$H Placage. Fr. Veneering or inlaying.(1883m1)

$H Plack.

Scotch. A small copp= er coin formerly current in Scotland; equal to the third of an English penny.(1883m1)

$H Placket. O.E. A petticoat. (Shakspeare.)(1883m1)

$H Plafond, Plafonner.<= /span>

Fr. Arch. (plat‑fond). The French ter= m for a ceiling, often the subject of elaborate architectural, carved, or paint= ed decoration. The peculiar foreshortened perspective characteristic of figu= re‑pictures on a ceiling is hence described as "plafonn&eac= ute;;" and it is generally said of a painter distinguished for bold foreshorteni= ngs, "Il excelle à= ; plafonner." Plafonds of different periods= are found of wood, lath and plaster, or stone.(1883m1)

$H Plaga.

R. A hunting‑n= et, the diminutive of which is plagula (small net); the latter term also denotes the curtains hung round a couch= or litter, a width of cloth, a strip of paper, &c.(1883m1)

$H Plagula. (See PLAGA.) (1883m1)

$H Plan. Architecture

Plan. (Arch.) A term= which includes geometrical drawings in general, and in particular drawings which represent the projection of the walls of a building upon a horizontal pla= ne or the outline of the walls upon the ground.(1891a1)

$H Planchet.

A name for the smoot= h coin prepared for stamping before it has passed under the die.(1883m1)

$H Planchette.

A tablet mounted upo= n a tripod used surveyors. [Alidade.] ILLUS. planchet(189= 1a1)

$H Plane. Painting

(Paint.) A term appl= ied in art to the different vertical surfaces parallel to the surface of a canva= s, which, with the aid of perspective, represents the distances existing bet= ween a series of objects and the eye of the spectator. If a figure, for instan= ce, is represented as too near or too far, it is said to be out of its proper plane. Of an ill‑constructed picture we say that its planes are not sufficiently indicated.(1891a1)

--- $H Pl= ane, Ground.

The ground plane may= be defined as the floor of a dra= wing or picture. It extends from the lower edge of the picture to the horizon.(1891a1)

--- $H Pl= ane, Horizontal.

In a picture or draw= ing a plane is said to be horizontal when it is parallel to the lower edge of t= he picture.(1891a1)

--- $H Pl= ane, Picture. <= /h2>

The vertical plane u= pon which a picture or drawing is made. It is parallel to the spectators, and= is represented by the whole paper or canvas upon which the drawing is executed.(1891a1)

--- $H Pl= ane, Vertical. =

In a picture or draw= ing a plane is said to be vertical when it is at right angles to the ground pla= ne of the picture.(1891a1)

$H Planeta.

A robe worn by priests, resembling the DALMATIC= (see Fig. 236) worn by deacons. (S= ee CHASUBLE.)(1883m1)

$H Planetary Machine. (See ORRERY.) (1883m1)

$H Planets. Egypt

See ASTRONOMY.(1902b1)

$H Planisher.

A workman whose busi= ness it is to prepare copper plates for engravers. He also aids the engraver in effacing, if necessary, any part of the plate after it has been engraved.= He lowers the tone of those portions of the plate which have been too deeply bitten in by striking it with a wooden hammer so as to beat down the metal and lessen the breadth of the hatchings. He may also efface parts of a co= pper plate, sparing the rest of the work, and then beat out the plate wherever= the engraver wishes to engrave it afresh. When this has to be done the plate = is held in a vice and beaten on the reverse side to that which has been effaced.(1891a1)

$H Planisphere.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

A projection of the = sphere and its various circles on a plane surface.(1883m1)

$H Planta Genista. Heraldry

Her. The broom‑plant badge of the Plantagenets= . Fig. 5= 46. Planta Genista.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Plaque.

Plaque, Fr. A flat p= late of metal or painted china. Limoges enamels of the 15th century are described as plaques<= /i>.(1883m1)

Plaque. A flat piece= of metal, terracotta, or china, upon which designs are executed by processes peculiar to the material. Plaques of various kinds are and have been from earliest times a popular form of decoration.(1891a1)

$H Plasm. A mould or matrix.(1883m1)

$H Plasma. A green transparent chalcedony found in India and China. (1883m1)

$H Plaster‑cast.

A copy of a work of sculpture, produced in plaster by mechanical processes. Thus we speak of a plaster‑cast of the antique. [Cast.](1891a1)

$H Plaster of Paris.

The cement or plaster obtained from gypsum, originally prepared near Paris. It is usually sold in the form= of white powder, and is largely used in the arts. Verro= cchio (1435‑1488) is said to have been the first sculptor to cast moulds = in plaster of Paris. (See GYPSUM.)(1883m1)

$H Plastic Art.

Plastic Art. Sculpture; opposed to Graphic Art, or painting, &c.(1883m1)

Plastic ar= t is the art of reproducing the relief or form of an object; the art of modelling figures. In plastic art such malleable materials as terra‑cotta, clay, wax, and plaster are used, while the creations of the plastic artist may be afterwards translated into marble = or bronze. The term plastic art is used in opposition to graphic or pictoria= l‑art. Bas‑reliefs may be said to occupy an intermediate position between plastic and graphic art.(1891a1)

$H Plastron.

Fr. A fencing‑= pad to cover the body. Plastron‑de= ‑fer was an iron breastplate worn under the haub= erk, especially when the latter was of ringed mail.(1883m1)<= /p>

$H Plata. Sp. Silver (hence our plate).(1883m1)

$H Platband or Plat‑band..

Plat‑band. (See TAENIA.) (1883m1)

The upper part of a rectangular opening or bay constructed of ashlared stones. ILLUS. platband(1891a1)

$H Plate. 1. Heraldry; 2. Engraving

Plate, Her. A silver roundle.(1883m1)

Plate. (Engrav.) A piece of copper upon which an engraver works is called a plate. Hence t= he impression obtained from an engraved plate is itself termed a plate. Thus= we describe an engraving as an excellent plate, or we speak of a book illustrated with plates. The term is only applicable to impressions struck from steel or copper, and should never be used of wood‑cuts. A plat= e is said to be worn when so many impressions have been taken from it that it prints pale and indistinct. W= hen a wood block is worn out a precisely opposite effect is produced, for it prints black. The pieces of glass upon which photographic proofs are obta= ined are also called plates.(1891a1)

$H Platea.

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>B8"J,Ã"[=3Dplateia], i.e. = broad). A wide fine street in a city, in contradistinction to a small street called= angiportus, which means literally a narrow street.(1883m1)

$H Plate Armour or Plate‑armour. &= nbsp;

Plate‑armour, consisting entirely of metal plates, became general during the 15th century.(1883m1)<= /o:p>

Plate Armour. Plate armour, which consisted of solid plates= of metal, came into use in the 14th century. It was extremely heavy and unwieldy, but in some form or other it continued in fashion until its uselessness was generally recognised, and it = was finally abandoned in the 17th century.(1891a1)

$H Plate‑glass.

A superior kind of t= hick glass, used chiefly for mirrors and for large windows.(1883m1)=

$H Plate‑jack. O.E. Coat armo= ur.(1883m1)

$H Plate‑marks. (See HALL‑= ;MARKS.) (1883m1)

$H Platen.

Of a printing‑= press, the flat part by which the impression is made.(1883m1)<= /p>

$H Plate‑paper.

Plate̴= 9;paper is a thick soft paper expressly prepared for printing engravings upon.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Plateresca.

Sp. A name given to goldsmiths' work of the 14th and 15th centuries, which reflected the complicated and delicate forms of ornament applied in the pointed architecture of the period.(1883m1)

$H Plates.

Plates are properly illustrations taken from copper or steel engravings; cuts are impressions from wood‑blocks.(1883m1)

$H Platina. Twisted silver&= #8209;wire. (1883m1)

$H Platina Yellow.

Two pigments, one of= a pale yellow colour, the other resembling cadmium yellow, are sold under t= his name.(1883m1)

$H Plating.

Plating is= the art of covering metals with a thin surface of silver or gold for ornament.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Platinotype.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

(Phot.) A process of printing photographic proofs by means of the salts of platin= um. The proofs thus obtained are generally of a cold black or sepia tone. Pri= nts obtained by this process have many advantages. They have not the glossy surface of the ordinary photograph, and they are quite permanent.(1891a1)=

$H Platinum.

(Sp. plata, silver). A white m= etal exceedingly ductile, malleable, and difficult of fusion. It is found in t= he Ural Mountains and in South America, a= nd is much used in goldsmiths' work in Russia.(1883m1)

$H Plaustrum.

R. (plaudo, to rumble). A two= ‑wheeled cart drawn by two oxen, and used for conveying agricultural produce; plaustrum majus was a much larger cart mounted on four wh= eels. It had a long pole projecting behind, on which blocks of stone or other c= argo could be balanced on planks attached. The wheels (tympana) were of solid wood nearly a foot in thickness, and t= heir creaking was heard to a great distance (hence the name).(1883m1)

$H Plectrum or Plektron= .

Gr. and R. (from B8ZFF,4<[=3Dplessein], to s= trike). A short stem of ivory or metal pointed at both ends, used to strike the cho= rds of the lyre, the barbiton, the cithara, and some other stringed instruments.(1883m1)

$H Plein Air. Painting

(Paint.) The plein air school is a school of modern French painters, whose creed it is to paint their pictures in the open ai= r. In a studio lighted by a single light, which falls at a given angle, stro= ngly‑marked arrangements of light and shade are always obtained; when, however, the m= odel poses in the open air, the modelling of the p= lanes is less positive on amount of the wealth of light, reflections, and lumin= ous rays which envelop it on all sides. Under these conditions, the modelling is only obtained by accurately observing = the value of the tones, and a projection, which, in the studio, would throw a decided shadow, is only indicated in a plein‑air picture, by a tone‑value helping to detach i= t. Lastly, it must be added that the expression of plein‑air is not always used in a good sense. Some impressionists wishing to simplify things as far as possible, abuse the effects of p= lein‑air: they dispense altoge= ther with modelling, which, in this case ‑ a= s many contemporary works show ‑ demands a skilful rendering, and an exten= sive knowledge of the value of tones.(1891a1)

$H Plemochoê.

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>B80:@‑P@¬[=3Dplemo‑choe], i.e. that pours a flood). A vessel in the shape of a top; it resembled the cotylê.(1883m1)

$H Plenitude. Her. Sai= d of the moon when in full.(1883m1)

$H Plenshing‑nail= .

A large nail for fas= tening the planks of floors to the joists.(1883m1)

$H Plethron.

Gr. The basis of land measurement, being 100 feet square, or 10,000 square feet. As a lineal measure, 100 feet, or about 101 of English measurement.(1883m1)

$H Plinth. Architecture

Plinth, Arch. (B8\<2@H[=3Dplinthos]). Lit= . a tile o= r brick, and thence the lower proj= ecting base of a column, pedestal, or wall, which resembles a strong square tile placed beneath the last torus at the base of a column. (See ABACUS.)(1883m1)

Plinth. In architect= ure a plinth is a square block at the base of a column, the purpose of which is= to set off the circular mouldings above it. In a= ll the ancient orders except the Doric the bases of columns are provided with a plinth. In sculpture the plinth is the rectangular or circular base upon which a statue is placed. The titles of statues or other inscriptions are frequently placed upon plinths. Their chief purpose is to set the statue = at a proper elevation, so that the lower limbs of the figure are not concealed, and that the foreshortening does not alter its proportions. ILLUS. plinth(1891a1)

$H Plinthine.

A Libyan city, situated on the West of the= lake Mareotis. (1876c1)

$H Plinthium.

R. (B84<2\@<[=3Dplinthion]). A = sun‑dial, so called because its divisions were marked on a flat surface (B8\<2@H[=3Dplinthos]).(188= 3m1)

$H Plocage. Fr. Carding‑wool.(1883m1)

$H Plombage. Lead work.(1883m1)

$H Plombagine. Plumbago.(1883m1)

$H Plostellum. Diminutive of PLAUSTRUM. (1883m1)

$H Plough Monday.

Plough Monday was th= e name given by our ancestors to the first Monday after the Epiphany, the return= to labour after the Christmas holiday.(1883m1)

$H Ploughs. <= /h1>

Ploughs are mentione= d in Deuteronomy (1451 B.C.), and represented on Egyptian sculptures of still earlier date. The Roman plough of the date of our era is described by Virgil.(1883m1)

$H Plumae.

R. (lit. feathers). = The scales of armour, arranged to imitate feather= s. (See PENNA.)(1883m1)

$H Plumarium Opus. (See OPUS P.) (1883m1)

$H Plumb.

The direction of the= plumb‑line is found by letting a weight attached to a string fall freely to the grou= nd. A figure is said to be out of plumb when the vertical line indicating the centre of gravity falls outside the middle of the base of this figure. Ma= ny ancient statues are out of plumb ‑ the Venus of Milo, for instance.= A building is said to be out of plumb when its vertical lines do not coinci= de with the direction given by the plumb‑line. The most celebrated instance of such a building is the Tower of Pisa.(1891a1)<= o:p>

$H Plumbago.

A substance also kno= wn as black lead, which is in reality a sulphuret of iron. It is used in the manufacture of lead pencils.(1891a1)

A carburet of iron c= ommonly known as black lead, also called GRAPHITE, used for making crucibles and black‑lead pencils.(1883m1)

$H Plumbeous Wares.

Lead‑glazed, b= y the addition of an oxide of lead in the preparation of the glaze. (See POTTERY.)(1883m1)

$H Plumbum.

R. (lit. lead). A ge= neral term denoting anything that is made of lead, such a = a lead pipe, a slinger's bullet, &c.(1883m1)

$H Pluteus.

R. A general term including anything made of boards adapted to afford a support, cover, passage, &c.; and thus sometimes = used as a synonym for musculus or protective shed. Fig. 547, a plut= eus upon three wheels, was used for protecting soldiers conducting an approac= h at the foot of a rampart. These plut= ei were covered with the skins of animals, which were wetted to protect the machines from fire; and helped to deaden the shock of missiles. Fig. 547. Pluteus.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Plynteria.

Gr. (B8L<JZD4"[=3Dplunteria], was= hing). Festivals held at Athens in honour of Athena Agla= uros, in which the statue of the goddess was stripped of its garments and ornam= ents and washed. It was carefully concealed in the mean time, and the city bei= ng thus in a manner deprived of its protecting divinity, the day was conside= red an ill‑omened one.(1883m1)

$H Pnaaku. Egypt

An Egyptian officer, the flabellum-bearer = to Aahmes I. of the XVIIIth<= /span> dynasty. His surname was Mer-amen. (1876c1)

$H Pnebto. Egypt

An uncertain Egyptian deity, perhaps a for= m of Harpakrut, which his statues much resembled. (Wilkinson.) (1876c1)

$H Pnei-hor. Egypt

An Egyptian priest, the father of the prie= st He-hor-rei, which see. (1876c1)

$H Pnigeus.

R. (B<4(,×H[=3Dpnigeus], lit. = a choker). A kind of funnel employed to stop or repress the air in a hydraulic organ.(1883m1)

$H Pnofrehi. Egypt

A son of Her-hor-si-a= mun, of the XXIst dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Pnyx.

Gr. The site in Athens where the ECCLESIAE were held. It was a semicircular rising ground, with an area of 12,000 square yards, levelled with a pavement= of large stones, and surrounded by a wall, behind which was the BEMA or plat= form from which speakers addressed the people.(1883m1)

$H Placage. Fr. Veneering or inlaying.(1883m1)

$H Plack.

$H Placket. O.E. A petticoat. (Shakspeare.)(1883m1)

$H Plafond, Plafonner.<= /span>

$H Plaga.

$H Plagula. (See PLAGA.) (1883m1)

$H Plan. Architecture

$H Planchet.

$H Planchette.

$H Plane. Painting

--- $H Pl= ane, Ground. The ground plane may= be defined as the floor of a dra= wing or picture. It extends from the lower edge of the picture to the horizon.(1891a1)

--- $H Pl= ane, Horizontal.

--- $H Pl= ane, Picture. <= /h2> The vertical plane u= pon which a picture or drawing is made. It is parallel to the spectators, and= is represented by the whole paper or canvas upon which the drawing is executed.(1891a1)

--- $H Pl= ane, Vertical. =

$H Planeta.

$H Planetary Machine. (See ORRERY.) (1883m1)

$H Planets. Egypt

$H Planisher.

$H Planisphere.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

$H Planta Genista. Heraldry

$H Plaque.

$H Plasm. A mould or matrix.(1883m1)

$H Plasma. A green transparent chalcedony found in India and China. (1883m1)

$H Plaster‑cast.

$H Plaster of Paris.

$H Plastic Art.

$H Plastron.

$H Plata. Sp. Silver (hence our plate).(1883m1)

$H Platband or Plat‑band..

$H Plate. 1. Heraldry; 2. Engraving

$H Platea.

$H Plate Armour or Plate‑armour. &= nbsp;

$H Plate‑glass.

$H Plate‑jack. O.E. Coat armo= ur.(1883m1)

$H Plate‑marks. (See HALL‑= ;MARKS.) (1883m1)

$H Platen.

$H Plate‑paper.

$H Plateresca.

$H Plates.

$H Platina. Twisted silver&= #8209;wire. (1883m1)

$H Platina Yellow.

$H Plating.

$H Platinotype.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

$H Platinum.

$H Plaustrum.

$H Plectrum or Plektron= .

$H Plein Air. Painting

$H Plemochoê.

$H Plenitude. Her. Sai= d of the moon when in full.(1883m1)

$H Plenshing‑nail= .

$H Plethron.

$H Plinth. Architecture

$H Plinthine.

$H Plinthium.

$H Plocage. Fr. Carding‑wool.(1883m1)

$H Plombage. Lead work.(1883m1)

$H Plombagine. Plumbago.(1883m1)

$H Plostellum. Diminutive of PLAUSTRUM. (1883m1)

$H Plough Monday.

$H Ploughs. <= /h1> Ploughs are mentione= d in Deuteronomy (1451 B.C.), and represented on Egyptian sculptures of still earlier date. The Roman plough of the date of our era is described by Virgil.(1883m1)

$H Plumae.

$H Plumarium Opus. (See OPUS P.) (1883m1)

$H Plumbago.

$H Plumbeous Wares.

$H Plumbum.

$H Pluteus.

$H Plynteria.

$H Pnaaku. Egypt

$H Pnebto. Egypt

$H Pnei-hor. Egypt

$H Pnigeus.

$H Pnofrehi. Egypt

$H Pnyx.

--- $H Pl= ane, Ground.

The ground plane may= be defined as the floor of a dra= wing or picture. It extends from the lower edge of the picture to the horizon.(1891a1)

--- $H Pl= ane, Picture. <= /h2>

The vertical plane u= pon which a picture or drawing is made. It is parallel to the spectators, and= is represented by the whole paper or canvas upon which the drawing is executed.(1891a1)

$H Ploughs. <= /h1>

Ploughs are mentione= d in Deuteronomy (1451 B.C.), and represented on Egyptian sculptures of still earlier date. The Roman plough of the date of our era is described by Virgil.(1883m1)