$H Piaa. Egypt

An Egyptian functionary of the XVIIIth dynasty. He married the lady Nub-em-usekh, which is all that is known concerning him. (1876c1)

$H Piai. Egypt

Piai. The father of the royal scribe Amen-em-ap, whi= ch see. (1876c1)

Piai. A keeper of the gates of the palace of an unna= med king of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

Piai. An Egyptian functionary of the XVIIIth dynasty= . He was the "Bearer of the books of the king in the chair of justice,&qu= ot; in other words, a clerk of the legislature. He had a son named Apui or Amen-em-ab. (1876c1)

$H Piankhi. Egypt

A son of Her-hor-si-a= mun, of the XXIst dynasty. (1876c1)

The high-priest of Amen Ra in the reign of Her-hor-si-amun in the X= XIst dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Piankhi I. Egypt

Piankhi. The Ethiopian king who lived at Napata= during the eighth century B.C., and conquered Egypt. The celebrated "Stela of Piankhi," a granite block covered with an inscription telling of his victories in Egypt, = was set up at Gebel Barkel in Nubia. His queen Ameniritis is well known from her beautiful alabaster statue no= w in the Cairo Museum.(1902b1)

Piankhi. Surnamed Meramen. A king of Ethiopia, who held Egypt under his control at = the close of the XXIInd dynasty, at which time the kingdom was divided into thirteen petty principalities. In the twenty-first year of his reign Tafn= ekht, king of Menouthes, and commander of the troops, incited the whole of the confederate princes to revolt, which they did, entrenching themselves und= er the charge of Prince Namrut in the city of Hermopolis. This city Piankhi reduced by a sharp blockade, and then advanced to = Memphis, which still held out. After a savage siege Piankhi reduced the capital, and then received tribute and honour from the priests and the rebels. Tafnekht escaped to Cyprus, whence he sent his submission to the king. After this Piankhi was allowed to enter the most sacred shrines of the deities Ra and Tum, and returned to Thebes with great power and glory. He= was remarkable for his great veneration of the deity Amen, and for his clemen= cy to the conquered. The length of his reign and the time of his death are unrecorded. The stele recording the victories of Piankhi is one of the longest historical documents of ancient Egypt.

$H Piankhi II. Egypt

A king of Ethiopia. He succeeded Amen= -meri-nut, and married the princess Amen-iritis, the sister of Shabaka<= /span>, who had been regent of Egypt under the reigns of his predecessors. He was completely subordinate to he= r, and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Psametik I.= (1876c1)

$H <= span class=3DSpellE>Piankhi III. Egypt

Piankhi III. Surnamed Ra-user-ma. A king of the XXIInd dynasty who is only known from his statuette in the Museum of the Louvre, in which he is called a "Son of Hast&q= uot; and an Erpa<= /i>, or hereditary prince, apparently by virtue of his marriage with a princes= s of the Bubastite dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Piazza.

It. A square or open= place surrounded by buildings, generally supported by pillars, and forming a vaulted promenade; hence the term is sometimes applied to the archways of= a colonnade.(1883m1)

$H <= span class=3DSpellE>Pib-amen. Egypt

Pib-amen. Or Peb-amen. A functionary in the temple of Amen Ra. His father's name was <= span class=3DSpellE>Dsja-ta-baf-ankh, and his mummy is in the Leyden= Museum. (1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Pibroch.

Scotch. Bagpipe music.(1883m1)

$H Pica.

(pic). Printing type of th= e size formerly used in printing the pic, or service‑book.(1883m1)<= /p>

$H Piccadilly.

Old Fr. A high, broa= d, peaked collar or ruff, temp. = James I. The tailor who made these ruffs is said to have built the street calle= d by this name.(1883m1)

$H Piccagium.

Med. Lat. (English u= se). Money paid in fairs for breaking ground.(1883m1)

$H Piccolo. <= /h1>

It. A small flute. S= mall pianofortes are so called also.(1883m1)

$H Pictura.

R. (pingo, to paint). The art= of painting; pi= ctura in tabula, a painting on wood; pictura in linteo or in sipari= o, a painting on canvas; pictura inusta<= /i>, a painting in encaustic or wax; pictura udo tectorio, a fre= sco‑painting. Embroidery was called pictura textilis.(1883m1)

$H Picturatus.

R. Painted; tabella= picturata, a painted panel; linteum picturatum, embroidered linen.(1883m1)

$H Picture. <= /h1>

A representation of = any object in the natural world painted upon canvas or panel is termed a pict= ure. In ancient times the majority of pictures were painted on mural surfaces,= but pictures hung upon a wall as decorations were known to the Greeks and Rom= ans, as may be seen by our cut, which is taken from a wall‑painting at <= st1:City w:st=3D"on">Pompeii. ILLUS. picture(1891a1)

--- $H Picture Frame.

Egypt<= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-= ansi-language: EN-GB'>. Until the present time there has been but one specimen only foun= d, and that was discovered by Petrie when excavating in the cemetery of= Hawara in 1889. It is made of painted wood and contains a portrait; the corners = are joined with mortises and tenons. There is a s= lit running down both the top sides, evidently for the purpose of allowing a sliding cover to pass; and as a sheet of clear glass has been discovered among the ruins of Tanis, it is not impossibl= e that the picture may have been covered with that material. This unique specime= n is now in the British Museum.(1902b1)

The object of a picture frame is to isolate a pictur= e from the surrounding wall‑surface. Every frame should be designed to suit the picture which it is intended to fit, if the picture is to have its pr= oper effect, but unfortunately the general practice is to make all picture fra= mes uniform in substance and design. The picture frames of the Renaissance and the periods of Louis XIV., XV., and XVI. were of carved wood and of considerable artistic merit. Modern frames are usually made of wood or pasteboard, sometimes gilded and decorated with mouldings. The majority of them, however, are manufactured wholesale, and lack character. During the last few years a new system of framing has been introduced, in which plus= h, velvet, satin, sackcloth Japanese stamped leathers, and other materials, = have played an important part. In France frames covered with these materials have long been popular. The hard and = fast rule which the Royal Academy imposes on exhibitors of framing their pictures in gilt frames has checked the ingen= uity and taste of English artists in this direction. 2 ILLUS. picturf1, picturf2= (1891a1)

&nbs= p; <= /span>

--- $H Picture, To make a.

A scene or group whi= ch composes well and hangs together is said to make a picture. A composition fails to make a picture when it is unhappily conceived and badly arranged.(1891a1)

$H Picturesque.

All manifestations o= f nature which have effect, relief, and colour, or ind= eed are worthy to inspire a work of art, are said to be picturesque. "Design, relief, and colour make up the picturesque Trinity," says a famous art critic. All that charms us by its aspect and arrangement, as well as by the absence of the commonplace,= may be called picturesque. Thus t= here is picturesqueness in a limited sense of the = word in ruins, cottages, &c. In the broadest application of the term it ma= y be said that everything that is paintable is picturesque.(1891a1)

$H Piea. Egypt

An overseer of the White House or Hall of = some deity. His statue is in the Leyden Museum. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

$H Pie-aei. Egypt

A priest of the god Ra. Uncertain period; possibly the XVIIIth dynasty. (Leemans.) (1876c1)

$H Pièce de Maitrise.

Fr. A test‑work produced by an apprentice to prove his competence to become a master of his art or craft.(1883= m1)

$H Piece‑mould.

In taking a cast of = a statue or model in plaster of Paris, the wet plaster of Paris is put on and remo= ved in pieces. The mould thus formed is called a piece‑mould, the pieces being fitted together before the mould is used for obtaining a cast.(1891= a1)

$H Pied‑droit. Architecture

(Arch.) A term applied to the vertical part of a wall supporting an arch; also to the vertical sides of= an opening of a bay. In this sense the term does not differ from jamb. In the Romanesque style ja= mb‑stones are sometimes found in the form of pilasters or square or prismatic pilla= rs without any colonnette at their angles. ILLUS. pieddroi(1891a1)

$H Piedouche.

Piedouche, Fr. A bracket‑pedestal.(1883m1)

(Arch.) A pedestal o= f small dimensions and of a peculiar shape used for supporting a bust. Piedouches generally consist of a large hollow moulding, enriched above and below with projecting = mouldings. Of late years, however, many sculptors h= ave adopted the fashion of cutting off busts abruptly and setting them upon a square piedouche without any moulding or decoration, save a cartouche bearing an inscription. ILLUS. piedouch(1891a1)

$H Pieds de Hér= isson.

Fr. Fabulous animals= so called represented on Persian pottery, mentioned by = Jacquemart (p. 152); having the legs of a stag, the tail of a tiger, and the head of= a woman. The legend is that Mohamet and Ali will mount such beasts on the Day of Judgment.(1883m1)

$H Pien-nun-enpe. Egypt

A prophet of the deity Month, the husband = of the priestess Teti-hornoub, which see. (1876c= 1)

$H Pier. Architecture

Piers, in Architectu= re, are the perpendicular supports from which arches spring.(1883m1)

Pier. (Arch.) The te= rm pier may be applied to any verti= cal support, such as a pillar or column, or the wall between two windows. In architecture the term is now seldom used, but in the language of construc= tion it is frequently and widely employed. ILLUS. pier(1891a1)

$H Pieta or Pietà.

Pietà, It. A = picture or statue of the Body of Christ, attended by the Virgin Mary, or by holy women and angels.(1883m1)

Pieta. A term applie= d to pictures representing the Dead Christ. The Virgin and sorrowing women sta= nd near, and sometimes the Virgin holds the head of Christ in her lap.(1891a= 1)

$H Pietra Dura.=

Mosaic panelling of hard pebbles of variegated colours, repres= enting fruit, birds, &c. in relief, and used as a decoration for coffers and cabinets in the 15th century.(1883m1)

$H Pietré Comme= sse.

It. Costly inlaid= 209;work representing flowers, fruit, &c., in precious stones ‑ such as agates, jaspers, lapis lazuli, &c. ‑ introduced in Florence in the = 17th century, and still maintained in the royal manufactory of that city. The finest examples are in the chapel of the Medici attached to the cathedral= church of St. Lorenzo.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Pig.

A black pig was repr= esented at St. Anthony's feet, representing his victory over sensuality and glutt= ony. The monks of the order of St. Anthony used to keep herds of consecrated pigs.(1883m1)

--- $H Pig. Egypt

This animal figures but rarely on the monuments, and was probably not used for food. Herodotus speaks of seeing a herd of pigs "treading in the seed." (See AGRICULTURE.= ) From the "Book of the Dead" (q.v.) we learn that Set, the enemy of Osiris, once = took the form of a pig.(1902b1)

$H Pigments. =

The colours used in painting. A large number are described in their order. Standard w= orks on ancient and modern pigments are Eastlake's Materials for a History of Painting; Merrifield's Ancient Art of Painting; Hundertpfund's= Art of Painting restored to its Simplest and Surest Principles. An exhaus= tive catalogue of other works on the subject has been issued by the Librarian = of the South Kensington Museum.(1883m1)

--- $H Pigments, Egypt.

As far back as the Vth Dynasty seven colours wer= e in use; yellow, red, blue, brown, black, white and green; and in the XVIIIth Dynasty, three yellows, three browns, two b= lues, two reds, and two greens; making about fourteen or sixteen different tint= s. The composition of the chief colours was as follows: White - sulphate of lime, or gypsum; Yellow - ochre, or sulphate of arsenic, our modern orpim= ent; Red - ochre, or cinnabar; Dark Red - oxide of iron with a small admixture= of sand; Blue - pulverized lapis lazuli, or a cheaper kind from glass colour= ed by silicate of copper and powdered; Pink - sulphate of lime coloured by s= ome organic substance, probably madder; Black - from cal= cined animal bones.

The colours were so well prepared, that to this day much of the wo= rk of Egyptian artists retains almost all its original brilliancy. The pigme= nts were mixed as required with water and a little gum t= ragacanth. Varnish was not used until about the time of the XIX= th Dynasty. It was probably made from the gum of some kind of acacia. This method, however, was found to be unsuitable, as it both cracked and darke= ned the paintings, and so was discontinued about the close of the same Dynast= y. (See COBALT.)(1902b1)<= /span>

$H Pihirim.

The king of Cilicia, in the time of Shalmaneser II., king of Assyria.(1876c1)

$H Pi-hor. Egypt

A priest of the temple of Amen Ra= . He was the son of Isi-tefnaschti. His double sarcophagus and mummy are in the Leyden Museum. (1876c1)

$H Pike.

A celebrated infantr= y weapon now replaced by the bayonet, consisting of a strong spear or lance with a spike at the butt for fixing in the ground. The shape of the head has var= ied at different periods.(1883m1)

$H Pila.

R. This word has dif= ferent meanings, according as the first syllable is long or short. In the first = case it denotes (1) a mortar; (2) a pillar or conical pier for supporting the superstructure of a bridge; (3) a breakwater. When the first syllable is short, the word denotes (1) a playing‑ball. The game of ball, from = the earliest times to the fall of the Roman Empire, was one of the favourite exercises of the Gre= eks and Romans. In the baths and the gymnasiums a room (= sphaeristerium) was set a= part for the purpose. Pila was a small ball; follis, a large one filled with air: other balls were the paganica and the harpastum. (2) Pila vitrea<= /i>, a glass globe. (3) A dummy made to roughly imitate the human form.(1883m1)<= o:p>

$H Pilaster. = Architecture

Pilaster, It. A squa= re pillar on a wall, partly embedded in it, one‑fourth or one‑fi= fth of its thickness projecting.(1883m1)

Pilaster. (Arch.) A = square support terminated a base and a capital. In Greek architecture the capita= l of a pilaster always differed from that of a column. In buildings of the Rom= an and Renaissance periods, on the other hand, the capitals of pilasters were actual capitals of columns drawn upon a square plane. 2 ILLUS. pilaste1, pilaste2(18= 91a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp;

$H Pilastya.

An Hindu deity, who was invested by Brahma with the power of creation. See Angiras. (1876c1)

$H Pile. Heraldry

Pile. (1) Her. One o= f the ordinaries, in form like a wedge. (2) An arrow used in hunting, with a ro= und knob below the head, to prevent it penetrating too far. (3) The nap or surface on velvet.(1883m1)

Pile. (Her.) The pil= e, which is classified in heraldry as a subordinary, <= /i>is a long pointed stake extending from the top of the shield to the base. It= is supposed to represent the stakes of wood driven into the ground to form foundations for castles. When charges are so arranged on a shield as to suggest the shape of a pile, they are described as borne in‑pile. The proper description of the second cut is Argent, three swords in pile, their points towards the base. ILLUS. pile(1891a1)=

$H Pileatus.

R. One who wears the= pileus,= or skull‑cap of felt; it was specially worn by the seafaring classes, = and also by the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux).(1883m1)

$H Pilentum. Rome

R. A state carriage = in which the Roman ladies rode when attending any ceremony, whereas for purposes of recreation or for visiting they made use of the carpentum or the harmamaxa.(1883m1)

$H Pileolus. Costume

R. Diminutive of PIL= EUS; it was a small felt skull‑cap which hardly covered the top of the head.(1883m1)

$H Piles. Architecture

Piles. (Arch.) A ser= ies of stakes driven into the ground and held together at the top by a frame wor= k of timber. They serve as a foundation for masonry when the ground is damp or unstable. Works constructed in water are also built upon piles. 2 ILLUS. piles1, piles2(1891a1= )

&nbs= p; &nbs= p; &nbs= p;

$H = Pileum. [See Pileus - Editor]

$H = Pileus.

Pileus, Pileum, R. (BÃ8@H[=3Dp= ilos], felt). A kind of close‑fitting felt cap worn more particularly by the seafaring classes. The pileus varied in form amongst the different nations by whom it was adopted; it w= as worn exclusively by men. The most familiar form of the pileus, in art, is the Phrygian bonnet, or cap of liberty. (Cf. PETASUS.)(1883m1)=

Pileus. A round felt= cap, generally brimless, which was worn by the ancients. The Phrygian cap whic= h Paris is represe= nted an wearing in the Aeginetan marbles is a form of= the pileus. 2 ILLUS. pileus1, pileus2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; =

$H Pillar. Architecture

(Arch.) Vertical sup= ports with or without decoration. They are especially used in Gothic architectu= re, sometimes singly, sometimes in clusters. Pillars are frequently square and sometimes surrounded with columns. In the Early English period they are r= ound or cruciform. In the 14th century they are supported on pedestals equal in number to the colonnettes which cluster round= them. In the 15th century they lose their capitals. ILLUS. pill= ar(1891a1)

$H Pillar Dollars. <= /span>

Pillar Dollars are S= panish silver coins, stamped on the obverse with the royal arms of Spain supported by two columns.(1883m1)

$H Pillion. <= /h1>

O.E. A soft pad̴= 9;saddle with a footrest, for a woman or child to ride on behind a man.(1883m1)

$H Pillow or Head‑stool or Headrest. Egypt

Pillow or Head‑stool or Headrest. Egyp. A kind of rest for the head, made sometimes of stone (onyx, alabaster, or sandstone), but more generally of wood, and us= ed by the Egyptians to support and raise the head during sleep. In form it w= as a half‑cylinder, and the base was more or less raised above the groun= d. This kind of pillow is still in use at the present day among various peop= les, particularly the Nubians, the Japanese, and the Asha= ntees of Western Africa.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Pillow‑beres.

O.E. Pillow‑ca= ses. They were at all times an object of rich ornamentation.(1883m1)

$H Pillow Lace.

Lace worked by hand,= by throwing bobbins upon a cushi= on or pillow. (See LACE.)(1883m1)

$H Pilum.

R. A javelin; the mi= ssile weapon of the Roman infantry, but used likewise as a pike for charging the enemy. It was a thick strong weapon, 6 feet 3 inches in length, half of w= ood and half of iron, with a barbed head of 9 inches of solid iron. The term = also denotes a heavy pestle for bruising things in a mortar.(1883m1)

$H Pilus. Med. Lat. (Fr. pieu). A pointed club or javelin.(1883m1)

$H Pily. Heraldry

(Her.) A term applie= d to a shield covered with piles.(1891a1)

$H Pina. Sp. An amalgam of silver.(1883m1)

$H Pinacotheca.

Pinacotheca, Gr. and R. (B4<"6@‑2Z60[=3Dpinako‑theke]). A picture‑gallery, one of the ordinary adjuncts to Greek or Roman hou= ses of wealthy private persons.(1883m1)

Pinacotheca. A name given at Athens to the hall of the Propylaea, in which pictures were displayed. In the= time of the Roman empire, when Greek art had influenced the Romans, picture galleries in private houses were called pinacothecae. The term has survived in modern times to denote a museum of paintings, su= ch, for instance, as the Pinakothek at Munich.(18= 91a1)

$H Pinaculum. Graeco-= Roman

Gr. and R. (a ridge = or crest). A roof terminating in a ridge, the ordinary covering for a temple, whereas private houses had a flat roof.(1883m1)

$H Pinchas. Peru

Huircas or Pinchas. Peruv. Subterranean aqueducts of= the ancient Peruvians, distinct from the barecac or open conduits.(1883m1)

$H Pinchbeck.

An alloy of 85 per c= ent. copper or brass, and 15 per cent. zinc; named after its inventor. It is sometimes called tomback.(1883m1)

An alloy of copper, = zinc, and tin, of a fine yellow colour which readily adapts itself to gilding processes, and is much used in the manufacture of cheap jewellery. This alloy got its name from Christopher Pinchbeck, a musical‑clock maker, who plied his trade in Fleet Street in the last century. He invented the cheap imitation of gold= by which he will always be remembered.(1891a1)

$H Pindaric. = Poetry

Of verses, irregular= in metre; like the verses of the lyric poet Pindar.(1883m1)

$H Pinepti. Egypt

One of the false mouths of the river Nile. (1876c1)

$H Pinetsem. Egypt

Pinetsem. Or= Pinezem. Another form of the Egyptian royal name Painetem, which see. (1876c1)

$H Pinezem. Egypt [See Pinetsem]

$H Pingle Pan.

Scotch. A small tin = ladle used for mixing children's food.(1883m1)

$H Pink.

Pink. A pale rose colour. The term is also applied to a series of pig= ments of a greenish yellow colour, obtained by precipitating upon a base of chalk or alumina the juice of a plant known = to botanists as rhamnus frangula. [Italian Pink.](1891a1)

Pinks (Fr. stil de grain). These are water̴= 9;colour pigments of a yellow or greenish‑yello= w colour produced from the precipitation of vegetable juices, such as saffron, aloes, buckthorn‑berries, broom‑flow= ers, &c., upon chalk or whiting. They are Italian pink, someti= mes called yellow lake; brown pink, rose pink, and Dutch = pink.(1883m1)

--- $H Pink Madder. (See MADDER.) (1883m1)

$H Pinking. <= /h1>

Stamping out borders= and edges upon textile fabrics with a cutting instrument.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Pinna.

R. (lit. a wing). (1= ) The top of an embattled wall, the bat= tlements. (2) The blade of a rudder.(1883m1)

$H Pinnacle. = Architecture

Pinnacle, Arch. A sm= all spire, generally with four sides and ornamented; it is usually placed on = the tops of buttresses, both external and internal.(1883m1)=

Pinnacle. (Arch.) A = small bell turret in the form of a pyramid upon a polygonal base. In buildings = of the Romanesque style instead of pinnacles we find very simple finials. The pinnacles of the 11th and 12th centuries are sometimes terminated with a = sort of cone. In the 13th century they are richly decorated and terminated with pyramids, the edges of which are ornamented with crockets, while their ba= ses are flanked with smaller pyramids. In the 14th century they are of extraordinary lightness, and in the 15th they consist of clusters of pris= ms and are terminated with pyramids intersecting one another. Finally in the 16th century pinnacles are richly decorated with sculptured figures, but = they are not executed with the skill which is characteristic of the preceding period. ILLUS. pinnacle(1= 891a1)

$H Pins.

Metal pins were intr= oduced into this country from France in 1543, previous to which ladies were accustomed to fasten their dresses with skewers of box‑wood, ivory, or bone.(1883m1)=

$H Pinx.

An abbreviation of t= he Latin word pinxit<= /i>. It often follows the name of the painter of a picture which is reproduced= by the process of engraving, lithography, or photogravure.(1891a1)

$H Piouer. Egypt

A royal scribe attached to the temple of Amen. Period uncertain. (1876c1)=

$H Pipe. Music

A musical wind‑= ;instrument, represented in the 14th century, in Strutt's Sport= s and Pastimes, as used with the TABOR to accompany mountebanks, &c. (S= ee also AULOS, PITO, &c.)(1883m1)

$H Pipe‑clay.

An oily clay found i= n large quantities in Devonshire; used for moulding earthenware, but chiefly for tobacco‑= ;pipes.(1883m1)

$H Pipui. Egypt

A sister of the priest Pthah-em-hebi. She was a priestess of the goddess Hathor, bu= t the period of her existence is not known. (1876c1)

$H Piriform.

Arch. Pear‑sha= ped. The term is applied to roofs domed in the form of a pear; the Baptistery of P= arma may be cited as an example.(1883m1)

$H Pirogue. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> An Indian canoe, hollowed out of a = solid tree.(1883m1)

$H Pirisati.

King of the city of Huras in = Girubbunda. He was taken captive, together with all= his army and family, by Samas-Rimmon, king of Assyria, who then slew his chief men and burned h= is city to the ground. (1876c1)

$H Pisabtinuti. Egypt

Pisabtinuti. Or Pisabtu. One of the twenty petty kingdoms of Egypt under the Assyrian Icosarchy. (1876c1)

$H Pisabtu. Egypt [See Pisabtinuti]

$H Pis-aei. Egypt

A chorister of Amen Ra. He was the son of a man named Pet-mouthf. His sarcophagus and mum= my are in the Leyden Museum. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

$H Pis-anhor. Egypt

An Egyptian, the father of the lady Taskhtali, which see. (1876c1)

$H Pis-aroer. Egypt

A spondist of = Amen Ra. He married the lady Tall or Tari, who was= a priestess of the same divinity. (1876c1)

$H Piscina.

Piscina, R. (piscis, a fish). (1) A fishpond, an indispensable appendage to the villa of a wealthy Roman. (2) A large uncovered tank in = the open air used as a swimming‑bath, and distinct from the baptisterium, which was under cover. (3) Piscina limaria was the reservoir of an aqueduct. In mediaeval archaeology the name was given (1) to credence‑tables; (2= ) to baptisteries. (See BAPTISTERIUM, NATATORIUM.)(1883m1)

Piscina. (Arch.) A re= servoir or cistern placed in the open air, and used by the Romans as a swimming b= ath. In Gothic churches the piscina was a basin in= which the priest washed the chalice after administering the sacrament. It was either set against a pillar or placed under an arcade, in which case it w= as generally richly ornamented. ILLUS. piscina(1891= a1)

$H Pisem I. Egypt

A king of the XXIst dynasty, of whom little is known. He was succeeded by Menkheper. (1876c1)

$H Pisem II. Egypt

A king of the XXIst dynasty. He succeeded Petu-ankhi I., and was himself succeeded by Hor-petu-ankhi I= I. (1876c1)

$H Pisé‑work.

A method of construc= ting very durable walls of blocks of k= neaded earth. It was probably suggested by the building processes of the ant= s, and Pliny calls such walls formaciae.(1883m1)

$H Pisiris.

A king of Carchemish who paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser I.(1876c1)

$H Pison.

In Hebrew tradition a river of Paradise= , which is now considered by Aryan scholars to have been the Upper Indus. (1876c1)

$H Pistillum, Pistillu= s. R. A pestle for a mortar.(1883m1)

$H Pistol.

Invented at Pistoia in Tuscany. (See Pallas Armata, Sir James Turner, 1670; Meyrick, iii. 76.)(1883m1)

$H Pistole.

A Spanish gold coin,= worth about 16s.; the fourth of a doubloon.(1883m1)

$H Pistolese. It. A long dagger or stabbing‑= ;knife of Pistoia.(1883m1)

$H Pistrina, Pistrinum= .

R. (pistor, a miller). Origin= ally this term denoted a mill for grinding grain; later on it was used exclusi= vely to denote a house of correction for slaves who had to turn the mill. The = work was of a most laborious kind.(1883m1)

$H Pistris, Pistrix.

R. (B\FJD4H[=3Dpistris]). (1) = A marine monster, representations of which are to be seen on the walls of several houses at Pompeii (in the legend of Theseus and Andromeda). It = is always represented with the head of a dragon, and the fins and tail of a fish; and was adopted in early Christian art for the fish that swallowed Jonah. (2) A military engine.(1883m1)

$H Pitch.

(Arch.) The pitch of= a roof is its slope or inclination to the horizon.(1891a1)

$H Pitch‑blende.

An ore used in porce= lain painting. It produces a fine orange colour; a= lso a black.(1883m1)

$H Pitcher. <= /h1>

A vessel for holding= liquids similar in shape and size to a jug.(1891a1)

$H Pitch‑pipe.

A sort of whistle for ascertaining the pitch of a m= usical instrument, or for setting the key‑note.(1883m1)<= /p>

$H Pithom Egypt

Pithom of Exodus i. 11., the Pa Tum, of ancient Egypt. Ruins of this town h= ave been identified in excavations at the modern Tel el = Maskhutah, by Edouard Naville. The name has been found on a statue and on the great tablet of Ptolemy Philadelphus discovered at this spot. The name is a= lso written Ha T= um, or Ha-neter<= /span> Tum, and was known through the lists of nomes to be the capital of the eighth nome of Lower Egypt. It is situated about t= en miles west of the southern end of Lake Timsah.

In all probability Pithom was built by= Ramses II., no monuments more ancient than those wh= ich bear his mark having been unearthed. There is no royal stamp on the brick= s. Remains of the XXIInd Dynasty - Shashanq I. and Osorkon II. - have been found. Nectanebo I. also built at P= ithom. In the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus it was the starting-point of commercial expeditions to the Re= d Sea. Various papyri associate Pithom with a region called Thuku= , or Thuket; ; ; (Pap. Anastasi vi. 4, line 13) which= has been identified with the Hebrew Succoth (Exodus xiii. 20.) Succoth was the district in which the Israelites encamped, and in which the town Pithom was built.

Under the Greek Dynasty, Pithom became= Heroöpolis, a name abridged into Ero by the Romans.

The portions of the walls and chambers that have been excavated ar= e of a very substantial character, indicating a good epoch. Such is the construction of these chambers, that M. Naville says: "I believe them to have been built for no other purpose than t= hat of storehouses, or granaries, into which the Pharaohs gathered the provis= ions necessary for armies about to cross the desert, or even for caravans and travellers which were on the road to Syria. It is also very like= ly that the Ptolemies used them as warehouses in= the trade with Africa, which took place through the Heroöpolitan Gulf." ("The Store-Cit= y of Pithom," by Edouard Naville.)

See statue of Ankh-renp-nefer in Briti= sh Museum Southern Egyptian Gallery, No. 1007.(1902b1)

$H Pithos.

Pithos, R. (B\2@H[=3Dpithos]). A lar= ge earthenware jar with a narrow neck, used in ancient and modern times for storing wine and oil. It appears upon a bas‑relief in the Villa Albani as the tub of Diogenes.(1883m1)

Pithos. A large earthenware jar somewhat resembling an amphora in form, but deeper and rounder. Sometimes it had a narrow neck. Sometimes it was wide‑mouthed. The pithos was frequently of such huge dimensions that it could easily = hold a man. The tub in which Diogenes was said to have dwelt, was perhaps a broken, useless pithos; at any rate, it is represented= as such in our illustration, which is from a bas‑relief in the Villa <= span class=3DSpellE>Albani. 2 ILLUS. pithos1, pithos2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &nbs= p; &nbs= p;

$H <= span class=3DSpellE>Pithothaprehuhu. Egypt

An unidentified Egyptian city held by the rebel chief Semsem, which see. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H Pito.

Sp. A Mexican name f= or the pipe of the Aztecs, which resemb= led a flageolet. It was made of red cl= ay, and had four finger‑holes. The young man selected as a victim at the sacrifice to Tezcatlepoca was carefully instr= ucted before his death in the art of playing this instrument, and as he ascended the temple or TEOCALLI to the sacrifice, he broke a flute upon each of the steps of the temple.(1883m1)

$H Pitru.

A city in Mesopotam= ia, which was conquered by Assur-nazirpal, who im= paled alive 700 of the brave garrison upon its walls.(1876c1)=

$H Piu.

It. Rather; used in = Music, as piu forté, rather loud.(1883m1)

$H Pix or Pyx.

Pix. A box or casket= in which the consecrated wafer was kept in the Catholic Church. It is genera= lly of metal, and often richly decorated and enamelled. ILLUS. pix(1891a1= )

Pix or Pyx, Chr. (BL>\H[=3Dpuxis]). <= /o:p>

(1) A box to keep the unconsecrated altar‑breads in. It was generally circular, with a pointed cover, and richly enamelled.

(2) The vessel in wh= ich the holy eucharist was suspended over the altar. =

(3) The box kept at = the British Mint to contain the coins selected to be tried in assay, to ascer= tain whether the coinage is of the standard purity. (See CIBORIUM [3], MONSTRA= NCE, &c.)(1883m1)

$H <= span class=3DSpellE>Pizattikhurunpi. Egypt

One of the twenty petty Egyptian kingdoms which were established by the Assyrians under Esarha= ddon. (1876c1)

$H Pizzicato. (It.). An expression in music; play= ing on the violin like a harp.(1883m1)

$H Piaa. Egypt

$H Piai. Egypt

$H Piankhi. Egypt

$H Piankhi I. Egypt

$H Piankhi II. Egypt

$H Pibroch.

$H Pica.

$H Piccadilly.

$H Piccagium.

$H Piccolo. <= /h1> It. A small flute. S= mall pianofortes are so called also.(1883m1)

$H Pictura.

$H Picturatus.

--- $H Picture Frame.

--- $H Picture, To make a.

$H Picturesque.

$H Piea. Egypt

$H Pie-aei. Egypt

$H Pièce de Maitrise.

$H Piece‑mould.

$H Pied‑droit. Architecture

$H Piedouche.

$H Pieds de Hér= isson.

$H Pien-nun-enpe. Egypt

$H Pier. Architecture

$H Pieta or Pietà.

$H Pietra Dura.=

$H Pietré Comme= sse.

$H Pig.

--- $H Pig. Egypt

$H Pigments. =

--- $H Pigments, Egypt.

$H Pihirim.

$H Pi-hor. Egypt

$H Pike.

$H Pila.

$H Pilaster. = Architecture

$H Pilastya.

$H Pile. Heraldry

$H Pileatus.

$H Pilentum. Rome

$H Pileolus. Costume

$H Piles. Architecture

$H = Pileum. [See Pileus - Editor]

$H = Pileus.

$H Pillar. Architecture

$H Pillar Dollars. <= /span>

$H Pillion. <= /h1> O.E. A soft pad̴= 9;saddle with a footrest, for a woman or child to ride on behind a man.(1883m1)

$H Pillow or Head‑stool or Headrest. Egypt

$H Pillow‑beres.

$H Pillow Lace.

$H Pilum.

$H Pilus. Med. Lat. (Fr. pieu). A pointed club or javelin.(1883m1)

$H Pily. Heraldry

$H Pina. Sp. An amalgam of silver.(1883m1)

$H Pinacotheca.

$H Pinaculum. Graeco-= Roman

$H Pinchas. Peru

$H Pinchbeck.

$H Pindaric. = Poetry

$H Pinepti. Egypt

$H Pinetsem. Egypt

$H Pinezem. Egypt [See Pinetsem]

$H Pingle Pan.

$H Pink.

--- $H Pink Madder. (See MADDER.) (1883m1)

$H Pinking. <= /h1> Stamping out borders= and edges upon textile fabrics with a cutting instrument.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Pinna.

$H Pinnacle. = Architecture

$H Pins.

$H Pinx.

$H Piouer. Egypt

$H Pipe. Music

$H Pipe‑clay.

$H Pipui. Egypt

$H Piriform.

$H Pirogue. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> An Indian canoe, hollowed out of a = solid tree.(1883m1)

$H Pirisati.

$H Pisabtinuti. Egypt

$H Pisabtu. Egypt [See Pisabtinuti]

$H Pis-aei. Egypt

$H Piccolo. <= /h1>

It. A small flute. S= mall pianofortes are so called also.(1883m1)

$H Pillion. <= /h1>

O.E. A soft pad̴= 9;saddle with a footrest, for a woman or child to ride on behind a man.(1883m1)

$H Pinking. <= /h1>

Stamping out borders= and edges upon textile fabrics with a cutting instrument.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Pistol.

Invented at Pistoia in Tuscany. (See Pallas Armata, Sir James Turner, 1670; Meyrick, iii. 76.)(1883m1)

$H Pitch.

(Arch.) The pitch of= a roof is its slope or inclination to the horizon.(1891a1)

$H Pitcher. <= /h1>

A vessel for holding= liquids similar in shape and size to a jug.(1891a1)