$H Phacusa. Egypt

The chief town of the Arabic nome of Lower Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Phaecasia. Graeco-= Roman

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>N"46VF4@<[=3Dphaikasion]). W= hite shoes worn by different classes among the Greeks and Romans, but more especiall= y by the priests and gymnasiarchs.(1883m1)

$H Phakussa. Egypt

The Greek name for Pekes, capital of the twentieth nome of Lower Egypt, the modern Saft el Henneh. Chief deity, Sopt. This nome is probably the site of the Goshen of Scripture.(1902b1)

$H Phalae.

Phalae or Falae. R. = Wooden towers which were erected temporarily in a circus for the display of sham fights and captures of cities. (Compare PEGMA.)(1883m1)=

$H Phalangae, Palangae.

R. (NV8"(>[=3Dphalangx]). A p= ole employed for carrying purposes. Two men took the ends of this pole upon t= he shoulders, the burden being suspended from it in the middle. The same term was also applied to the rollers placed beneath objects whose weight rende= red them difficult to move. The persons who made use of = phalangae for carrying an= ything were called = phalangarii.(1883m1)

$H Phalanx.

Gr. A close compact = mass of infantry soldiers drawn up in files, usually eight deep. The Theban phala= nx was twenty‑five in depth.(1883m1)

$H Phalarica. (See FALARICA.) (1883m1)

$H Phalerae.

Phalerae, R. (= NV= 8"= D"[=3Dphalara]). Medals of gold, si= lver, or bronze (Fig. 541), worn upon the breast as a military decoration, and frequently displayed on the harness of the horses. Fig. 541. Gallic Phalera.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

Phalerae. Round bosses of metal, to which pendants were sometimes attached, worn at = Rome by those who had distinguished themselves in military, service or elsewhe= re. They corresponded to modern medals. Our cut represents M. Caelius (from whose cenotaph it is taken) decorated with pha= lerae. ILLUS. phalerae(1891a1)

$H Phamenoth. Egypt

The seventh month of the Egyptian sacred y= ear. It began about the 16th of January. (1876c1)

$H Phamothis. Egypt

A chief town in the M= areotic nome of Lower Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Phaneh-baal. = "Face of Baal."

A Phenician to= wn which was called by the Greeks Theon Prosopon, a name of the same meaning. It was one of= the great triple confederation with the towns of <= span class=3DSpellE>Calamus and Gigastus. I= ts site is now covered by the town of Tripoli. (1876c1)

$H Phanes.

A Greco-Egyptian officer in the court of <= span class=3DSpellE>Psametik II., to whom he was commander of the Greek= body guard. He revolted to Cambyses at the period = of the Persian invasion of Egypt, to the success of which his advice and treason mainly contributed.(1876c1= )

$H Phannel, O.E.= (See FANON.) (1883m1)

$H Phantasmagoria.

Literally, a process= ion of images. A name applied especially to dissolving views shown by the altern= ate use of each of two magic lanterns.(1883m1)

$H Phantoscope.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

An optical instrumen= t which is used to throw images upon a screen or upon vaporous clouds.(1891a1)

$H Pharaoh Egypt

= Pharaoh , Per aa, lit. "the great house." The title by= which all the monarchs of Egypt were designated, and not as some think the nam= e of the king. (See Hastings, Dic. of Bible and S.B.A. Proc. vol. xxiii. pt. 2.)(1902b1)

Pharaoh. Also Phra and Phre. The Hebraised form of Pir-aa, the official title of the Egyptian monarchs. It has been variously rendered "Great Gate," analogou= s to the "Sublime Porte" of the Turkish empir= e, and, Pi Ra, "The Sun," but this latter explanation is now given= up. In ordinary language the Egyptian kings were referred to by their prenome= ns, and not by their surnames or order of succession, as in Western countries.(1876c1)

$H Pharaoh Necho. Egypt

See NEKAU.(1902b1)

$H Pharboeites.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

A name in Lower Egypt, East of the Phatnitic branch of the Nile= . Its chief town was Pharbuthus. It was held by= the Calasirian class of soldiers. (1876c1)

$H Pharbuthus. Egypt

The chief town of the Pharboeitic name of Lower Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Pharetra.

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>N"DXJD"[=3Dpharetra]). A q= uiver. This was made of hide or leather, often richly ornamented with gold, painting, or braiding. It had a lid, and hung, from a belt over the right shoulder, on the left hip. (See CORYTUS, QUIVERS.)(1883m1)

$H Pharmuthi. Egypt

The eighth month of the Egyptian sacred ye= ar. It began about the 15th of February. (1876c1)

$H Pharos or Pharus. Architecture

Pharos, Pharus, Gr. and R. (= NVD@H[=3Dpharos]). A lighthouse; the name was derive= d from that which Ptolemy Philadelphus erected in the island of Pharos, at the entrance to the harbour of Alexandria, in Egypt.(1883m1)

Pharos. (Arch.) A te= rm applied by the Greeks and Romans to a lighthouse (q.v.). It was derived f= rom the structure on the island of= Pharos, near Alexandria, which was regarded as typical.(1891a1)

$H Phaselus. Egypt

Egyp. (NVF08@H[=3Dphaselos]). A l= ight Egyptian boat, long and narrow in shape, and made of very slight material= s, such as osier, papyrus, and terra‑cotta; it derived its name from t= he resemblance it bore to the pod of a bean (NVF08@H[=3Dphaselos]).(188= 3m1)

$H Phaskon.

Gr. A vessel of a fl= attened ovoid form, with a long spout, and a handle at the top, like the askos.

Fig. 542. Phaskon.(1883m1)

$H Phathyrites.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

The Greek name for the city and nome in Upper Egypt which was called by the Egyptians Seshesh. (1= 876c1)

$H Pheles. Tyre

One of the many usurpers who occupied the throne of Tyre after the murder of Abdashtoreth, the last of= the house of Hiram. (1876c1)

$H Phelloplastic.

The art of reproduci= ng celebrated buildings or bird's‑eye views of towns in cork. By emplo= ying a reduced scale the exact dimensions of a building or city may be given. = This process, which was invented by Agostino Rosa = in 1780, has been found useful in making models of harb= ours, docks, &c.(1891a1)

$H Phenakistoscope.

(N,<"64FJ46ÎH[=3Dphenakistikos], deceptive, and = F6@BXT[=3Dskopeo], to vie= w), or Spetroscope. A toy for illustrating the du= ration of impressions on the retina of the eye. (See SPECTRA.)(1883m1)

$H Phenicine. An indigo purple pigment.(1883m1)

$H Pheon. Heraldry

Pheon. (Her.) This heraldic charge represents a broad arrow head, such as was discharged from a crossbow. It was a mark of roya= lty, and as such still survives in the well‑known broad arrow. ILLUS. pheon(1891a1)

Pheon, Her. A pointed spear‑head borne with the point in base. (Boutell.) "The peon, or pheon, = was a barbed javelin; the heads of these are still heraldic bearings, and from their figure, we find the barbs e= scalloped, or invecked<= /i> as the heralds term it, aside." (Meyrick.) Fig. 543. Pheon.(1883m= 1)

$H Pheretrum. (See FERETRUM.)= (1883m1)

$H Phiala, Phialê.

Gr. (N4V80[=3Dphiale]). The G= reek term synonymous with the Latin PATERA. But Jacquemar= t says, "Quant à la phiale, sorte de petite bouteille qui nous a donné le mot fiole; el= le figure assez souvent dans les mains des divinités."(1883m1)

$H Phigaleian or Phigalian Marbles.

Phigaleian Marbles. (Sculp.) The sculptured frieze from the temple of Apollo Epicurius, at Phigaleia, is now at the British Museum, and is generally described as the Phigaleian Marbles. It represents the battle between the Centaurs and Amazons, and belongs to the best period of Greek Art. But it is restless and violent in composition, and lacks the restraint characteristic of the style of Phidias.(1891a1)

Phigalian Marbles. Friezes in the Hellenic room of t= he British Museum, from a temple to Apollo Epicurius, near the ancient Phigalia in Arcadia. There = are twenty‑three slabs in high relief, eleven representing the battle between the Centaurs and the Lapithae, and the rest the contest of the Gr= eeks and Amazons. They are attributed to the same period as the Parthenon, but= are considered inferior in style and workmanship. (Fig. 544.)

Fig. 544. Part of the Frieze of the temple of Apollo Epicurius near Phigalia.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Philactery. (See PHYLACTERY= .) (1883m1)

$H Philae. Egypt

An island in the Nile near Nubia, anciently called Pa-ilak. The reputed tomb of= Osiris, and a place of such sanctity that the Egypt= ians are said to have sworn "By him who sleeps at = Philae," i.e. Osiris. It is famous for the= ruins of its great temples, chiefly of the Greek and even Roman period, but the= re are some of the time of Nectanebo.(1876c1)

$H Philatory. Christianity

A reliquary containi= ng the bones or relics of a saint. That represented in our cut is at Aix‑la‑Chapelle, and is said to conta= in the arm of St. Simon the Just. ILLUS. philator(1891a1)

$H Philinos. Egypt

The father of Pyrrha<= /span>, the athlophoros of the goddess Berenice Euergetes under Ptolemy V. (1876c1)

$H Philip, St. Christianity

The first of the Apo= stles who was called upon to follow Christ. In art he is represented as wearing= a short beard and carrying in his hand a staff surmounted by a small cross.= The principal scenes in his life which have suggested subjects to painters are his exorcising a dragon at Hieropolis and his martyrdom. In some pictures of his martyrdom he is represented as crucifi= ed with his head downwards.(1891a1)

$H Philitis. Egypt

An Egyptian architect, who is traditionally said to have designed the great pyramid. (1876c1)

$H Philomel. Poetical for the nightingale.(1883m1)

$H Philotera. Egypt

An Egyptian town on the Red Sea, seventy-five miles from Coptos. It was also called AEnum. (1876c1)=

$H Philotera-her-sankh.= Egypt

A priestess of the god Pthah-Sokari-Osiris, and princess of the house of Ptolemy. She was the daughter of the prophet Ra-= nofre-ab. (1876c1)

$H Philyra and Philura. Egypt

Gr. (N48bD"[=3Dphilura]). Stri= ps of papyrus used for making a sheet of writing‑paper; ten or twelve str= ips of papyrus were first glued together lengthwise, and at the back of these= a sufficient number of strips were fastened crosswise to double the thickne= ss of the surface so obtained.(1883m1)

$H Phimus, Gr. (N<= /span>4:<= /span>`H<= /span>[=3Dphimos]). = ; A<= /span> Greek term synonymous with FRITILLUS (q.v.). (1883m1)

$H Phiolae Rubricatae. (See SANGUINOLE= NTA.) (1883m1)

$H Phiops. Egypt

Phiops. Or Phius= . Acc= ording to the Greek lists a king of Memphis, the predecessor of Methu-suphis. He has been supposed to have been the same with Pepi-Merira, which see. (1876c1)

$H Phius. [See Phiops - Editor]

$H Phlox. "Flame.&q= uot; Phoenicia

In Phenician mythology one of the sons of Genus, the discoverer of fire, and one of the fathers of the giants. See Pur and= Phos. (1876c1)

$H Phocas, St. Christianity

In the Greek Church = St. Phocas is the patron saint of gardens and gardeners= . The legend runs that he lived near the city of Sinope, w= here he cultivated his garden and distributed gifts among the poor. One night some strangers came to his door, and after they had supped they told him they = had been commanded to seek out Phocas and to put = him to death. Phocas dug a grave in his garden and t= hen revealed himself. He was put to death and buried among his flowers. In Byzantine pictures and mosaics representations of St. Phocas, spade in hand, are common, but they do not occur in later art.(1891a1)

$H Pho= enix.

The Greek = name of the mystical bird Bennu, the lapwing, or the soul of Osiris. It was the emblem alike of the soul and of the great solar astronomical cycle of 1461 (1265?) years, the recurrence of which formed a national epoch called the return of the Phoenix. (1876c1)

Chr. In Christian archaeology the phoenix, which is consumed by concentrating the sun's rays in its body, and immediately ris= es again from its ashes, represents the mystery of the resurrection after de= ath. In this sense it was adopted frequently as a device by ecclesiastics. (See BENNOU.) In blazon it is always represented as issuant from flames. (Fig. 545.) Fig. 545. <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Phoenix. Device of Cardinal Trent.(1883m1)

--- $H Phoenix. Egypt

See BENNU.(1902b1)

$H Phorminx. Greece

Gr. (N`D:4(>[=3Dphormingx]). Ho= mer's epithet for the ancient lyre.= It was a large lyre, and resembled the cithara of later times, or the modern guitar. It was used at an early period sing= ly, or for accompanying recitations.(1883m1)

$H Phos. "Light." Phoenicia

In Phenician mythology the son of Genus. He and his brethren discovered the art of mak= ing fire, and were the parents of the giants. See Phlox. (1876c1)

$H Photocalque.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

A kind of camera obscura, in which by a combination of mirrors an im= age may be obtained upon a piece of polished glass, placed horizontally, and a tracing taken of it without difficulty.(1891a1)

$H Photochromatic.

A term applied to al= l those processes the object of which is to reproduce colour= s by photographic methods.(1891a1)

$H Photogalvanography.<= /span>

A process of heliogr= aphic engraving, by means of which drawings either in relief or incised may be obtained and clichés made from them.(1891a1)

An art invented by M= r. Paul Pretsch, of Vienna, for printing from photographs by the medium of gutta= percha. For a description of the process, see= the Manual of Photography, 5th editi= on, pp. 269, 270.(1883m1)

$H Photogenic.

A term applied to colours which act upon sensiti= sed photographic plates.(1891a1)

$H Photoglyphic Engravi= ng.

An invention of Mr. = Fox Talbot (1858) for engraving on metal plates by the action of light. (See = Photographic Journal, vol. v. p. 58.)(1883m1)

$H Photoglyptic.=

A process of engravi= ng in which photographic clichés are used. A cliché in gelatine is obtained from a cliché on glass.= The gelatine cliché having been covered with a s= pecial kind of ink, prints white or black, according as it represents the light = or shadowed portions of the picture reproduced.(1891a1)

$H Photograph.

A faithful represent= ation of an object obtained by the action of the sun's rays upon a chemically prep= ared plate.(1891a1)

$H Photographic Camera.

A rectangular case, = the sides of which are of leather and allow the distance between the two vert= ical faces to be increased or diminished at will. The object glass is placed on one vertical face, while the other is covered by a piece of dull glass. By expanding the camera and regulating its distance from the object which is= to be reproduced, an image of extraordinary clearness may be obtained. It is thus that the proper "focus" of an object is found. To obtain a photographic image, a frame containing a sensitive plate is placed at the back of the camera. ILLUS. photogra(1891a1)

$H Photography.

A process of obtaini= ng images of natural objects by means of chemical agents and special apparatus.(1891a1)

A great many process= es of producing pictures by the action of the sun's rays upon a sensitive surfa= ce are included under this general term, such as the Daguerreotype, the Talbotype, &c. [Consult in the first instance R. Hunt's Manual of Photography,= from which reference can be taken to other authorities.](1883m1)

--- $H Ph= otography, Instantaneous.

The process of obtai= ning photographic proofs instantaneously, or in a scarcely appreciable space of time, by opening and shutting the object glass as rapidly as possible. In= stantaneous photography has yielded valuable information on the movements of horses a= nd other questions, which without its aid were well‑nigh insoluble.(1891a1)

--- $H Ph= otography on Enamel.

Photograp= hic proofs transferred to enamel and rendered inalterable by baking.(1891a1)<= o:p>

--- $H Ph= otography, Polychrome.

A term including all= the processes by which photographic proofs in colour are obtained.(1891a1)

$H Photogravure.

A process by which photographic clichés are transformed to plates in relief, from whi= ch prints may be obtained. The term is also applied to the prints thus obtained.(1891a1)

$H Photolithography.

A process which cons= ists in transforming a photographic cliché to a drawing upon stone.(1891a1= )

The art of preparing lithographic stones for printing from, by the medium of photography.(1883= m1)

$H Photometallography.<= /span>

A process of etching= on metal plates, by the action of light, invented by Mr. C. J. Burnett (1858= ). (See Photographic Journal, vo= l. v. p. 97.)(1883m1)

$H Photometer.

An instrument for me= asuring the intensity of light.(1883m= 1)

$H Photosculpture.

A process which cons= ists in photographing a model from several points of view, and making a rough ske= tch in clay by following with a pantograph the outline of the photographs, ea= ch of which gives a different aspect of the model. A rough sketch of a figur= e is thus obtained, and only a few touches are necessary to get rid of the edg= es and impart individuality to the subject.(1891a1)

$H Phototype.

A plate, like an eng= raved plate, produced from a photograph, for printing from.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Phototypography.

A process by means o= f which photographic clichés may be transformed to engravings in relief, w= hich may be printed from in a typographic press.(1891a1)

$H Photozincography.

The art of preparing= zinc plates for printing from, by the medium of photography.(1883m1)

$H Phra. [See Pharaoh - Editor]

$H Phrahiunamif.= Egypt

A son of Rameses II. of the XIXth dynas= ty. (1876c1)

$H Phraortes.

Phraortes. A Median chief who revolted against Darius Hystaspes by himself claiming to have been Xathritas of the race of Cyaxa= res. He prevailed upon the Medians to make him king, but he was defeated by Hydarnes, the general of Darius, and then raising another army was again defeated by Dadarses, whom he in turn blockaded till the arrival of the Persian general Vomises, who took Phraortes prisoner, and then cutting off his nose, ears, and lips, sent him to Darius, who chained him to the door= of the royal palace at Ecbatana.(1876c1)

Phraortes. The son of Diaku, king of the Medes. He s= till further enlarged and consolidated the kingdom made by his father, and conquered the Persian tribes who dwelt to the South of Media. He combined with the disaffected tribes of Babylon to resist the power of the Assyrians, but he was defeated and slain at the battle of Rhages. His son Vakistar, the Cyaxares of the Greeks, succeeded him, and delivered his country from the power of the Assyrians. (Lenormant.)(1876c1)

$H Phrase. Music

In Music, a passage = of melody or harmony containing a musical idea, more or less complete in res= pect of cadence.(1883m1)

$H Phre. [See Pharaoh - = Editor].

$H Phreseutas. Cyprus

The son of Aristagoro= n the Cypriote. (1876c1)

$H Phrygian. Applied to music of a lively kind. = (Cf. LYDIAN.)(1883m1)

$H Phrygian Work. O.E. Embroidery= . (See ORFRAYS.)(1883m1)

$H Phrygianum.

(opus). A name given to all fine embroidery by the Romans, at a period when the w= ork of the Phrygian women was most perfect.(1883m1)

$H Phrygio.

R. A Phrygian, or embroiderer, because the inhabitants of Phrygia had the reputation of being excellent embroiderers.(1883m1)

$H Phthemphuthus. Egypt

A Greek nome of Lower Egypt, West of the Phatnitic branch of = the Nile. Its chief town was named Tava. (1876c1)

$H Phthenotes. Egypt

A Greek nome of Lower Egypt, West of the Phatnitic branch of = the Nile, anciently called the city and nome of Patanut. Its chief town was Butos. (1876c1)

$H Phthontis. Egypt

A Greco-Egyptian town in the desert belong= ing to the Apollinopolite no= me of the Thebaid in Uppe= r Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Phut. Egypt

An uncertain Egyptian goddess. (Wilkinson.) (1876c1)

$H Phylace. Egypt

A chief town in the H= ermopolite nome of the Heptanomos. It was the seat of the transit duties under the Ptolemaic dynasty. (1876c= 1)

$H Phylactery.

Phylactery. Gen. (NL8"6JZD4@<[=3Dphulakterion], a preservative).

(1) A general term w= hich included any kind of amulet worn about the person as a protection against dangers of all kinds.

(2) Strips of parchm= ent or vellum, upon which the Jews transcribed passages from the sacred books, a= nd which they either wore upon the arm or the forehead, in a small leather b= ox.

(3) In the Middle Ag= es the term was applied to the scrolls held in the hands of angels or other pers= ons represented in painting or sculpture. These scrolls bore inscriptions. (S= ee LABELS.)(1883m1)

Phylactery. A phylac= tery is a band which was worn by the ancients, the Jews especially. In artistic representations of the Gothic period figures often hold phylacteries, the ends of which are curled up in their hands. Legends, mottoes, verses of t= he Psalms, &c., are frequently inscribed on these phylacteries. In manuscripts of the same period phylacteries are employed as borders to pa= ges and are wound round bunches of flowers and foliage. ILLUS. philacter(1891a1)

$H Phylaka.

Gr. (NL8"6Z[=3Dphulake]). A pr= ison; a Greek term corresponding to the Latin words CARCER and ERGASTULUM (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Physicians. Egypt

According to Herodotus there were specialists among the Egyptian doctors - "so= me for diseases of the eyes, others for the head, or the teeth, or the stomach, = or for internal diseases." But in early times it is probable that there were the two classes of doctors, those who had been through what training= it was possible to give in the priestly schools, and those who simply preten= ded to cure by the use of amulets and magical formulae. The medical papyri (q.v.) are about equally composed= of practical remedies and magic. The best instructed physicians knew little = of anatomy, religious scruples preventing dissection. T= hoth was the god who presided over this branch of science. He was called the f= irst physician and the first surgeon. Bone-setting seemed, however, to have be= en under the protection of Sekhet, fractures bei= ng cured by intercession with her.

The royal physicians enjoyed considerable distinction. A certain k= ing Sahura presented his chief physician with a costly "false door" for his tomb, the making of which he personally superintended.(1902b1)

$H Phytography.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

A process of nature&= #8209;printing from plants, by passing them between soft metal plates through a rolling press.(1883m1)