$H Or. Heraldry

Or, Her. T= he metal gold, expressed in engraving by small dots, as on Fig. 375.(1883m1)<= /o:p>

Or. (Her.) The heraldic name for gold. It is indicated on a shield by tiny do= ts a powdered over a plain field. The shield in our cut would be described thu= s: Or, a bend gules. ILLUS. or(1891a1)

--- $H Or= basané.

Fr. Leather stamped in gold, used as hangings in the 16th and 17th centuries.(1883m1)

$H Ora.

Ora. An old Saxon coin of 16 or 20 pence in value.

Ora, R. The cable which fastened the stern of a ship to the shore, while the ANCO= RALE kept her head out to sea.(1883m1)

$H Ora= nge.

A secondary colour produced by the mixture of t= wo primary colours, red and yellow.(1891a1)=

The colour formed by the mixture of 5 parts of re= d and 3 parts of yellow. It is the complementary of blue. The nearest pigment i= s cadmium yellow.(1883m1)

--- $H Orange Chrome.

A sub‑chromate of lead, which yields a beautiful orange pigment.(1883= m1)

This pigment, which is a rich opaque orange, is a chromate of lead. Like all l= ead pigments it has a deleterious effect on the pigments with which it is mix= ed, but in pure air and unmixed it is fairly permanent.(1891a1)

--- $H Orange Madder‑lake. (See MADDER.) (1883m1)

--- $H Orange Minium. (See MINIUM.) (1883m1)<= /span>

--- $H Orange Vermilion. &n= bsp;

A durable pigment for oil and water colours, in= colour resembling red lead.(1883m1)

A pigment somewhat resembling red lead. It is more brilliant and less opaque than vermilion. It is also pure and permanent and dries well.(1891a1)

--- $H Orange Yellow.

A yellow inclining to red, represented by molybdate of lead. (An= sted, Elementary Course.)(1883m1)

$H Orange‑tree.

In Christi= an art, symbol of the "Heavenly Bride."(1883m1)

$H Oranti.

It. The name given to certain male and female figures found in the catacomb frescoes at Rome<= /st1:place>, represented with the hands spread in the Eastern attitude of prayer.(1883= m1)

$H Orarium.

R. A scarf or handkerchief thrown to the crowd in a circus, to wave to the chariot‑drivers.

In Christian archaeology, (1) A scarf affixed to the pastoral staff; as earl= y as the 13th century.

(2) The stole.

(3) The border of an ecclesiastical vestment. (Planché.) (See STO= LE, SUDARIUM.)(1883m1)

$H Oratory. Architecture

(Arch.) A small private chapel or a room arranged and decorated as a chapel.(1891= a1)

$H Orb.

One of the emblems of sovereignty with which kings are solemnly invested at t= heir coronation. It is a globe surmounted by a cross, and is held in the palm = of the left hand. In Art it is a common attribute of the Infant Saviour.(1883m1)

The orb surmounted by a cross is the symbol of sovereign power. It is frequen= tly represented as held in the left hand in portraits of royal personages, who hold the sceptre in the right. Queen Elizabet= h, for instance, in the well‑known portrait of her in the National Portrait Gallery, holds an orb in her hand. ILLUS. orb= (1891a1)

$H Orca.

Gr. and R. (= ÐD60[=3Dorke] or àDP"[=3Dhurcha]). An ea= rthenware vessel of large size, but smaller than the amphora; it was used for holdi= ng salted fish. The diminutive is orcula; the modern Italian orcio.(1883m1)=

$H Orchamus.

The Greek form of an early Chaldean king, who was at one time supposed to have been the same as Urukh, but he was more probably the Urhamsi of the Izdubar legends. (1876c1)

$H Orchestra. Architecture

Orchestra, Gr. and R. (= ÏDPZFJD"[=3Dorchestra], i.e. dancing‑place). The = lowest part of the Greek and Roman theatres; usually occupied by the chorus. It contained an altar, on which sacrifices to Bacchus were sometimes made.(1883m1)

Orchestra. (Arch.) In the theatre of the Greeks and Romans the orchestra was the central portion of the building, and corresponded to the pit of an English theatre. The Greek orchestra was set apart for the evolutions of the chorus, but in the Roman theatre the orchestra was filled with the seats assigned to senators and other import= ant personages. The orchestra in the modern theatre is a narrow space in fron= t of the footlights, in which the musicians sit. It is sometimes sunk below the level of the stage, and concealed from the sight of the audience.(1891a1)=

$H Orchestrino.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

A modern musical instrument invented by Poulleau. It was shaped like a pianoforte with similar finger‑keys, and the soun= ds were produced by the friction of a bow upon strings.(1883m1)

$H Orchestrion.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

A modern portable organ, invented by the Abbé Vogler about 1789. A similarly‑named instrume= nt invented in 1796 by Kunz, a Bohemian, consisted of a pianoforte combined = with some organ‑stops.(1883m1)

$H Orchoe.

The Greek name of the ancient Chaldean city of Erech. (1876c1)=

$H Orcula. Diminutive of orca. (1883m1)=

$H Order. Architecture

Order. In classical architecture, a column entire; i.e. base, shaft, capital, and entablature. There are usually said to be five orders: the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite.(1883m1)

Order. (Arch.) The term order was applied to the three main styles of Greek architecture, which were distinguished the one from the other by various details and especially by their proportions and by the character of their columns and entablatures. They were entitled the Doric, Ionic, and= Corinthian, and under these head= s they are discussed. In Roman times another order entitled the Tuscan was developed. Two orders may be combined in the same building, each retaining its main features. At the Renaissance the classi= cal orders were revived with certain modifications. ILLUS. order(1891a1)

$H Orders of Knighthood. &n= bsp; (S= ee KNIGHTHOOD.) (1883m1)

$H Ordinary. Heraldry

Ordinary, Her. An early principal charge of a simple character.(1883m1)<= /span>

Ordinary. (Her.) The simple forms which were originally used as heraldic distinctio= ns were called ordinaries. The honourable ordinaries are nine in number, t= he chief, pale, bend, bend sinister, fess, bar, chevron, cross, and cross saltier. In addition to these there are thirteen subordinate ordinaries. A description of each of the ordinaries, honourable and subordinate, is to be found under its separate heading.(1891a1)<= /o:p>

$H Oread.

A mountain‑nymph.(1883m1)

$H Oreae.

R. (ora, the mouth). A snaffle‑bit for horses.(1883m1)

$H Oreiller. Heraldry

Her. A cushion or pillow.(1883m1)

$H Oreillettes.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Fr. Ear‑pieces on helmets; 15th and 16th centuries.(1883m1)<= /span>

Round bosses of metal, sometimes with a projecting spike, which were worn in th= e helmets of the 15th century to protect the ear. ILLUS. oreillet(189= 1a1)

$H Orfrays.

An embroidered border now only = employed in sacerdotal vestments, executed in threads of gold, silver, or silk.(1891a1)

The gold, silver, or silk embroidery on rich garments, chiefly sacerdotal ornaments. The term has two derivations; some derive it from aurum Phrygium<= /span>, because the Phrygians, who were excellent embroiderers, were considered to have invented the style; others take it to be from aurum fractum (broken). In mediae= val Latin the term for orfrays was aurifrigia, aurifrisa, aurifrisus, and aurifrixus.(1883m1)

$H Organ.

Organs are said to have been first introduced into France, A.D. 289, from Gre= ece. A large organ existed in Westminster Abbey in the 10th century. Portable organs called also REGALS were also common. The antique organs had no key= ‑boards, which were introduced in the 11th century, simultaneously with the invent= ion of the musical stave. (Cf. HYDRAULA.) The REGALS or portable organ is an attribute of St. Cecilia. (= Fig. 510.)

Fig. 510. Regals or Portable Organ.(1883m1)

$H Organ Case.

A timber construction enclosing the mechanism and pipes of an organ. The or= gan cases of the 15th and 16th centuries were frequently ornamented with paintings. In the 17th and 18th centuries they assumed a decorative chara= cter of imposing fulness. They projected beyond the statues or columns which formed their support and were decorated with an extraordinary wealth of sculptured ornament.(1891a1)

$H Organdi.

A kind of muslin.(1883m1)

$H Organistrum.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Old English

O.E. A musical instrument, resembling the modern hurdy‑gurdy, played by = two persons, of whom one turned the handle, while the other played the keys.(1883m1)

$H Organolyricon.

A musical instrument invented in Paris in 1810 by M. de St. Pern. It consists of a pianoforte with two rows of keys, and contains twelve different wind instruments, viz. three flutes, an oboe, a clarionet= , a bassoon, horns, trumpet, and fife.(1883m1)

$H Organzine.

Thrown silk of a very fine texture. (S.)(1883m1)

$H Orgies.

Gr. (= ÐD(4"[=3Dorgia]). Festiv= als of Bacchus at which all who were present were carried away by frenzy. The sa= me term was also used to denote the festivals of Ceres and those of the CABIRI.(1883m1)

$H Orgues.

Fr. Med. (1) Pieces of timber, pointed and shod with iron, hung like a portcu= llis over a gateway, to be let down in case of attack. (2) An arrangement of g= un‑barrels, the precursor of the mitrailleuse. (S.)(1883m1)

$H Orgyia.

(from = ÏDX(T[=3Dorego], to exte= nd). A Greek measure of length, representing the distance from end to end of the= outstretched arms, or the height= of the human figure. It was equal to four cubits or six feet, and was one= 209;hundredth of a stadium.(1883m1)

$H Orichalcum.

(from = ÐD@H[=3Doros] and P"86ÎH[=3Dchalkos], i.e. = mountain bronze). A metallic com= pound, akin to copper and bronze, which was highly prized by the ancients. It was probably brass.(1883m1)<= /o:p>

$H Oriel or Oriole.

Oriel. The term oriel is applied to = the small rooms sometimes found at the end of halls in country houses or colleges, with a bay window projecting some distance from the wall. This window is called an oriel window, and by analogy any window resembling its shape is known by the same name.(1891a1)

Oriel or Oriole, Chr. (oriolum, a little entranc= e). A projecting angular window, generally triangular or pentagonal in shape. A large bay or recessed window in a church or in an apartment. The word has been used in many senses, with the general meaning of a recess within or a projection from a building. A small oratory.(1883m1)

$H Orientation. Christian Architecture

Orientation, Chr. The arrangement of a church by which a worshipper faces the east at prayers.(1883m1)

Orientation. (Arch.) The arrangement always followed in the building of Christian churches, which enables the worshippers to face the east.(1891a1)

$H Orient Yellow. Painting

(Paint.) A rich but somewhat opaque yellow of a beautiful golden tint. It is a very serviceable pigment both in oil and water‑colo= ur, as it dries well and is permanent.(1891a1)

$H Oriflamme.

The ancient royal banner of France, coloured purple‑azure and gold. It was = split into five points, and sometimes bore upon it a saltire wavy, from the ce= ntre of which golden rays diverged.(1883m1)

The oriflamme, which was the standard of the ancient kings of France, was once the banner= of the abb&eacu= te;s of St. Denis. In former times it had three points terminated by tufts and= was hoisted at the end of a lance. Nowadays oriflammes are hung like banners = and are frequently carried in processions. ILLUS. oriflamm(189= 1a1)

$H Original.

A term applied to the personal method of conceiving and interpreting a work= of art which is suggested by nature or by the artist's own imagination. In another sense the word denotes a picture, drawing, or status, from which copies or reproductions have been made.(1891a1)

$H Originality.

Originality includes all the distinctly personal or individual qualities which characterise an artist's work. To lack originality = is to remain in the old bonds. But originality is something different from eccentricity. Indeed, it is the virtue to which eccentricity is the corresponding vice.(1891a1)

$H Orillon.

Fr. A mass of earth lined with a wall on the shoulder of a bastion, for the protection of a gun.(1883m1)

$H Oriole (See Oriel)

$H Orle.

Orle. (1) Arch. A fillet or listel placed beneath the <= span class=3DSpellE>ovolo of a capital.

(2) In Heraldry, a subordinary formed of a border= of a shield which is charged upon another and a larger shield.

(3) The wreath or torse which encircled the crest, composed ordinarily of silk of two colours twisted together, and representing the prin= cipal metal and tincture in the wearer's armorial bearings. (Planché.)

Fig. 511. Orle or crest‑wreath.(1883m1)

Orle. (Her.) The o= rle is a narrow band extending round the shield at a slight distance inside t= he edge, so as to form another shield hollowed out. It thus might properly be described as an escutcheon voided= , and was in fact so blazoned by early heralds. ILLUS. orle(1891a1)=

$H Orl= eans.

A cloth made of worsted and cotton.(1883m1)

$H Orlo.

A Spanish musical instrument.(1883m1)

$H Orlop‑deck.

Orlop‑deck of a ship. That over the ho= ld, on which the cables are stowed.(1883m1)

$H Ormazd.

The form in which the name of the great de= ity of good Ahura-mazda is written on the Behistun inscription of Darius Hystaspes. (1876c1)

$H Ormolu.

Fr. (or, gold, and moulu, ground). 72.43 cop= per, 25.2 zinc, and 2.65 tin; used for cheap jewellery, &c. Mosaic gold, another = name for such a metal, is composed of 65 copper and 35 zinc.(1883m1)

$H Ormolu Varnish. <= /span>

A copper, bronze, or imitation‑gold varnish.(1883m1)

$H Ornament. =

A painted or sculptured motive enclosed by regular or irregular lines and contributing to the richness and effect of a work of art. Ornament consis= ts of a succession of purely conventional patterns or of a free rendering of foliage and figures. In any case they consist of an arbitrary series of l= ines or curves which vary according to the fancy of the artist. The question a= s to the origin of conventional or geometrical ornament is wrapt in obscurity. Similar patterns are found in the decoration of all ages and all countries. The most probable theory is that they are developments or degradations of natural objects. It is easily conceivable, for instance, = that a human head drawn over and over again, without reference to the original, might finally be so conventionalised as to be= come a mere pattern or arbitrary arrangement of lines. Architectural ornament includes mouldings of every kind as well as t= he cartouches, metopes, brackets, &c., which decorate façades, friezes, or vaults. [Foliage, Moulding, &c.](1891a1)

--- $H Ornament, Arabian.

Arabian ornament is based upon geometrical combinations of circles, polygons, trapeziums, triangles, lozenges, and other figures variously coloured and harmonise = with the utmost ingenuity.(1891a1)

--- $H Ornament, Egyptian.

The principal systems of ornament employed in the Egyptian style consist of hieroglyphics, winged globes, scarabs, symbolic animals, and foliage, especially that of the lotus and palm.(1891a1)

--- $H Ornament, Gothic.

The Gothic ornament of the 12th and 13th centuries consisted of a scrupulously exact reproduction of the flora of the country or district in which a particular building was situated, together with representations of chimer= ical animals. In the 14th century the taste for ornament decreased. The archit= ects of the 15th century, however, were very lavish in their use of ornament, which soon lost its purity of line and became meaningless and extravagant.(1891a1)

--- $H Ornament, Greek.

Greek ornament for the most part consists of foliage applied symmetrically to t= he various portions of the entablature (q.v.). Such are the leaves which ado= rn the curve of capitals and the roses which are placed on friezes. The classical architecture of the Renaissance adopted Greek ornament with some slight modifications.(1891a1)

--- $H Ornament, Polychrome.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Ornament in several colours. [Polych= romy.](1891a1)

--- $H Ornament, Roman.

The ornament applied to Roman architecture differs but little from that appli= ed to Greek architecture. However, in the decoration of wall surfaces and pavements the Romans employed mosaics and fresco‑paintings on vario= usly coloured grounds. In these works the design generally consisted of a central motive surrounded by foliage, garlands, = and arabesques. The fragments of paintings found at Pompeii present many examples of wall surfaces thus decorated with arabesques, figurines, fanciful buildings, a= nd labyrinths.(1891a1)

--- $H Ornament, Romanesque.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

During the Romanesque period architectural ornament, which in the Byzantine age = had been of the utmost richness, was confined to the faulty reproduction of c= lassical motives. The ornament which added so much grace to the Greek orders is scarcely recognisable in the heavy clumsy decoration of Romanesque architecture.(1891a1)

$H Ornithon.

R. (= ÏD<42f<[=3Dornithon]). A p= oultry‑yard or aviary.(1883m1)

$H Orpharion.

O.E. A kind of lute. (Halliwell.)(1883m1)

$H Orpheon.

A musical instrument.(1883m1)

$H Orphrey.

An Old English word for gold embroidery, from the Latin auriphrygium. (See ORFRAYS.)(1883m1)

$H Orpiment. Painting

Orpiment (Lat. auripi= gmentum; Ang. = king's yellow). A yellow pigment of arsenic with sulphu= r, or, when the arsenic predominates, an orange colour<= /span>. The finest native orpiment comes from Persia, and is called golden orpiment.(1883m1)

(Paint.) A pigment compounded of sulphide and oxide of arsenic. It is a rich colour varying from yel= low to orange. It is found in a natural state and is also manufactured. It was m= uch used by the ancients, and by them called auripigmentum, but modern science has proved that it is not permanent, and that it is adversely affected by other pigments; its use therefore cannot be recommended.(1891= a1)

$H Orpin. Old English

O.E., contraction of Orpiment. Yel= low arsenic.(1883m1)

$H Orrery.

A machine for representing in a model the motions and relative positions of= the heavenly bodies.(1883m1)

$H Orrice or Orris.

A peculiar pattern in which gold or silver lace is worked. The edges are ornamented with conical figures, placed at equal distances, with spots between them.(1883m1)

$H Orthography.

A term applied to geometrical elevations and geometrical drawings represent= ing a building with its dimensions reduced to scale, without any attempt at perspective.(1891a1)

$H Orthostata.

Gr. (= ÏD2`FJ"J"[=3Dorthostata], i.= e. standing upright).

(1) The facings of a wall, consisting of different materials from the internal part of it. (Fig. 512.) Fig. 512. Orthost= ata. Facing of a Greek wall.

(2) An anta or pilaster.(1883m1)

$H Orthron. (See HOURS OF PRAY= ER.) (1883m1)<= /span>

$H Ortospana.

A great city on the Southern road from Babylon to India. (1876c1)<= /span>