$H Per and Party per. [Editor: see also Part= y per for 1891a1]
|
Per, Her. In blazoning the divisions of a shield the= term "per" signifying "by" or "by means of," is employed sometimes alone, a= nd sometimes (having the same signification) with the word "party"= or "parted." The following are the primary divisions of a shield: = ‑ Fig. a, Per Pale, or Parted p= er Pale, or Party per Pale; = Fig. b, Per Fesse or Parted per Fesse= ; Fig. c, Per Cross or Quarterl= y (Per Pale and Per Fesse together); Fig. d, Per Bend; Fig. e, Per Bend Sinister<= /i>, Fig. f, Per Saltire (Per Bend= and Per Bend Sinister); Fig. = g, Per Chevron; Fig. h, Per Tierce or Tiercée (divided into three equal divisions by two vertical lines). (Boutell.) <= /p> Fig. 534. Divisions of the heraldic shield.(1883m1)
|
![](3D"per_files/image023.gif")
$H Pera.
|
R. (BZD"[=3Dpera]). A walle=
t or
haversack of leather or hide, which was carried, slung over the shoulder,=
by travellers, peasants, and beggars. The Cynic
philosophers, anticipating the fraternity of the GUEUX, adopted the walle=
t as
a distinctive part of their costume.(1883m1) |
$H Pe-ra-sechem-kheper.=
Egypt
|
An ancient Egyptian city. Its site is unkn=
own.
(1876c1) |
$H Pergula.
|
R. (pergere, to continue on).
Generally, any construction added to another beyond the original plan,
generally in the way of a lean‑to; e.g. a balcony built over the
colonnades of a forum, or a gallery placed on a house‑top; a room in
which paintings were exhibited; a lecture‑room, &c.(1883m1) |
$H Periactos.
|
R. (B,D\‑"6J@H[=3Dperi‑aktos], i.e.
that turns round). A theatrical machine used by the ancients; it was of v=
ery
simple construction, being formed of three frames arranged so as to form a
triangular prism, on each face of which a different scene was painted. At
each side of the stage there was a periactos which turned on pivots as required, so as to
admit of a rapid change of scene.(1883m1) |
$H Periapts.
|
O.E. Charms worn abo=
ut the
neck. (Shaks=
peare.)(1883m1) |
$H Peribole or Peribolê. Architecture
|
Peribole. (Arch.) The exterior circumferenc=
e of a
building, also the space surrounding an ancient temple, which was decorat=
ed
with statues, altars, and votive offerings.(18=
91a1) |
|
Peribolê, Gr. =
and R. (B,D4$@8¬[=3Dperibole], an e=
nclosing).
The sacred enclosure of a temple, which was in some instances of sufficie=
nt
size to contain not only altars and statues of the god, but shrines and a
sacred wood. In Christian architecture the word was used for the wall of
enclosure of the choir, &c.(1883m1) |
$H Peridot.
|
Fr. A yellow gem sup=
posed to
be the topaz of the
ancients.(1883m1) |
$H Peridrome or Peridromê. Architecture
|
Peridrome. (Arch.) A covered gallery running round a
building.(1891a1) |
|
Peridromê, Gr.=
and R.
(=
B,D4‑*D@:¬[=3Dperi‑drome], a
running‑round). A gallery or covered promenade which ran round a te=
mple
or other building.(1883m1) |
$H Perigee.
|
Near the earth; figuratively "at its
lowest."(1883m1) |
$H Perihelion.
|
Near the sun; figuratively "at its
highest."(1883m1) |
$H Perimeter.
|
The outline of a rec=
tilinear
figure.(1883m1) |
$H Peripatetics.=
|
Disciples of Aristot=
le, who walked about during his lectures=
in
the Lyceum at Athens.(1883m1) |
$H Peripetasma.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
(B,D4‑BXJ"F:"[=3Dperi‑petasma]). A
general term including anything that is flat and hung up or spread out, s=
uch
as a covering, tapestry, hangings, curtains, &c.(1883m1) |
$H Periphery.
|
Gr. and R. (<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New =
Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f=
ont-family:
"WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>B,D4‑NXD,4"[=3Dperi‑phereia]). (1)
The circumference of a curvilinear figure. (2) Ornaments in relief execut=
ed
on the sides of vases, running ro=
und
them. (See CRUSTAE.)(1883m1) |
$H Peripteral and Periptery. Architecture
|
Peripteral. (Arch.) An ancient temple is said to be peripteral when it is surrounded on all sides by fr=
ee
columns. The colonnade thus formed is termed the per=
ipteros.(1891a1) |
|
Periptery, Arch. (= B,= D\‑= BJ= ,D= @H[=3Dperi‑pteros], lit. with wings around). A building surrounded by columns at equal distances one from the other; the distance between the wall of enclosure and the colonnade being equal to that between the columns. Peripteral temples are distinguished as = monopteral, or those with a single row of columns; dipteral, those with two rows; pseudo‑= ;dipteral, or buildings with one row of columns standing apart and one embedded; las= tly, pseudo‑peripteral (Fig.= 535), or buildings whose columns are embedded in the wall. Fig. 535. Ground‑plan= of a pseudo‑peripteral tem= ple.(1883m1)
|
![](3D"per_files/image024.gif")
$H Periscelis.
|
Gr. (B,D4‑F6,8\H[=3Dperi‑skelis]). (1) An anklet worn by
Oriental and Greek women, and less frequently by Roman ladies also. (2) The word is some=
times
used for fem=
inalia
(q.v.).(1883m1) |
$H Peristerium.
|
Chr. A kind of canopy surround=
ing
the sacred vessels containing the host. The eucharis=
tic
doves are called peristera.(1883m1) |
$H Peristroma.
|
R. (B,D\‑FJDT:"[=3Dperi‑stroma]). In
general, anything used as a covering, in especial that which is spread ov=
er a
bed, and thence curtains, carpets, or hangings.(1883m1) |
$H Peristyle. Architecture
|
Peristyle. (Arch.) A colonnade running round the interio=
r of a
courtyard. An ancient temple is called peristyle
when its interior is adorned with a row of columns. In Roman domestic
architecture the peristyle was the central
courtyard, surrounded with a colonnade, through which entrance was gained=
to
the private apartments.(1891a1) |
|
Peristyle, Arch. (B,D\‑FJL8@<[=3Dperi‑stulon]). A
building the interior of whic=
h is
surrounded with columns, the opposite of PERIPTEROS; a building may, howe=
ver,
be peripteral and yet possess a peristyle.
The term is also a Greek name for the ATRIUM.(1883m1) |
$H Perit
|
perit<=
/i>:
winter, the season of 'emergence' (from the |
$H Perivalium.
|
Med. A Latin word us=
ed in
the Middle Ages to denote the choir of a church, or the stalls of the
choir.(1883m1) |
$H Per-khem. Egypt
|
Another name of the town in |
$H Permanent White. (See CONSTANT W= HITE.) (1883m1)
$H Pero.
|
R. A tall boot reach=
ing to
the calf, made of untanned leather with the f=
ur on,
worn by shepherds and agricultural labourers,=
and
still common in Italian villages.(1883m1) |
$H =
Perogue. (See PI=
ROGUE.) (1883m1)
$H Perpend‑stone.= Architecture
|
Arch. A large stone =
reaching
through the wall, visible on both sides.(1883m1) |
$H Perpendicular.
|
Perpendicular Style of Architecture. The third and last of the pointed or Gothic sty=
les of
architecture used in |
|
Perpendicular. (1) T=
he
perpendicular direction is that given by the force of gravity. A figure is
said to be out of the perpendicular when the vertical line which marks the
centre of gravity falls outside the middle of the base of this figure. Su=
ch
is the case with certain antique statues, the Venus of Milo for instance.=
A
monument is said to be out of the perpendicular when its vertical lines do
not coincide with those given by the plumb‑line. The most celebrated
example of this is the Leaning Tower of Pisa.(1891a1) (2.)
(Arch.) This term denotes the style of Gothic architecture which was in v=
ogue
in |
$H Perpent. Architecture
|
(Arch.) A course of =
stones,
the thickness of which is equal to the thickness of the wall; thus the two
opposite faces of the stones form the two vertical sides of the wall. ILLUS. perpent(1891a1)
|
![](3D"per_files/image025.gif")
$H Perron. Architecture
|
Perron, Arch. A staircase, or flight of steps, outsid=
e a
building.(1883m1) |
|
Perron. (Arch.) An outside staircase, a series of ste=
ps
projecting from a façade or connecting the terraces of a garden, w=
hich
are situated on different levels. ILLUS. perron(1891a=
1)
|
![](3D"per_files/image026.gif")
$H Perse. Fr. Chintz.(1883m1)
$H Persea tree. =
Egypt
|
This
tree, called in Egyptian Ast, was either the =
balanites Aegyptiaca
(Raffenan-Delile) the Arab lebakh or the mimusops Schimeperi
(Schweinfurth). It was one of the principal s=
acred
trees of ancient
|
![](3D"per_files/image027.gif")
$H Persephone.
|
Persephone, the daug=
hter of
Zeus and Demeter, was carried off to the lower world by Hades, whose bride
she became. Her mother, Demeter (q.v.), sought for her over the whole ear=
th,
but found her not. At last Hermes went to the lower world to look for her,
but she had then eaten half the pomegranate which Hades had given her, an=
d so
she could only return to the upper world for half of each year. She is
represented in Art as somewhat resembling Demeter, but younger. Her
attributes are a pomegranate and ears of corn and poppies.(1891a1) |
$H Perseus, the slayer of the Gorgon, Medusa, and the res=
cuer
of Andromeda from a sea‑monster, has suggested many subjects to art=
ists
both ancient and modern. The earliest known representation of Perseus is on one of the metop=
es
of a temple at Selinus, which belongs to the =
7th
century B.C. He is there shown as cutting off Medusa's head. Among the la=
test
works of art which deal with Perseus are a se=
ries
of designs by Mr. Burne‑Jones. Perseus =
is
easily recognisable in artistic representatio=
ns as
he carries the Gorgon's head and a curved sword, and wears wings on his h=
eels
and head.(1891a1) A thin inferior silk used for lining garments.(1883m=
1)
$H Perseus.
$H Persian.
--- $H Pe=
rsian
Blinds.
(Fr. Persiennes). Venetian blinds.(1883m1)
--- $H Pe= rsian Columns. (See Persians.)
--- $H Pe= rsian Pottery. <= /h2>
|
The illustrations (f=
rom Jacquemart's History
of the Ceramic Art) are (Fig. 536) a bowl of soft porcelain, blue
externally and decorated with abundant vegetation and fantastic birds with
peacocks' tails; (Fig. 537) a flask, also of soft porcelain, characterize=
d by
a blackish‑blue scroll encircling the principal subject; and (Fig. =
538)
a faience tile which M. Jacquemart considers =
pure
Mohammedan art, is very interesting for the subject that it represents &#=
8209;
the caaba or sacred mosque of Mecca, the obje=
ct of
the Mohammedan pilgrimage. (Consult Souvenir d'un voyage en Perse, Comte de Rochchouart.) Fig.
538. Persian Plaque, with polychrome decoration.(1883m1) |
![](3D"per_files/image028.gif")
![](3D"per_files/image029.gif")
![](3D"per_files/image030.gif")
--- $H Pe= rsian Red. (See INDIAN RED= .) (1883m1)
$H Persian Dynasty. Egypt
|
Cambyses at the battle of =
Pelusium defeated Psammetichus=
III. and took possession of |
$H Persiana.
|
It. (1) A silk with a
pattern of large flowers. (2) Venetian blinds;
Persiennes.(1883m1) |
$H Persians (Columns).
|
Persians, Gr. and R.=
(B,DF46V[=3Dpersika]). Colu=
mns the
shafts of which consist of figures of Persian slaves; they are also known=
as Persian columns.(1883m1) |
$H Persienne. Architecture
|
(Arch.) A shutter wh=
ich lets
in the daylight. A kind of pierced frame, made up of slips of wood inclin=
ed
at an angle like louvre‑boarding. 2 ILLUS. persien1, persien2(18=
91a1)
|
![](3D"per_files/image031.gif")
![](3D"per_files/image032.gif")
$H Persona.
|
Gr. and R. A mask worn by actors upon the stage; the= re were personae tragicae, comicae (Fig. 539), mutae, &c., that is, masks f= or tragic, comic, or mute persons, &c. The custom is attributed to that = of smearing the face with certain juices and colours, and appearing in disgu= ise at the festivals of Dionysus; and is probably as old as the drama itself.= Fig. 539. Persona comica.(1883m1)
|
![](3D"per_files/image033.gif")
$H Perspective.
|
Perspective is the a=
rt of
representing upon a plane surface objects as they appear to the eye of the
spectator from one fixed point.(1891a1) |
|
Perspective. The art=
of
representing on a flat surface the appearance of objects from one given p=
oint
of view. Linear perspective i=
s the
science by which the principles of geometry are applied in this art. (See
AERIAL and ISOMETRICAL PERSPECTIVE.)(1883m1) |
--- $H Pe= rspective, Aerial.
|
The art of indicatin=
g the
relative distances of objects by means of a gradation of tone. Thus due
diminution should be given to the strength of the light, shade, and colour of objects according to their distances, the
quantity of light received by them, and the medium through which they are
seen.(1891a1) |
--- $H Pe= rspective, Isometrical.
|
A perspective drawin=
g, the
purpose of which is to indicate in the representation the relation which =
the
dimension of the actual object bears to the dimension of the object as
represented.(1891a1) |
--- $H Pe= rspective, Linear.
|
A branch of science =
which
enables us to represent upon a plane surface, by means of a geometrical
drawing only, solid bodies as they appear to the eye, their proportions a=
nd
dimensions being determined by their relative distance from the spectator=
and
the position in which they stand with regard to him.(1891a1) |
--- $H Pe= rspective of Shadows.
|
A branch =
of
perspective by the aid of which after putting the objects represented in
perspective, the position and outline of the shadows is represented.(1891=
a1) |
--- $H Pe= rspective, Parallel. =
|
When an object prese=
nts a
face or side towards the spectator, its representation is determined by t=
he
rules of parallel perspective.(1891a1) |
--- $H Pe= rspective, Visual.
|
When we speak of visual perspective in a picture,=
we
mean that the artist has got very near to an appearance of reality, witho=
ut
having recourse to any theoretical rules, and without the strict applicat=
ion
of the laws of geometry.(1891a1) |
$H Pertica.
|
R. A rod, pole, or s=
tick; a
foot, or measure of length divided into twelve inches (unciae) and sixteen finge=
rs (digiti)=
.(1883m1) |
$H Perticae.
|
Chr. In mediaeval architecture, beams behind the a=
ltar
in a church, from which relics were suspended on days of festival.(1883m1=
) |
$H Per-tot-kai.
"Let Violence kill." Egypt
|
One of the names of an=
heretical sect in |
$H Per-ui.
|
The name of an unidentified king of |
$H Peruque. (See WIGS.) (1883m1)
$H Peruvian Architecture.
|
The Peruvian temples=
and
palaces were generally low and spacious, constructed of great blocks of s=
tone
often 38 feet by 18 and 6 feet in thickness. The interiors were richly
ornamented, the sides of the apartments being thickly studded with gold a=
nd
silver. Niches in the walls were filled with images of plants and animals,
also of the precious metals. The Western wall of the temple was placed to
receive the first rays of the rising sun upon a statue of the god engrave=
d on
a plate of gold and thickly studded with emeralds and precious
stones.(1883m1) |