$H Nancy Biscuit.

A peculiar porcelain made at Nancy= . The faïencerie was established in 1774 by Nicolas Lelong.(1883m1)

$H Nanda. Hindu

In Hindu mythology a shepherd who was the reputed father of the god Vishnu when he was born under the form of the b= aby Khrishna, which see. (1876c1)

$H Nane.

An Armenian warlike deity, adopted from the Adar-Samdan of the Assyrians. (1876c1)

$H Na-nefru-sekhet. Egypt

A priestess of the goddess Neith, the wife of Pef-aa-neit, which see. (1876c1)

$H Nani. Egypt

The wife of Nemur, an Egyptian governor and Smer in the XIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Nanikiri.

A country rendered tributary by Samas-Rimmon III., (?) king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Nanjunda. Hindu

A Hindu idol, one of the numerous forms of Siva. (1876c1)

$H Nankeen.

A buff‑coloured cotton cloth, introduced = from the province of Nankin, in China.(1883m1)

$H Nân‑mo.<= /span> China

Chinese. A beautiful wood, resembling cedar, used for temples, palaces, and houses= of state.(1883m1)

$H Nanna. Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

In Scandinavian mythology the wife of Bald= ur the beautiful, and the mother of Forseti. (18= 76c1)

$H Nannachus. Phrygia

An early king, in whose reign the Phrygians believed the Deluge to have taken place. (1876c1)

$H Nan= tes.

Manufactories of white faience were established here in 1588 and 1625; and that of Le R= oy de Montilliée and others in the 18th century.(1883m1)

$H Naology.

The science of temples. (See Dudley's= Naology, or a Treatise on the Origin, Progress, and Symbolical Import of the Sacred Structures of the World.)(1883m1)

$H Naos.

naos: (Greek) a shrine. (1894e1)

Naos, Gr. The interior apartment of a Greek temple; the cella of the Roman temple.(1883m1)

Naos. (Arch.) The central portion of a Greek temple, in which stood the statue = of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated. In the modern Greek church th= e naos is= the nave reserved for the faithful.(1891a1)

$H Naophoroi. "Shrine Bearers." Egypt

A class of Egyptian priests whose duty it = was to carry the sacred shrines of the different deities to whose worship they were devoted, and to hold them on their knees exposed to the adoration of= the people (1876c1)

$H Naouscheri.

The grandfather of the Egyptian lady Siotio, which see. (Leemans.) (1876c1)

$H Napata. Nubia

The capital of Nubia and of the kingdom of Egypt<= /st1:PlaceName> during the XXVIth dynasty. It is now called <= span class=3DSpellE>Gebel Barkal. It was fa= mous for its great temple of Amen Ra, which= was often enriched by the kings of the Ethiopian dynasty, especially Nastosen, Horsiatef, an= d Piankhi-Meramen. (1876c1)

$H Napery.

A general term for made‑up linen cloth.(1883m1)

$H Napharili.

The governor of Kirru= ri, in the reign of Tiglath = Pileser II. He was eponym of the year B.C. 729, in which year "the king took= the hands of Bel," i.e., held a religious festival. (1876c1)

$H Naphthar.

Heb. (lit. thick w= ater). The name given by Nehemiah to the substance that they found in the pit wh= ere the sacred fire of the temple had been hidden during the Captivity. This "thick water, which" (the legend says) "being poured over = the sacrifice and the wood, was kindled by the great heat of the sun and then= burnt with an exceedingly bright and clear flame," was the naphtha of mode= rn commerce.(1883m1)

$H Naphtuhim.

In Hebrew history a son of Mizraim, who is supposed to have given his name to the people of Memphis. (1876c1)

$H Napiatu.

A small kingdom in = Arabia, which was conquered for the first time by the Assyrians under Esarhaddon. (1876c1)

$H Napiform.

(Lat. napus, a turnip). Turnip‑shaped.(1883m1)

$H Napkin.

(little nape<= /i>). A pocket‑handkerchief. "Your napkin is too little." (Othello.)(1883m1)

&= nbsp;

$H Napkin Pattern.

Napkin Pattern. A decorative ornament very common in German wood‑carving of the 15th and 16th centuries. (See LINEN SCROLL.)(1883m1)

Napkin Pattern. (Arch.) A name given to a decorative pattern frequently carved u= pon panels of wood in the Gothic period. It suggests a square piece of cloth folded sometimes double with the two ends curved inwards, sometimes in ma= ny close folds. The commoner name for this ornament is linen scroll (q.v.) <= /span>ILLUS. n= apkinpa(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Nap= les Majolicas.

Naples Majolicas were already celebrated early in th= e 16th century. M. Jacquemart describes some vases of colossal size, evidently constructed for "la gr= ande décoration,'' being painted on only one face; handles in the form of caryatids add to the majestic appearance of these vases; the subjects are scriptural, executed in blue camayeu picked out in black; the design is free, el= egant though rather straggling, and the touch is bold and spirited.(1883m1)

$H Nap= les Yellow.

(It. giallolino). A compound of the oxides of lead and antimony, having a rich, opaque, gol= den hue. As a pigment for oil‑painting and for porcelain and enamel, it= is now superseded by chromate of lead. As a water‑colour pigment it is liable to blacken upon exposure to damp or bad air.(1883m1)=

(Paint.) A pigment which was originally composed of the oxides of lead and antimon= y, but is now generally manufactured from zinc. It derives its name from the fact that it was once prepared at Naples. It is a useful pigment, and, though it is affected by bad air and by pigments, such as the ochres, which contain i= ron, it may be regarded as permanent.(1891a1)

$H Napron.

An apron used by mediaeval masons. L= imas was another kind of apron worn by them.(1883m1)

$H Napsa.

A deity of the Susian= s of whom nothing is known. (1876c1)

$H Napshu.

An Elamite dei= ty of whom nothing is known, possibly the same as the preceding. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H Na-pthah. "Part of Pthah."= Egypt

The sacerdotal name of the race and people= of Memphis. They are supposed to have been the Naphtuhim of Genesi= s. (1876c1)

$H Napulu.

An Assyrian city which revolted to Assurdan, and was reconquered<= /span> by Samas-Rimmon or Samsi= -Vul IV. (1876c1)

$H Nar= a. "Spirit."

In Vedic mythology a name of the Supreme Being. (1876c1)

$H Narada. Hindu

In Hindu mythology a deity who was investe= d by Brahma with the power of creation. See Angiras. (1876c1)

$H NARADAS. Hindu

In Hindu mythology the divine messenger of= Indra. (1876c1)

$H Naramsin. "He who exalts Sin," (the Moon God). Babylonia

An early monarch of Babylonia; the son and successor of Sargon I. He completed his father's conquest, and invaded the kingdom of Maganna, which ha= s been conjectured to have been Egypt, as it was known to the Babylonians by that name. (1876c1)

$H Nard.

(Lat. nardus). Ointment prepared from the spikenard shrub.(1883m1)

$H Nares.

Lat. (the nostrils). (1) The perforations in the register‑table of an or= gan, which admit air to the openings of the pipes. (2) The issue of a conduit.(1883m1)

$H Nargilé or Narghilly.

Persian. A tobacco‑pipe with an arrangement for passing the smoke through wa= ter. The illustration is the bowl of a Persian pipe of this description, in Chinese porcelain. (Fig. 477.)

Fig. 477. Narghilly‑Persian.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Nariform.

(Lat. naris, the nostril). Nose‑shaped.(1883m1)

$H Narthex.

(Arch.) The interior vestibule of a Christian basilica railed off from the rest of the building, where the catechumens and penitents were admitted.(1891a1)<= o:p>

Chr. The vestibule of a church; sometimes within the church, sometimes without, but always further from the altar than the part where the "faithful" were assembled. Hence it was a place for the catechumens. The narthex communicated with the nave by= the "beautiful gates," and with the outs= ide by the "great gates." In monastic churches the narthex was the pla= ce for the general public.(1883m1)

$H Na-sa-kabu. Egypt

A mystical title of Amen Ra, which is mentioned in the CLXVIth chapter of the Ritua= l of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Nasal.

O.E. The bar of a helmet which protected the nose.(1883m1)

That portion of a helmet which protected the nose. Our cut represents the head= of a warrior from the Bayeux tapestry. ILLUS. nasal(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Na-sa-neb-usa-ken-en= . Egypt

The superintendent of the Great Hall, a functionary in the court of King Aspalut of t= he XXVth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Nasatyas.

In Zendic myth= ology the fourth of the Darvands, which see. (1876c1)

$H Nascht-amen. = "Strength of Amen." Egypt

An Egyptian royal scribe whose monument is= in the Leyden Museum. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

$H Nasch-ti. Egypt

A prophet of Haroeri<= /span>, of Amen Ra, and a sacrificiant of their respe= ctive temples. He was the father of the priest Pef-nifi-ne= ith, which see. (1876c1)

$H Nasch-ti-nebef. Egypt

Another form of the Egyptian royal name Nekh-ta-nebi, which see. (1876c1)=

$H Nascht-mes. <= span class=3DGramE>"Born of Strength."

Nascht-mes. = Or Nekhtmes. "Born of Strength." An Egyptian sacred chorister. Her statue is in the Leyden= Museum. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

$H Nask.

Hind. A quoin, or coin‑stone.= (1883m1)

$H Nasr. "Eagle."

Nasr. "Eagle."= ; A Sabaean deity; the analogue of the Chaldean eagle-headed divinity Nisroch-Samdan. (Lenormant. ) (1876c1)

Nasr. "Eagle."= ; A Himyaritic deity, probably the Nisroch of the Chaldeans, said to have been the chief god of the Himyarites. (1876c1)

$H Nastosenen. Egypt

A king of Egypt in the Ethiopian peri= od, or the XXVth dynasty. He conquered the Negro tri= bes, and made large presents to the temple of Amen at Napata. H= is surname was Ra-ka-ankh. (1876c1)

$H Nastrand. Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

In Scandinavian mythology the name of the dreadful hall in hell, the roof of which was formed of serpents vomiting venom, through which the wicked had to wade. All its gates opened Northwa= rd. (1876c1)

$H Natalitii Ludi.

R. Games in the circus in honour of an emperor's birthday.(1883m1)

$H Natatorium.

A cold swimming‑pool in the baths. That at Pompeii is of white marble twelve fee= t ten inches in diameter, and about three feet deep, with three marble steps, a= nd a seat round it raised about ten inches from the bottom. There is a platfor= m or ambulatory round the bath, al= so of marble. (See SIGMA.) The ceiling is vaulted, with a window in the centre. (See BAPTISTERIUM.)(1883m1)

$H Natatorium.

Chr. A baptismal font; Gr. 6@8L:$Z2D"[=3Dk= olumbethra] (piscina= probata= ).(1883m1)

$H Nathan. "The Given."

A king of Nabathea. He remained faithful to Assurbanipal, king of= Assyria, during the outbreak of the great Syro-Arabian revolt, but joined in the second revol= t, under Vaiteh II., and was completely defeated. (1876c1)

$H Natho. Egypt

According to Herodotus a nome in Egypt held by the Hermotybian class of warriors. It= was more anciently called Athu by the Egyptians. (1876c1)

$H Nathum. Etruria

An Etruscan Fury. She was analogous to the Greek Até, with tusk-like fangs, and a serpent in the hand. She was represented as urging U= rusthe (Orestes) to slay Kluthumustha (Klytemnestra). (1876c1)

$H = Natinz.

A Persian manufacture of majolica. (See NAHINNA.)(1883m1)=

$H National Gallery, London.

National Gallery. The National Gallery, which is situated in Trafalgar Square, in London, contains about 1,300 examples= by English and foreign masters. Compared with many foreign picture galleries= it is a very young institution. It dates its foundation from 1824, in which = year a small collection of 38 pictures was purchased from Mr. Angerstein. This formed the nucleus of the unrivalled collection now at Trafalgar Square. The Angerstein Collection was speedily augmen= ted by gifts and bequests, and in 1853 the nation possessed 236 pictures. Shortly before this time the pictures thus acquired had been removed from Pall Mall, where they had been exhibited at Mr. <= span class=3DSpellE>Angerstein's house ever since their purchase, to the building now known as the National Gallery. Annual grants from Government, largely supplemented by private munificence, have enabled us within the s= hort space of rather more than sixty years to get together a collection of pictures which in some respects is unsurpassed in = Europe. We may particularly congratulate ourselves that our gallery, small though= it be, contains for the most part picked examples of the great masters and is singularly free from rubbish. Of late years the pict= ures have been carefully rehung according to schoo= ls, and their value from an educational point of view has thus been much enhanced.(1891a1)

$H National Portrait Gallery. [See Portrait G= allery, National.] (1891a1)

$H Native Green.

(Paint.) A pigment artificially prepared from oxide of chromium or chrome ochre. I= t is a deep opaque sage green, and is very useful, as it is quite permanent.(1891a1)

$H Nativity.

The "nativity" or birth of Christ was one of the favourite subjects of the old masters. It is represented as taking place in a stabl= e. The child, wrapped in swaddling clothes, lies in the manger, its mother a= nd Joseph keeping watch over it. The ox and the ass are never omitted from t= he scene. This may be called the realistic representation of the scene. Sometimes, however, it is treated symbolically, the infant lying on the ground and the mother kneeling over it, while attendant angels keep guard.(1891a1)

While the Adoration of the Magi is one of the commonest subjects of early Chris= tian art, the Nativity is one of the rarest. It is not found in any catacomb frescoes, or the mosaics of any basilicas or churches. The only examples = are sculptural, and this on ivories, gems, &c. On these generally the Chi= ld is seen wrapped in swaddling clothes as the central object, the star appe= ars above, the Virgin on a rude couch, and sometimes St. Joseph rapt in thoug= ht, his head resting on his hand; the ox and the ass appear behind, and sheph= erds with curved staves stand by adoring.(1883m1)

$H Natku. Egypt

One of the twenty petty kingdoms of Egypt established by the Assyrians under Esarhaddon, after the defeat of Tirhakah of the XXIInd dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Natron. Egypt

Natron, i.e. neutral carbonate of sodium, obtained from the natron= lakes which are in a valley in the desert west of the Delta, not very far from = the river. This substance, used in the preparation of the body for entombment= (see EMBALMING) was probably obta= ined by evaporation of the water of the lakes; or by washing the efflorescence from the earth on which it appeared.(1902b1)

$H Natural (Music).

Natural. In Music, a character marked u= sed to correct the power of a previous s= harp or flat. A natural scale is a scale written without sharps or flats.(188= 3m1)

$H Naturalisti.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

It. Artists who work on the principle of a close adherence to the forms and <= span class=3DSpellE>colours actually combined in natural objects. The e= pithet was particularly applied as a term of reproach to the founders of the mod= ern Dutch school of painting. (See IDEAL.)(1883m1)

$H Nature.

An artist is said to execute his work from nature when he paints, draws, or models from the living model, or places his easel before the landscape be wishes to represent and paints in the open air.(1891a1)=

$H Naturalism.

An aesthetic tendency displayed by a certain school of artists to keep as cl= ose as possible to nature in the representation of her various phases. The naturalism of the present age too often lacks loftiness of aim, and is sometimes little better than brutality. However, such artists as Albert <= span class=3DSpellE>Dürer and Lucas Cranach have shown that it is possible to be a naturalist without losing nobility= of sentiment.(1891a1)

$H Nau. Egypt

The Egyptian goddess of the hour impersonified. She was represented as a woman with = a star upon her head. (1876c1)

$H Naukratis. Egypt

Naukratis= . In the Ptolema= ic period a chief city in the Saitic nome of LowerEgypt, West of the Nile. It contained the docks for foreign shipping. (1876c1)

Naucratis= . A town in the north-west of the Delta, in the fifth nome of Lower Egypt, not far from Saïs, about 6 1/2 miles due nor= th of the modern Kom el Hism. Strabo says it was founded by = Milesians in the fifth century B.C., but this must be an error, because in the sixth century B.C. Amasis granted privileges to it. Herodotus, speaking of Amasis' favour to the Greeks, says that he gave the city of Naukratis for such as arrived in Egypt to dwell in. During his reign it enjoyed a monopoly of Greek trade and flourished. Its prosperity declined under the Persian invasion, but reviv= ed under Alexander. It suffered, however, by the growth of its new rival, Alexandria, and = was probably extinct as a city about the beginning of the third century. Duri= ng its period of prosperity it had attained a position of literary as well as commercial eminence.

The site has been excavated by Petrie, who discovered remains of t= he archaic temples of Apollo and Aphrodite, of which Herodotus andAthenaios speak.(1902b1)

$H Naumachia.

Naumachia. (Arch.) This term, which literally means a sea‑fight, was app= lied to amphitheatres or circuses in Rome, in which sham sea‑fights took place. The first was built by Julius Caesar, and the naumachia of the later emperors were vast structures. Representations of them are frequently met with on coins or medals.(1891a1)

Naumachia (= <"ØH[=3Dnaus], a ship, and :VP0[=3Dmache], a battl= e).

(1) A spectacle representing a sea‑fight, a subject frequently represen= ted on coins and sculptures.

(2) A building erected for such shows. Napoleon = I. had a theatre at Milan filled with water for a sea‑fight.

Fig. 478. Naumachia, from a coin of Domi= tian.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Nautilus.

A shell‑fish that sails on the surface of the sea in its shell. Its spiral univalve shell is a common motive in ornamental design. &quo= t;Learn of the little nautilus to sail, Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale." (Pope.)

The illustration is the device of the Affidati, an Italian literary Academy, with the mot= to "Safe above and below." Fig. 479. Nautilu= s. Device of the Affidati Academy.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Navalis Corona. (See CORONA NAVALIS.) (Fig. 480.) Fig. 480. Naval crown.(1883m1)

$H Nave.

(Arch.) That part of a Gothic church which extends from the choir to the western door. The word nave means a ship, and it was applied to the body of the chur= ch, in accordance with the simile which compared the church to a ship.(1891a1= )

Arch. (so called from its vaulted roof resembling in shape an inverted ship (navis);= or from nave, the centre of anything)= . The middle part or body of a church between the aisles, extending from the choir to the principal entrance.= The Germans call this part of a church "Schiff."(1883m1)=

$H Navette.

Navette, Navicula. Chr. The vessel, in the shape of a boat, in which incense is placed for the supply of the thurible.(1883m1)

$H Navicella.

Chr. A celebrated mosaic, at Rome, of a ship tossed by storms and assailed by demons; emblematic of the Church.(1883m1)

$H Navicula. [See Navette - Editor]

$H Nazana.

The Egyptian name of an unidentified Syrian city. (1876c1)

$H Nazaratus.

A Babylonian priest, by whom, according to= the Greek authors, Pythagoras was instructed into divine = mysteries. (1876c1)

$H Nazi-bira.

A city or district of which Taggil-ana-bil was prefect, under Tiglath Pileser I. and Sargon II. (1876c1)

$H Nazi-bugas.

An obscure man whom a revolt of the Kassi against their lord Karah= ardas raised to the Babylonian throne about B.C. 1400. He was attacked and defe= ated by the king of Assyria, who was a rela= tive of the dethroned monarch. (1876c1)

$H Naziru.

A tribe in Mesopota= mia which was conquered by Tiglath Pileser II. (1876c1)

$H Nazi-rudas. Babylonia

An early king of Ba= bylonia. He succeeded Ulamburyas, which is all that is= at present known about him. (1876c1)