rch. Small brackets under the coronae of cornices; when square they are called MUTULES. In the Corinthian order they = have carved leaves spread under them. Fig. 465 is taken from the temple of Mars the Avenger, at Rome. Fig. 465. Modillion.(1883m1)

Modillion. (Arch.) A= term applied to brackets placed at regular intervals under a projecting cornic= e or balcony. The name is also given to small brackets placed against a wall a= nd supporting vases or busts. The volutes of modillions are placed horizontally or vertically according to the purpo= se which they serve, and the height and projection of the cornice they suppo= rt. 2 ILLUS. modilli1, modilli2(18= 91a1)

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$H Modiniel.

In Cabalistic mythology the spirit of the planet Mars.(1876c1)

$H Modius.

R. (modus, a measure or standard). The largest Roman measure of capacity.(1883m1)

$H Module.

Arch. A measure adop= ted by architects to determine by the column the proportions of the different pa= rts of a work of architecture. It is usually the diameter or the semi‑d= iameter of the shaft of the column.(1883m1)

$H Modulus.

A measure by which t= he intercolumniation (q.v.) and other proportions of Greek buildings are measured. The modulus generally taken as the standard by architects is the diameter of the column near its base.(1891a1)

$H Moenia.

R. A term synonymous= with MURUS (q.v.); but more comprehensive, in that it implies not merely the i= dea of walls, but also of the buildings attached to them. "Moenia lata videt, triplici circumdata muro.&q= uot; (Virgil.)(1883m1)

$H Moeotes. Egypt

A mud fish which was worshipped at the Egyptian town of Abu or Elephantine. (1876c1)

$H Moerae. [See Fates, The= .] (1891a1)

$H Moeris. Egypt

See LAKE MOERIS.(1902b1)

$H Moetis. Egypt

The Greek form of the name of the lake Meri, which see. (187= 6c1)

$H Mogul Architecture.

Mogul Architecture i= s that of the buildings erected in the reigns of the Mogul emperors, kings of Delhi, from A.D.= 1531 to the present century.(1883m1)

$H Mohar. Egypt

The title of an Egyptian superintendent or military officer. (1876c1)

$H Moilon. (Fr. moellon), Arch. Rubble‑masonry.(1883m1)

$H Mokador.

Mokador, Mocket, O.E. A na= pkin, handkerchief, or bib.

"Goo= hom, lytyl babe, = and sytt on thi moderes lap,

And put a mokador aforn thi brest, <= /p>

And pray = thi modyr to fede the with the pappe."= ;

(Twentieth Coventry Mystery.)(1883m1)

$H Mola.

R. (molo= , to grind). A mill; mola manuaria= , a hand‑mill; mola buxea, = a box‑wood mill, or mill for grinding pepper; mola aquaria, a water‑mill; = mola asinaria, a mill worked by a beast of burden; mola versatilis, a grindstone (Fig. 466 represents Love sharpening his arrows, from an engraved gem); mola olearia, a mill for crushing olives. Fig. 466. Mola versatilis.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Mold.

Mold, O.E. (for mould). Earth; ground. The word = is constantly applied to the ground<= /i> in works of art. (See Degrevant, 1039; Halliw= ell.)(1883m1)

Mould. (Sculp.) A mould is an imprint of an object in relief, by means of which a reproduction of this object may be obtained. The mould à creux perdu can only furnish one copy of an original, for it must be broken to be detached from the cast. From the mould à bon creux, however, which consists of mov= able pieces, an indefinite number of copies may be obtained. ILLUS. mould(1891a1)

$H Mole.

(Arch.) A kind of st= one jetty running out into the sea at the entrance of a = harbour, the purpose of which is to break the force of the waves.(1891a1)

$H Mol= ine.

Her. A cross termina= ting like the MlLL‑RIND. In modern cadency i= t is the difference of the eighth son.(1883m1)

$H Mollicina, Molochina.

(sc. vestis), R. (= :@8`P4<"[=3Dmolochina], i.e= . mallow‑coloured). A garment made from the fibres of a mallow (hibiscus).(1883m= 1)

$H Moloch= -ram.

Another form of the name of that king of <= st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Edom who was contemporary with the invas= ion of Edom by Sennacherib. He was also called Airammu, w= hich see. (1876c1)

$H Momemphis. Egypt

A town in the Hermopo= lite nome in Lower Egypt. It was famous for the battle fought there by Psameti= k, king of Egypt of the= XXVIth dynasty, aided by the L= ydians lent by Gyges, king of Lydia, and the Assyrian arm= y headed by the tributary kings of the Icosarchy. (187= 6c1)

$H Mona Marble.

A beautiful marble o= f a greenish colour, obtained in the Isle of Anglesea.(1883m1)

$H Monastic Orders.

Monastic Orders cons= isted of Benedictine or black monks, and Cistercian or white monks. There were the= Regular Orders, the Military Orders, the Conventual Orders, Colleges, &c.(1883m1)

$H Monat.

An Arabian goddess, possibly a form of the moon. She was called by the Egyptians the Lady of Arabia, and was worship= ped at Codayd, between Mecca and Yathri= b, where she was represented as a shapeless stone. (1876c1)

$H Monaulos.

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>:`<‑"L8@H[=3Dmon‑aulos= ], single‑flute). A Greek pipe made of a reed, of Egyptian origin, blown at the end without= a reed mouthpiece, and remarkable for the sweetness of its tone.(1883m1)

$H Monde. Heraldry

(Her.) An heraldic term, denoting the globe encircled with band, and surmounted by a cross, which is among the insignia of royalty. ILLUS. mond= e(1891a1)

$H Monelle, Monial, Moynel. Arch. (See MULLIONS.) (1883m1)

$H Moneris.

Gr. (:@<‑ZD0H[=3Dmon‑eres]= , single). A galley or ship with a single bench of rowers.(1883m1)=

$H Money. Egypt

In the sense of coin the ancient Egyptians had no money. The first appearanc= e of a coinage was during the Persian occupation; but no real currency was established until the Ptolemaic times. Gold for purchase-money was weighe= d. Under the New Empire it was made in the form of rings, but even then was = weighed. The rings seem to have varied in thickness, though having a uniform diame= ter of about 5 ins. Such a weighing out is frequently depicted on the tomb and temple walls. "Mr. Poole's researches into the very complicated numismatics of the Ptolemaic Dynasty show that the first Ptolemy establis= hed a silver coinage on the basis of the Attic drachma as the ordinary silver unit." There was both silver and copper coinage. (See UTEN and TRADE.)(1902b1)

$H Monile.

Gr. and R. A necklace or collar. Fig. 468 represents= a bronze necklace belonging to the Gaulish period, and Fig. 467 a part of t= he same necklace on a larger scale. By analogy the term was applied to the ornaments worn by horses about the neck. (See NECKLACES.)

Fig. 467. Monile. Details of ornament. Fig. 468. Monile. A Gaulish collar.(1883m1)

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$H Monks.

Chr. In the religious iconography of the Gothic pe= riod, especially the 14th and 15th centuries, there frequently occur grotesque representations of monks. (See Fig. 351.)(1883m1)

$H Monmouth Cap.

O.E. A cap worn by s= oldiers and sailors.(1883m1)

$H Monochord.

A one‑stringed= musical instrument, much used for measuring the proportions of length which yield= the various sounds within an octave.(1883m1)

$H Monochrome. Painting

Monochrome. A painti= ng executed in one colour.(1891a1)

Monochrome Painting.= (1) Painting in a single colour, as, for instance= , red upon a black ground, or white upon a red ground. The most numerous class of specimens of this kind of painting are upon= terra‑cotta, as the Etruscan vases. (2) The term is applied to paintings in tints of o= ne colour, in imitation of bas‑reliefs.(1883m1)<= o:p>

$H Monogamy. Egypt

See HAREM.(1902b1)<= /span>

$H Monogram. =

A combination of two= or more letters into one design, illustrated especially in ecclesiastical decorat= ion of the 14th and 15th centuries, &c. The abbreviation IHS is said to h= ave been invented by St. Bernardino of Siena about 1437. For Artists' monogram= s, see Stellway= , Heller, = Brulliot (Dictionaries of Monograms).(1883m1)

A cypher used as a signature to works of art. It consists of initial letters, interlaced or juxtaposed, or sometimes of an emblem, which serves to deno= te the artist, such as the master of the die, the master of the bird . [Mark.] Potters as well as painters used mono= grams, and pieces of porcelain may often be identified by the monograms found up= on them. The name of Christ and the Virgin written as monograms are frequent= ly found as ecclesiastical decorations. Monarchs and potentates too have had their monograms, and our third cut, in which the letters KAROLVS are juxtaposed, represents the signature of Charlemagne. 3 ILLUS. monogra1, monogra2, monogra3(1891a1)

&n= bsp; &nbs= p; &nbs= p; &= nbsp;

$H Monograph.

A biographical study= or a collection of documents bearing upon the life of one artist is termed a monograph, as is also an essay on a special branch of art, such as enamel= s, faïences, bronzes, &c.(1891a1)<= /span>

$H Monolith.

(:@<`‑842@H[=3Dmono‑lithos]). An object formed of a single block of stone.(1883m1)

$H Monolium, Monolinum.

R. A necklace formed= with a single string of pearls. (See MONILE.)(1883m1)

$H Monoloris.

R. (Gr. :`<@H[=3Dmonos], one, an= d Lat. lorum, = a thong. A hybrid word). Decorated with a single band of purple and gold, like the PARAGAUDA (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Monopodium.

(sc. mensa), R. (= :@<@‑B`*4@<[=3Dmono‑podion]). A table with a single foot.(1883m1)

$H Monopteral. Architecture

Arch. (:@<`‑BJ,D@H[=3Dmono‑pteros]). With a single wing; a circular temple or shrine, consisting of a roof supporte= d on columns, without any cella.(1883m1)

(Arch.) An antique t= emple, circular in form, which was surrounded by a single row of pillars. The choragic monument (q.v.) of Lysicrates at Athens was a fi= ne specimen of a monopteral building of the Cori= nthian order. Our second cut shows a monopteral temp= le represented on a coin of the Tullia, gens at Rome. It will be seen that a statue is placed in it, as a receptacle for which = the monopteral temple was frequently employed. <= span style=3D'font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-= proof: no'>2 ILLUS. monopte1, monopte2(18= 91a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p;

$H Monopyle.

(Arch.) A term appli= ed to a building which has only one door. An enclosure with a portico, which surrounds a temple, and has only one entrance, is sometimes termed a peribolus. ILLUS. monopyle(189= 1a1)

$H Monostyle.

(Arch.) In ancient architecture a temple is said to be monostyle= when it is surrounded by only one row of columns. The term is also applied to a single column complete in itself, such as the column of Trajan.(1891a1)

Arch. (1) Piers of a= single shaft are sometimes distinguished by this name from compound piers, then called for distinction = polystyle.

(2) A building which= is of one style of architecture throughout; or (3) surrounded by a single row of pillars.(1883m1)

$H Monota.

Gr. A vase with one = ear (or handle). (1883m1)

$H Monotriglyph.=

(Arch.) A term appli= ed to a method of intercolumniation, which only allows a single triglyph (q.v.) to be placed in a frieze.(1891a1)

Arch. The intercolum= niation in the Doric order, which embraces one triglyph and two metopes in the entablature. (Parker's Glossary of Architecture.)(1883m1)

$H Monoxylos, Monoxylus.

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>:@<`>L8@H[=3Dmonoxulos]). Li= terally, hewn or made out of a single piece of wood.(1883m1)

$H Monsters, in Architecture. (See CENTAUR, <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">GRIFFIN, GROTESQUE= S, SPHINX, &c.) (1883m1)

$H Monstrance.

Monstrance, Expositorium, Chr. (monstrare, to show). An ornamental vessel of gold, silver, silver‑gilt, or gilded= or silvered copper, representing usually a sun with rays, in the centre of w= hich is a lunule<= /i> or glass box in which the consecrated wafer is carried and exposed on the altars of churches. The earliest monstrances,= which are now called expositories, do not date beyond the 12th century. Very ancient specimens exist at Rheims, Namur, &c.(1883m1)

Monstrance. A monstr= ance is a transparent pyx used in the services of the Catholic Church, to expose the host to the eyes of the worshippers. [Ostensoir.] ILLUS. monstran(189= 1a1)

$H Mons-troicus. Egypt

A town in the Aphrodi= topolite nome, anciently called T= oura, which see. (1876c1)

$H Montem.

An annual custom at = Eton; a procession of boats ad montem. (See Brand, i. 237.)(1883m1)

$H Mont-<= span class=3DSpellE>em-ha.

A priest of Amen Ra, the father of the priestess Isi-em-kheb, which see. (1876c1)

The fourth priest or prophet of Amen Ra, t= he son of Nes-pthah and the lady Nes-khons, which see. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

$H Montero.

"A close hood w= herewith travellers preserve their faces and heads from frost‑biting and weather‑beating in winter." (Cotgrave.)(1883m1)

$H Monteth.

O.E. A vessel used f= or cooling wine‑glasses in. (Halliwell.)(1883m1)

$H Month.= Or Mentu. Egypt [See Mentu - Editor]

$H = Mont‑la‑haut.

"A certain wier (wire) that raises the head‑dress by deg= rees or stories." (Ladies' Dict., 1694.)(1883m1)

$H Montmorency Escutcheon. (See the illust= ration to HUNTING‑FLASK.) (1883m1)

$H Monument.

(Arch.) A term appli= ed to an architectural construction, or more especially to a statue placed upon a pedestal to perpetuate the memory of a celebrated man or an important eve= nt. This purpose is fulfilled sometimes by a single statue, sometimes by a symbolic group, or elaborate construction such as the Albert Memorial in = Hyde Park.(1891a1)

--- $H Mo= nument, Choragic. [See Choragic Monument.] (= 1891a1)

--- $H Mo= nument, Celtic.

A term. applied to the monoliths or collections of unhewn sto= nes, set up in those parts of Gaul or Great Britain which were on= ce inhabited by Celtic tribes. [Cromlech, Dolmen, Menhi= r, &c.](1891a1)

--- $H Mo= nument, Expiatory.

A monument erected in expiation of crime.(1891a1)

--- $H Mo= nument, Funeral. <= /h2>

A monument in the fo= rm of a chapel, stele (q.v.), or tombstone erected over a grave or in a cemetery = in memory of the dead.(1891a1)

--- $H Mo= nument, Historic. =

A term applied to al= l those ancient buildings which on account of their artistic value, their historic importance, or their distinguished associations are of public interest. I= t is the duty of a community to see that its historic monuments are not tamper= ed with. They should indeed only be restored with the utmost caution, for wh= en once they are robbed of their antiquity their interest and sentiment are gone.(1891a1)

$H Monumentum.

R. (moneo, to remind). In gen= eral, any token, statue, or monument intended to perpetuate the memory of anyth= ing. Monumentum sepulchri is the name given to a tomb. The Monument of the Great Fire of London, erected by Sir Christopher Wren, is of the ItaloR= 09;Vitruvian‑Doric order, of Portland stone, and consists of a pedestal about 21 feet square, with a plinth 27 feet, and a fluted shaft 15 feet at the base; on th= e abacus is a balcony encompassing= a moulded cylinder, which supports a flaming vase of = gilt bronze, indicative of its commemoration of the Great Fire. Defoe describe= s it as "built in the form of a c= andle with a handsome gilt frame." Its entire height is 202 feet, and it is the loftiest isolated column in the world. Its interior contains a spiral staircase of 345 black marble steps. (See COCHLIS.)(1883m1)

$H Monyal. O.E. for MULLION (q.v.). (1883m1)