$H Pan. Greece

Pan was regarded by = the Greeks as the god of flocks and herds, hunting and fishing. He was said to have been the inventor of the shepherd's pipe, which after him was called Pan's pipe. He is represented in art as a short‑bearded man, with t= he ears, horns, and legs of a goat, and his attributes are a pipe and a crook.(1891a1)

$H Panache. Heraldry

Her. A plume of feat= hers set upright and borne as a crest. Fig. 517 is from the seal of Edward Courten= ay, A. D. 1400. Fig. 517. Panache.(1883m1)

$H Pa-naham. "Town of the Saviour."<= /span>(?) Egypt

An Egyptian city of early origin. Its site= is unknown. (1876c1)

$H Panammu.

The king of Samhala, a Syrian state which was conquered by Tiglath-Pilese= r II. (1876c1)

$H Panarium.

R. (panis, bread). A bread= 209;basket; a pantry in which bread was kept.(1883m1)

$H Pan-assur-lamur.

An Assyrian officer, who was governor of <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Arbela in the reigns = of Shalmaneser III. and Assurdan III. He was eponym of the years B.C. 776, in which year took place an expedition to Arara= t, and 759, the chief events in which were a revolt in the city of Gozan, an= d a pestilence. (1876c1)

$H Panathenaea.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Greece

Gr. (A"<"2Z<"4"[=3DPanathenaia]). = Festivals of Minerva Athenê among the Athenians, = so called because they formed the festival of all the peoples placed under t= he protection of Minerva (B<[=3Dpan], all, and z!2Z<0[=3DAthene]). There= were the Greater and Lesser Panathenaea; the former be= ing held every five years, the latter every three years. The procession at the Greater festival is the subject of the friezes from the Parthenon now in = the British Museum. (See ELGIN MARBLES.) They represent the so= lemn transportation of the peplus of Athenê to her temple, in which nearl= y the whole of the population took part, on foot, on horseback, or in chariots.= Old men carried olive‑branches, young men attended in armour, and maidens carried baskets of flowers.(1883m1)

$H Panathenaic Amphorae= . Greece

(Pot.) The= se vases were given as prizes to the victors in the Panathena= ic festival, which took place every year at Athens in honour= of Athene. The vases are in the form of ampho= rae with lids. On the body of the vases is a representation of Athena in her panoply. On each side of the goddess stands a column surmounted by an owl, cock, or human figure. The inscription = Iä= < z= !2= Z<= 02= ,< = }!= 28= T< [=3DTon Athenethen Athlo= n] runs down the side of the vases, which are always purposely archaic in st= yle. On the Parthenon frieze, now among the Elgin marbles in the British<= /st1:PlaceName> Museum may be see= n a representation of the Panathenaic procession.(1891a1)

$H Panaulon. Music

An enlarged German f= lute with sixteen finger‑keys; invented recently by Trexler of Vienna. It is available as a bass to other flutes.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Pancratium.

R. (from BV<[=3Dpan] every: and 6DVJ@H[=3Dkratos] force).= A wrestling and boxing match, in which the combatants employed every means = to disable each other; and the contest was continued until one of the combat= ants owned himself disabled by holding up a finger, or was killed.(1883m1)

$H Pandosiris. Cyprus

A Kypriote dei= ty, whose name occurs on an inscription in the Cesnola Collection. (1876c1)

$H Pandroseum. Greek Architecture

(Arch.) A name given= to a portion of the Erechtheum, which stood on the Acropol= is at Athens, consisti= ng of a porch, the entablature of which was supported by caryatides (q.v.).(1891a= 1)

$H Pane. Architecture

(Arch.) A sheet of g= lass placed within the frame of a window.(1891a1)

$H Pa-neb-ap-uka. "House of the Lord of Chieftains." Egypt

An Egyptian city in the twenty-second nome of Lower Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Pa-nebt-ma. Egypt

An early Egyptian astronomer, some observations by whom have been preserved. (187= 6c1)

$H Paned. O.E. Striped.(<= /span>1883m1)

$H Paned Hose.

Breeches formed of s= tripes, with small panes or squares of silk or velvet. (Halliwell.)(1883m1)<= /o:p>

$H Panegyris. Egypt

Egyp. (B"<Z(LD4H[=3Dpaneguris]). A = popular festival of Egypt<= /st1:country-region>, to which the whole country was summoned in order to celebrate the thirtie= th anniversary of the reigning monarch.(1883m1)

$H Pa-nehes. Egypt

A royal scribe of the period of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Panel.

Panel. In architectu= re a panel is a flat or convex surface surrounded with a frame or decorated wi= th mouldings. Sunk compartm= ents in walls, for instance, are panels. The term panel also denotes a piece of w= ood which is used instead of canvas for painting pictures on. English panels = are to be preferred to any others, as they do not spoil under the influence of atmospheric changes.(1891a1)

Panels, Arch. The su= nken compartments in wood and stone‑work; very abundant in Gothic architecture as ornaments on walls, ceilings, &c. After the expiratio= n of Gothic architecture, panelling in great measu= re ceased to be used in stone‑work.(1883m1)

$H Panel Picture or Panel‑picture.

Panel Picture. A pai= nting on a board or panel.(1883m1)

Panel‑picture.= A name given to a picture painted not upon canvas but a piece of wood or panel. Panel-pictures were painted by the earliest artists, and many specimens a= re to be seen in every picture gallery. The cut we give here is from a manuscript of the 14th century, and represents an artist painting a panel= ‑portrait of herself, scanning her own features in a mir= ror. ILLUS. panelpic(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Pa-nephysis.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

The chief town of the Grecian nome of Lower Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Panintimri.

A deity of the Susian= s of whom nothing is known. (1876c1)

$H Panisci.

R. (A"<\F6@4[=3DPaniskoi], dimin. from AV<[=3DPan]). Literally, small Pans, small rustic gods no bigger than pigmies.(1883m1)=

$H Pankhi. Egypt

An obscure Ethiopian king of the XXIVth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Pannel. Heraldry

(Her.) A common char= ge of occasional occurrence in heraldry, representing a poplar‑leaf. Pannels generally appear in number on a shield. Thu= s, for example, we might have the following charge: Ton pan= nels argent placed three, three, three, and one. ILLUS. pannel(1891a= 1)

<= /o:p>

$H Pannetier Green.

A handsome and durab= le emerald green, prepared by a secret process by its inventor, M. Pannetier. It is sold at a high price.(1883m1)=

$H Panoply (B"&l= t;@B<= /span>8\<= /span>"[=3Dpanoplia]). A complete suit= of armour. (See ARMOUR.)(1883m1)

$H Panopolia. Egypt

Greek name for Apu= , capital of the ninth nome of Upper Egypt, the modern Akhmîm. = Chief deity, Amsu.(1902b1)

$H Pan-opolis. <= span class=3DGramE>"City of Pa= n." Egypt

The Greek name for the Egyptian city calle= d Chemmis by the natives, and Kh= imuni by the Assyrians, by whom it was raised to the rank of a petty kingdom un= der the Icosarchy. (1876c1)

$H Panorama.

A picture painted on= canvas without any break in its continuity and fixed against a circular wall. The spectators stand in the centre of the panorama upon a platform considerab= ly raised and in half darkness. A strong light falling on the foreground, whether it is painted or real, adds to the depth and greatly increases th= e illusion. The panorama was invented by Richard Barker, an artist of Edinburgh, who in the year 1788 exhib= ited a panorama of that city. The exhibition was continued in London, where views of London and pictures representing the wars of Napoleon were shown. The first pano= rama was seen in France in 1799, and since that time exhibitions of this kind have enjoyed unbroken popularity in Paris. One of the most recent was a picture of the battle of Champigny, and was the work of Detaille and de Neuville.(1891a1)

$H Panormus.

The ancient Greek name of a Tyrian settlement in Sicily, called by the Phenicians Machanath, which see. It is now called Palermo. (1876c1= )

$H Pantabiblos.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Chaldaea

A city in Chaldea where, according to Berosus, a great library was founded. It is suppose= d to have been Uru or Larra, which see. (1876c1)

$H Pantables. Costume

(for PANTOFLES). Slippers.

"Hee standeth upon his pantables, and regardeth greatly his reputaci= on." (Saker's= Narbonus, 1580.)(1883m1)

$H Pantaloon.

Pantaloon. From the = Italian pianta leone (plant the lion); the Venetian standard‑bearers (of the lion of St. Mark) being so calle= d, who wore tight hose, the name came to be given to tight hose in general. In ancient pantomimes, Pantaloon was always a Venetian. (See HARLEQUIN.)(188= 3m1)

$H Pantaloons. Costume

Pantaloons, O.E. "Garments made for merry‑andrews, that have the breeches and stockings of the same s= tuff, and joined together as one garment." (Halliwell.)(1883m1)<= /o:p>

$H Panthea.

Gen. (BV<‑2,4"[=3Dpan‑theia= ]). Statues or figures which combine the symbols of several divinities.(1883m= 1)

$H Pantheon. Architecture

Pantheon (B<[=3Dpan], every, and 2,ÎH[=3Dtheos], god). A= temple dedicated to all the divinities collectively. That at Rome is now a Christian church. It is circular, 150 feet in height and in diameter, with a domed roof.(1883m1)<= o:p>

Pantheon. (Arch.) An= ancient temple consecrated to the worship of all the gods. = Athens and Rome, for instance, had each its Pantheon. The name Pantheon has also been given to buildings raised in honour of the illustrious= men of a nation.(1891a1)

$H Pantherinae.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

R. Panther‑tab= les; of wood striped like the skin of a panther. (See TIGRINAE.)(1883m1)

$H Panthialeans.= Persia

According to Herodotus the fourth of the t= en great tribes of the Persians. They were agriculturists. (1876c1)

$H Pantile.

(Arch.) A curved til= e used in roofing.(1891a1)

$H Pantina. Egypt

An Egyptian official, the son of Aker and his wife Ana. He had the overseership of the (royal) scribes of the South, which constituted him an administrat= or also. His period is unknown, except that it was between the XIIth and XVIIIth dynas= ties. (1876c1)

$H = Pantobles, Pantoffles. O.E. Slippers<= /span>.(1883m1)

$H Pantofles. O.E. Slippers or wooden pattens.(1883m1)

$H Pantograph.

An instrument for en= larging or reducing plans and designs, largely used in the arts, e.g. in machine embroidery.(1883m1)

An instrument by mea= ns of which drawings may be either enlarged or reduced in exact mathematical proportion. Pantographs are worked on different systems. The one in most general use is based on the principle of similar triangles and enables us= to obtain reproductions of an original, larger, smaller, or of the same size, according to the position of the pivot, on which the apparatus moves, of = the point which follows the outline of the drawing, and the pencil with which= the image is traced upon the paper. ILLUS. pantogra(189= 1a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Pantometer.

An instrument with w= hich angles are measured and perpendiculars dropped; and also an instrument invented in 1752 by the Abbé Louvrier, with which portraits of persons in profil= e are executed mechanically.(1891a1)

$H Pantomime.

(B"<JÎH[=3Dpantos], of eve= rything; :Ã:@H[=3Dmimos], mimic).= Gesture and action applied, without speech, to represent emotion; hence applied to the form of theatrical performance which consists entirely or principally= of gesture and action.(1883m1)

$H Paophi. Egypt

The second month of the Egyptian sacred ye= ar. It began about August 19.(1876c1)

$H Paout. Egypt

The Egyptian name of a group of nine deiti= es, male and female. There were several of these Paouts<= /span>, in each of which Thoth was the chief deity. (1876c1)

$H Pa-pa.

A city which revolted against Sargon II., = who reduced it, and sent the inhabitants into slavery to Damascus. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Papaeus. "Ancestor." Scythia

According to Herodotus the name of a Scyth= ian deity answering to the Zeus of the Greeks. (1876c1)

$H Papelonné. Heraldry

(Her.) This term is = applied to a shield covered with semicircular scales ranged in rows like tiles on= the roof of a house. The body of the scale represents the field of the escutc= heon and the edge of the scale is shown of a different tincture. ILLUS. papelonn(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Paper.

Paper. (See CHARTA.) (1883m1)

Paper. A material manufactured from vegetable substances reduced to a paste and pressed into thin leaves, available for drawing, writing, painting, or printing. It is made in certain sizes, each of which has its technical name, and these are given below:

WRITING AND DRAWING = PAPERS. Dimensions in inches:

Emperor -- 66 by 47<= o:p>

Antiquarian -- 53 by= 31

Double Elephant -- 4= 0 by 26 3/4

Atlas -- 34 by 26

Colombier -- 34 1/2 by 23 1/2

Imperial -- 30 by 22=

Elephant -- 28 by 23=

Super Royal -- 27 by= 19

Royal -- 24 by 19

Medium -- 22 by 17 1= /2

Demy -- 20 by 15 1/2=

Large Post -- 20 3/4= by 16 1/2

Post -- 18 3/4 by 15= 1/4

Foolscap -- 17 by 13= 1/2

Pott -- 15 by 12 1/2

Copy -- 20 by 16

PRINTING PAPERS. Dim= ensions in inches:

Demy -- 22 1/2 by 17= 3/4

Royal -- 25 by 20

Super Royal (about) = -- 28 by 20

Imperial -- 30 by 22=

Double Foolscap -- 2= 7 by 17

Double Crown -- 30 b= y 20

Double Demy -- 35 1/= 2 by 22 1/2

CARTRIDGE PAPERS. Di= mensions in inches:

Copy -- 20 by 16 1/2=

Demy -- 22 1/2 by 17= 3/4

Royal -- 25 by 20

Cartridge -- 26 by 2= 1 1/2

Elephant --- 28 by 2= 3

Double Crown -- 30 b= y 20

Double Demy -- 35 1/= 2 by 22 1/2

Imperial -- 30 by 22= (1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Chinese. <= /h2>

A paper of a yellowi= sh tint, manufactured from the bark of the bamboo, upon which proofs of woodcuts or line engravings are printed. Some Chinese papers are clear in tint, while= the tint of others is almost bistred. Chinese pap= er furnishes excellent proofs of woodcuts and fairly good proofs of line engravings. Proofs of the latter, however, on Chinese paper are somewhat = too dry and spiritless, and are not to be compared for a moment with the magnificent proofs taken on Parchment or Japanese paper. Chinese paper is also called India<= /st1:country-region> paper.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Creswick.

A particular kind of= paper used for water‑colour drawings.(1891a1)=

--- $H Pa= per, Emery.

Paper covered with e= mery powder is used by artists to sharpen pencils or steel points, and by cabi= net‑makers to give a smooth surface to wood.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Glass.

Canvas or paper upon= which glass reduced to a very fine powder is sized. In the execution of picture= sque etchings it is used to dull the surface of the copper, so that the plate, when inked, may yield a series of irregular spots which help to mark the planes and give strength to the rendering of certain passages. Glass pape= r or emery paper is used to sharpen the point of gravers.(1891a1)

--- $H Paper, India. [See India Pape= r.] (1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Japanese. = [Japanese Paper= .] (1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Laid.

A term applied to pa= per in which the wiremarks, watermarks, or imprint of metal threads, which res= ted on the damp paste during the process of manufacture, are still to be seen. L= aid paper is solid, of great resisting power; it lends itself admirably to the printing of line engravings, but its use in taking proofs of vignettes in relief should be discountenanced.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Parchment.

Paper immersed in a = solution of sulphuric acid, which gives it the appeara= nce of parchment. This kind of paper is used as a covering for books.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Tissue.

A transparent paper = which is used for laying over engravings for tracing and other purposes. It is generally made from the refuse of flax‑mills.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Tracing. <= /h2>

Tracing paper, such = as is used by artists, is obtained by soaking ordinary tissue paper in turpenti= ne or varnish. The process gives it a glazed surface, and enables it to be d= rawn on without tearing or cracking.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Transfer. =

A paper coated with a special preparation from which tracings may be obtained on a lithographic stone or a plate of zinc. A drawing is made upon the paper, which is then slightly damped, laid upon the stone or plate, and submitted to pressure.= A perfectly accurate tracing is the result.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Vellum.

Vellum paper is a st= rong paper without any grain, as uniform and satiny as possible. When of a good quality it is excellent for taking proofs of engravings in relief, as it reproduces the most delicate qualities of the cut. Unfortunately vellum p= aper is far less solid than laid paper, and it easily gets spotted with damp.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Whatman.

A very solid kind of= paper, the grain of which varies from fine to coarse. Whatm= an paper of a coarse grain is used by water colourists<= /span>. That with a fine grain is used in printing éditions de luxe= , after having been submitted to a heavy pressure, so as to soften the asperities of its grain. A thick kind of Whatman forms an excellent mount for prints or drawings.(1891a1)

$H Paper Hangings.

From the 18th centur= y paper printed with variously coloured designs has entirely taken the place of tapestry, leather, and other costly materials which were previously used as hangings. The earliest wall papers were obtained by a process of stencil= ling, the later have been printed from wooden blocks upon which the design has been cut. A separate block is used for each colour, and the more costly papers are printed by h= and, the cheaper ones being printed rapidly in a machine.(1891a1)

$H Papi. Egypt

Papi. Or Pepi. The father of Pthah-hotep, an ea= rly Egyptian sculptor of the Ancient Empire. (1876c1)

Papi. An Egyptian pr= iest, probably of Osiris. He was the son of Henne. Nothing is known respecting him, except that= he lived between the XIIth and XVIIIth dynasties. (1876c1)

$H Papier Maché or Papier‑maché.

Papier Maché. A ma= terial composed of paper pulp sometimes mixed with size, which is reduced to a plastic mass and then pressed in moulds into various shapes. It is then dried, varnished, and painted, and various small ornaments may be made fr= om it. It seems to have been first made in Paris about 1740.(1891a1)

Papier‑maché, Fr. Paper‑pulp; made by compressing the pulp, or by pasting together different thicknesses of paper, to the hardness and consistency of wood. = It is an invention of the 18th century, and originated in snuff‑boxes called after their manufacturer "Martins." The process has since been developed to great perfection by the invention of new varnishes and methods of ornament, the principal of which are gilding and bronzing, pea= rl and gem inlaying, &c. (See a paper by R. Hunt in the Art Journal, 1851.)(1883m1)

$H Papieus. Cyprus

The Kypriote f= orm of the name of the town of Paphos in the Isle of Cypr= us. (1876c1)

$H Papilio.

R. (lit, a butterfly). A military tent, so called because the curtains opened and = shut like the wings of a butterfly.(1883m1)

$H Papremis. Egypt

According to Herodotus a nome in Lower Egypt which was held by the <= span class=3DSpellE>Hermotybian class of warriors. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Papsilak. Chaldaea

In Chaldean astronomy one of the seven stars of the week. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Pap-sucul. Assyria

An Assyrian deity of w= hom little is known. The month Dharbitu was sacre= d to him. (1876c1)

$H Pa-pthah. "Town of Pthah." Egypt

A town in Egypt founded by Rameses II., who built there a temple to Pthah-Rameses, his special protecting divinity. It = is now called Gerf Hussein. (1876c1)

$H Papyri (pl., singular is Papyrus). Egypt

Papyri. A papyrus roll consists of several pieces of papyrus from 6 ins. to 17 in= s. wide joined together to form a long sheet, which, being written on, was rolled up usually from left to right. The longest known is the Harris Pap= yrus in the British Museum, which measures 135 ft. in length. Being rolled up, it was tied with a pi= ece of papyrus string and sealed with a lump of clay. One of the most familiar hieroglyphic signs is representing the papyrus roll. The writing reads from right to left in most cases, though occasionally the signs are placed in columns. The latter applies to papyri written in linear hieroglyphs, such as the papyrus of Ani in the British Museum. The great numbers of pap= yri found in museums all over Europe and in private collections cover a long period of Egyptian history, and show a g= reat diversity of style both in language and caligraphy. The earlier ones are in linear hieroglyphs and hieratic (q.v.), the later in demotic and Greek. The papyri of the "Book of the Dead" (q.v= .), which form a large number of the known papyri, are frequently elaborately illustrated, in some cases with coloured pictures. These are found buried with the mummies, sometimes under the bandages, at others between the han= ds, on the chest, or under the arms or legs. They were also placed in wooden statues of gods hollowed out for the purpose. When found they are extreme= ly dry and brittle, and require immense care in handling. The scribes wrote = with a reed pen, using an ink which to this day retains its splendid black. Pl= iny says it was composed of smoke black, or the calcined= dregs of wine added to gum.

There can be little doubt that the making of papyri was a kind of trade, and since no burial was considered complete without a copy of at l= east some chapters of the "Book of the Dead," it must have been a lucrative one. Examination shows that some of these papyri were not speci= ally prepared for the deceased with whom they were buried, as the name has been filled in last. The following is a list of some of the best known papyri, many of which are called by the names of their finders or possessors:-

ABBOTT PAPYRUS in the British Museum. Subject, a judicial inquiry at <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Thebes.

AMHERST PAPYRI in the possession of Lord Amherst of Hackney. Subjects, judicial inquiry at Thebes, tale of = Sekhti and Hemti, tale = of Sanehat. Tr= anslations by Mr. Newberry and F. Ll. Griffith.

ANASTASI PAPYRI in the British Museum. Subject (of longest), journey of= an Egyptian officer to Syria and Palestine. Date about 1400 B.C. Translation by Chabas.

BERLIN PAPYRI. No. 1. Tale of Sanehat. Date, Middle Empire. Translations by Chabas, Goodwin, Maspero. Nos. 2 and 4 contain the Ta= le of Sekhti and Hemti.<= /o:p>

EBERS PAPYRUS. Medical papyrus. Transla= tions by George Ebers and Ludwig Stern.<= /span>

HARRIS PAPYRUS in the British<= /st1:PlaceName> Museum. Subjects, judicial inquiries, li= st of offerings, a discourse of Ramses III. to his chiefs. Date about 1225 B.C. Translations = by Piehl, Chabas, Eisenlohr.

HARRIS PAPYRUS in the British Museum. Subject, Magic. Translation by Chabas.=

LEE PAPYRUS. Subject, Harem consp= iracy.

MEDICAL PAPYRUS of B= erlin. Date, XI= Xth Dynasty. Translations by Brugsch and Chabas.

D'ORBINEY PAPYRUS in the British Museum. Subject, The Romance of the Two Brothers. Date, XIXth Dynasty. Translations by Maspero, Groff, and Renouf.

PRISSE PAPYRUS i= n the Bibliothèque Nationale<= /span>. Subject= , Moral treatise. Date, Middle Empire. Translations b= y Chabas, Heath, and Virey. Called "The oldest book in the world."

RHIND PAPYRUS in the British Museum. Subject, Mathematics. Date, Rames= side period. Translation by Eisenlohr and Griffith.

SALLIER PAPYRI in the British Museum. No. 1. Subject, "History of the up= rising of the Egyptians against the yoke of the foreigners," i.e. the Hyksos. Dat= e, XIXth Dynasty. Translations by Goodwin, Chabas, Eber= s, and Maspero. No. 2. Subject, Instructions of Amen-em-= hat I. to his son Usertsen I. and a Hymn to the Nile. Translations by Maspero, Schack, and Améli= neau. No. 3. Subject, Epic poem of = Pentaur (q.= v.). Translations by de Rougé, Goodwin, and Bru= gsch.

SETNA, PAPYRUS OF. A demotic papyrus in the Cairo Museum. Subject, Tale of a search for= a magical book. Date, Ptolemaic= . Translations by Brugsch, Revillout, Maspero, and Hess.

SHIPWRECKED SAILOR, TALE OF A. A papyrus in the Hermitage collecti= on at St. Petersburg= . Date, XI= Ith or XIIIth Dynasty. Translations by Golénischeff and Maspero.

TURIN PAPYRI. The most famous of these is the list of kings, which is so important to chronologers.<= /p>

Professor Maspero has published severa= l old Egyptian tales under the title of "Contes Populaires," and Petrie has done the same for English readers in his "Egyptian Tales," first and second serie= s.(1902b1)

Papyri. The papyrus or Egyptian paper, made of thin = slices of the reed Cyperus papyrus, = called by the Egyptians gama, and by= the Greeks Byblos, was the precursor of modern paper. On it were written ritu= als, prayers, public documents, histories, poems, and all literary and other works. The width of the papyrus sheets so prepared was generally 15 inche= s, but their length sometimes though rarely extends to 150 feet. The papyri, both before use and afterwards, were rolled up into cylindrical volumes, = and when opened for the purpose of reading, were unrolled from the ends. The rolls of papyri were placed in rectangular wooden boxes close to the scri= be or readers. Those found in the tombs were differently placed, according to their nature; papyri relating to private life, history, or literature were placed in jars of terra cotta, or else in the coffins of the deceased, or deposited near them in a wooden box. The Rituals of the Dead, generally distinguished by their vignettes, were either placed rolled up within the bandages of the dead, at some part of the body, as on the chest, in the h= and, or at the feet, or else stretched over the mummy. Besides these methods, = they were occasionally placed in wooden figures of the god Osiris, standing on= a pedestal, either in the hollowed body of the god, or else in a place in t= he pedestal covered by a small slip, the whole so carefully stuccoed and pai= nted over as not to give any indication of the papyrus within. These figures w= ere always coloured black, the colour of the coffins of the XVIIIth dynasty, = but they appear from their style to have been made at a later period. (Birch.= ) (1876c1)

$H Papyrus (pl. papyri). Egypt

papyrus: writing material made from the compressed stem fibres of the pap= yrus plant.(1894e1)

Papyrus. The paper m= ade of the papyrus plant, used by the Egyptians and other nations of antiquity. = The Papyrus rolls on which important= relics of Egyptian literature and art have come down to us, were formed of a she= et of papyrus rolled on a slender wooden cylinder. They have mostly been discovered in mummy cases, and contain illustrations of funeral ceremonies and religious emblems relating to the future of the soul. Others are historical or literary, and some have been discovered containing caricatu= res and comic illustrations. (Cf. LIBER.)(1883m1)

Papyrus. It was the c= yperus papyrus, a plant not now found = in Egypt= , from which the papyrus for writing on was made. It grew in marshy places, and = the cultivation of it seems to have been a government monopoly. That there we= re other varieties of this useful plant seems evident from the referenoes to it in the classic authors. Strabo calls the first kind the hieratic byblus, to distinguish i= t from the common sort. Pliny says it was cultivated chiefly in the Sebennytic Nome. According to him, the triangular s= talk of the plant was 15 ft. high, and it was crowned "as with a thyrsus." Every part of the plant was used. The root, which was large and thick, provided fuel and material for making certain utensils, and out of the stem were made small boats. Sails, mats, rope, bedding, and clothes were all made of it, besides the famous writing material. Herodotus tells us that the young shoots were gathered, "topped," and cooked for food, being considered a delicacy. The papyrus now growing in Sici= ly is said to be identical with the Egyptian papyrus.

The papyrus upon which the scribes wrote their books was prepared = by removing the outer rind and then slicing the stem into very thin layers. Several widths of this were laid side by side, other layers put on across these with a thin solution of some unknown adhesive substance between, then the whole was pressed and dried. The result, wh= en a good plant of papyrus had been used, was a very fair surface for writing upon. The specimens that have come down to us vary in colour from a rather dark brown to a dark cream colour, and are of different textures. (See PAPYRI.)

A conventiona= lized form of the plant was frequently used for decorative purposes, and figures largely on tomb and temple walls. It was also a symbol of Lower Egypt.(1902b1)

$H Paqaha.

The Assyrian form of the Hebrew royal name= Pekah, which see. (1876c1)

$H Paqar-hu-bunu.

A mountain city near the Euphrates, which was conquered by Shalmaneser II. (1876c= 1)

$H Paquru. [See Paku-ru - Editor]

$H Pan. Greece

$H Panache. Heraldry

$H Pa-naham. "Town of the Saviour."<= /span>(?) Egypt

$H Panammu.

$H Panarium.

$H Pan-assur-lamur.

$H Panathenaea.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Greece

$H Panathenaic Amphorae= . Greece

$H Panaulon. Music

$H Pancratium.

$H Pandosiris. Cyprus

$H Pandroseum. Greek Architecture

$H Pane. Architecture

$H Pa-neb-ap-uka. "House of the Lord of Chieftains." Egypt

$H Pa-nebt-ma. Egypt

$H Paned. O.E. Striped.(<= /span>1883m1)

$H Paned Hose.

$H Panegyris. Egypt

$H Pa-nehes. Egypt

$H Panel.

$H Panel Picture or Panel‑picture.

$H Pa-nephysis.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

$H Panintimri.

$H Panisci.

$H Pankhi. Egypt

$H Pannel. Heraldry

$H Pannetier Green.

$H Panoply (B"&l= t;@B<= /span>8\<= /span>"[=3Dpanoplia]). A complete suit= of armour. (See ARMOUR.)(1883m1)

$H Panopolia. Egypt

$H Pan-opolis. <= span class=3DGramE>"City of Pa= n." Egypt

$H Panorama.

$H Panormus.

$H Pantabiblos.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Chaldaea

$H Pantables. Costume

$H Pantaloon.

$H Pantaloons. Costume

$H Panthea.

$H Pantheon. Architecture

$H Pantherinae.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

$H Panthialeans.= Persia

$H Pantile.

$H Pantina. Egypt

$H = Pantobles, Pantoffles. O.E. Slippers<= /span>.(1883m1)

$H Pantofles. O.E. Slippers or wooden pattens.(1883m1)

$H Pantograph.

$H Pantometer.

$H Pantomime.

$H Paophi. Egypt

$H Paout. Egypt

$H Pa-pa.

$H Papaeus. "Ancestor." Scythia

$H Papelonné. Heraldry

$H Paper.

--- $H Pa= per, Creswick.

--- $H Pa= per, Emery. Paper covered with e= mery powder is used by artists to sharpen pencils or steel points, and by cabi= net‑makers to give a smooth surface to wood.(1891a1)

--- $H Paper, India. [See India Pape= r.] (1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Japanese. = [Japanese Paper= .] (1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Laid.

--- $H Pa= per, Parchment.

--- $H Pa= per, Tissue. A transparent paper = which is used for laying over engravings for tracing and other purposes. It is generally made from the refuse of flax‑mills.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Tracing. <= /h2> Tracing paper, such = as is used by artists, is obtained by soaking ordinary tissue paper in turpenti= ne or varnish. The process gives it a glazed surface, and enables it to be d= rawn on without tearing or cracking.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Transfer. =

--- $H Pa= per, Whatman.

$H Paper Hangings.

$H Papier Maché or Papier‑maché.

$H Papieus. Cyprus

$H Papilio.

$H Papremis. Egypt

$H Papsilak. Chaldaea

$H Pap-sucul. Assyria

$H Pa-pthah. "Town of Pthah." Egypt

$H Papyri (pl., singular is Papyrus). Egypt

$H Papyrus (pl. papyri). Egypt

$H Paqaha.

$H Paqar-hu-bunu.

$H Paquru. [See Paku-ru - Editor]

--- $H Pa= per, Emery.

Paper covered with e= mery powder is used by artists to sharpen pencils or steel points, and by cabi= net‑makers to give a smooth surface to wood.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Tissue.

A transparent paper = which is used for laying over engravings for tracing and other purposes. It is generally made from the refuse of flax‑mills.(1891a1)

--- $H Pa= per, Tracing. <= /h2>

Tracing paper, such = as is used by artists, is obtained by soaking ordinary tissue paper in turpenti= ne or varnish. The process gives it a glazed surface, and enables it to be d= rawn on without tearing or cracking.(1891a1)