$H Praecinctio.

R. (praecingo, to gird). A lo= bby running quite round the circle formed by the caveae in the interior of= a theatre or amphitheatre; the same term is also used to denote the passages between the tiers of seats comprised within each maenianum. According to t= heir importance, theatres and amphitheatres were divided into two, three, and sometimes four praecinctiones.(1883m1)

$H Praefects. Egypt

For the best list of Praefects of Egypt see Profe= ssor Milne's "Egyp= t under Roman Rule."(1902b1)

$H Praefericulum.

R. A metal basin wit= hout handles, used for holding sacred utensils.(1883m1)

$H Praeficae.

R. Women hired as mo= urners at the funerals of wealthy persons.(1883m1)

$H Praefurnium.

R. The mouth of a furnace placed beneath a hypocausis or heating‑stov= e in a set of baths. Fig. 560 shows the = praefurnium of a hypocausis which was drawn upon the walls of a laconicum situated near the church= of St. Cecilia at Rome. (See HYPOCAUSIS.) Fig. 560. Praefurnium hypocaust.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Pra-en-amen Egypt

A son of Her-hor-si-a= mun of the XXIst dynasty. This name is incomplete. (1876c1)

<= /o:p>

$H Praetexta.

R. A TOGA with a broad purple border. It was introdu= ced by the Etruscans, and was the costume assigned to priests and magistrates, to boys before they came of age, and to women before their marriage. (See TO= GA.) (Fig. 561.) Fig. 561. Roman maiden wearing the toga praetexta.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Praetorium.

R. The tent of the c= ommander‑in‑chief of the army; it was so called because in the earliest times of Rome the consul = who commanded the army bore the title of praetor. The residence of a governor of a province was also called praetorium, and finally t= he name was given to any large house or palace.(1883m1)

$H Pragapati. "Lord of the World."= ;

A Vedic title of the Supreme Being as the creator. See also Ivashtri an= d Dhatar. (1876c1)

$H Prahiunamif. Egypt

A son of Rameses III. of the XXth dynasty. (1876c1)=

$H Pramzimas. Lithuania

In Lithuanian mythology a great deity who observing that the world was full of wickedness sent the two giants, Wandu and Wejas (water = and wind), to destroy it. This mission the giants carried out so unfeelingly = that the deity relenting, and seeing a few men alive on the top of a mountain,= let fall a nutshell to protect them, which the giants feared to disturb. The = men who were thus rescued afterwards repeopled the earth.(1876c1)

$H Prandium.

R. (prandeo, to breakfast). T= he midday meal, which came between breakfast (jentaculum) and dinner (<= span class=3DSpellE>coena).= (1883m1)

$H Prastura. (See UPAPITHA.) (1883m1)

$H Prayas.

Prayas. Or Vadja. In Vedic mythology the name of an offering of soma juice when consumed by fire. (1876c1)

$H <= span class=3DSpellE>Prayasitta. Hindu

In Hindu mythology a special sacrificial r= ite of atonement for sins committed.(1876c1)

$H Préa‑kou= l. Hindu

Hind.= An upright stone or sacred boundary among the Khmers.(1883m1)

$H Preale.

A nude, effeminate youth, with long hair, sword and buskins, who was represented on an Etruscan mirror as sitting opposite the armed Lalan. (1876c1)=

$H Préasat. Hindu

Hind. The tower of t= he Khmers; pr&e= acute;asat‑stupaï means little tower; préasat‑phradamrey<= /span>, the elephant tower of the king.(1883m1)

$H Precarium.

Chr. A temporary benefice granted to a layman by t= he Church; the holder of the benefice was, however, bound to pay the Church certain dues.(1883m1)

$H Précieux.

A work of art may be= said to be pré= ;cieux which unites a searching execution with delicate handling and a touch of exquisite fineness.(1891a1)

$H Predella.

It. A ledge behind t= he altar of a church on which the altar‑piece was placed, containing small pictures, of similar subjects to the altar‑piece.(1883m1)

$H Prefericulum.

Prefericulum, R. A shallow metal bowl used in sacrifices for carrying the sacred vessels. Its shape resembled the patera.(1883m1)

Prefericulum. A shallow open vase, in the form of a basin, = generally of metal, in which the utensils used in some religious rites of the ancie= nts were carried. ILLUS. preferic(1891a1)

$H Predella.

The predella is the step which projects beneath an altar‑piece. On it were generally represented either three or five scenes from the life of the saint who figured in the large canvas above it.(1891a1)

$H Pre-historic. Egypt

A term applied by some Egyptologists to all objects which they believe to be anterior to the Ist Dynasty. The reasons for = considering them to be of this remote period are hardly sufficiently cogent at presen= t to permit of this definition being accepted in all cases. It must be remembe= red that the dynastic Egyptians were not aboriginal, and that traces of what = were in all probability the native races survived until long after the commencement of the Pharaonic period. It is therefore more than probable that many of the so-called pre-historic obje= cts belong not to the ante-Pharaonic, but to the aboriginal inhabitants of the country.(1902b1)

$H Premier Coup. [See Alla Prima.] (1891a1); (See PRIMA PAINTING.) (1883m1)

$H Preparation.

The method in which a picture is sketched on or a new canvas got ready by being covered with to= nes, which are intended to give a value to the complete work.(1891a1)

$H Pre‑Raphaelites. &= nbsp;

A modern school of p= ainters, who, throwing aside all conventional laws and traditions in art, direct t= heir study to the forms and colours of Nature.(188= 3m1)

The name Pre‑Raphaelites was given = to a small band of English artists who attempted a revival of the aims and practice of the pre‑Raphaelite school about the year 1850. They for= med themselves into a band, which they termed the pre‑Raphaelite brotherhood, and pictures exhibited by them at the Academy were catalogued under the name of the artist followed by the letters P.R.B. Their aims no doubt were sincere, and their attempt at realism as falsely interpreted by the early Italians was earnest. Though the sum = of their own achievement is not great, yet in bringing about a reaction agai= nst the ignorance and vulgarity of the English school in the fifties they did good work. Among their number were Rossetti, = Millais, Holman Hunt, F. G. Stephens, J. Collinson, and Woolner.= (1891a1)

$H Presbytery.

(Arch.) That portion= of a church in which the high altar is placed and where the officiating clergy stand. Properly speaking it is east of the choir, and is raised slightly above it.(1891a1)

$H Presentoir.

Presentoir, Fr. An épergne or table‑stand for flowers; made very shallow, on a tall and richly= 209;decorated stem. A favourite subject of the goldsmith's = art in the 16th century.(1883m1)

Presentoir. An ornament in vogue in the 16th century, whi= ch consisted of a dish set upon a tall slender stem, as represented in the accompanying cut. ILLUS. presento(1891a1)

$H Press.

A machine by means o= f which the leaves of a book are printed or impressions struck from an engraved plate. Special presses are used for typographic and lithographic printing= , as well as for the printing of line engravings, &c.(1891a1)

$H Pressed Glass.

Glass pressed into a= mould by a machine; differing from blown glass.(1883m1)

$H Press View.

Before an exhibition= is thrown open to the public the gallery in which it is held is given up for= one day to newspaper critics. This opportunity of seeing the pictures undistu= rbed by the public is called the press view.(1891a1)

$H Presto.

It. In Music, quickly.(1883m1)

$H Priapeia.

R. (BD4VB,4"[=3Dpriapeia]). Fes= tivals in honour of Priapus; they= were held chiefly at Lampsacus.(1883m1)=

$H Pricket. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> A young stag of two years, when his= horns begin to sprout.(1883m1)

$H Prie‑Dieu. A kneeling‑desk for prayers.(= 1883m1)

$H Priests. Egypt

The Egyptian priesthood seems to have been a very large and elastic order. Ki= ngs and governors, queens and princesses, all held priestly offices, and below those of high rank there were numberless grades of officials in connection with the various temples and services of the different gods. The ritual and services of the temples we= re elaborate, and there were perpetually recurring festivals which entailed a great amount of labour. From the earliest times we find that the priestho= od was of importance, but the power of the priestly faction gradually increa= sed during the Middle Empire, and under the New Empire it forms one of the mo= st important elements of the kingdom. There were many priestesses, whose chi= ef function seems to have been to sing and recite. Among priestly titles the following are the best known:- The Sam priest was the chief priest at Memphis. The Hershesh= ta was the diviner. The Kher-heb was a master of ceremonies. The= Setem, = the "prophet," the "purifier," and the "divine fathe= r," all ranked above the ordinary priest.(1902b1)

$H Prima Painting. <= /span>

Prima Painting (in F= rench, peinture au premier coup) is a modern st= yle directed to the avoidance of extreme finish, described in a work by Hundertpfund, "The Art of Painting restore= d to its Simplest and Surest Principles."(1883m1)

$H Primary Colours.

Primary Colours. [See Colours, Primary.] (1891a1)

Blue, yellow, and re= d, from which all colours are derived.(1883m1)

$H Primero.

O.E. A game at cards= mentioned by Shakspeare.(1883m1)

$H Primicerii.

Chr. This term had several meanings, but it was us= ually employed to denote the first person inscribed on a list, because the tabl= et on which the names were written was covered with wax; whence primi‑cerius= (from cera, wax), the first upon the wax. In cathedral churches the primicerius presided over the choir, and regulated the order and method of the ceremonies.(1883m1)

$H Priming. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Painting

Priming. (See GROUNDS.) (1883m1)

(Paint.) A uniform l= ayer of colour with which a canvas, panel, or other painting surface is covered, so as to form a ground. In the last century painters generally primed their canvas with a layer of brown red, mixed with a lit= tle white and nut oil. In the present day some painters prefer to work on a canvas covered with a grey priming, consisting of a mixture of white lead= and black, with a little linseed or nut oil added, while others leave the gra= in of the canvas visible in some places. Oil priming has the disadvantage of robbing the colouring of the picture of its vivacity, but on the other hand it prevents canvas from cracking when tak= en off the stretcher. At the same time it should be remembered that Titian a= nd Veronese executed many of their oil paintings witho= ut any priming at all. Panels which are to be painted upon are first of all sized and then covered with several layers of white, so as to fill up the pores= of the wood. If pictures are painted upon copper plates, the copper is cover= ed with a priming similar to that used in preparing canvas, but a kind of gr= ain, to hold the colours, must then be made upon i= t, either with the palm of the hand or with a dabber covered with taffetas.<BR>

Mural surfaces are p= rimed for oil‑painting by being impregnated with boiling oil and siccative colours, with= linseed oil and varnish added. Sometimes a coating of lime and powdered marble is laid on first. Plaster walls before being painted upon are covered with a mixture of pounded brick and resin.(1891a1)

$H Prince's Metal or Princ= e Rupert's Metal.

An alloy of 72 parts= of copper and 28 parts of zinc, which has a resemblance to gold.(1883m1)

$H Princedoms or Principalities.

Chr. An order of THRONES of angels; usually repres= ented in complete armour, carrying pennons. (See Fi= g. 24.)(1883m1)

$H Principes.

R. A body of heavy&#= 8209;armed foot‑soldiers; thus named, because, in the order of battle, they we= re placed first.(1883m1)

$H Principia.

R. (princeps, chief, foremost= ). The headquarters in a Roman camp, comprising not only the tents of the general and the superior officers, but also an open space in which justice was administered and sacrifices offered to the gods; it was in the same open space that all the standards of the legion were set up.(1883m1)

$H Print. Engraving

(Engrav.) A general term for any proof printed from an engraved plate or lithograph= ic stone.(1891a1)

$H Printing. = Engraving

(Engrav.) The process of striking off copies from an engraved block or plate. Proof= s are printed from a wood block or from a metal plate in relief by the ordinary methods of typography. Line engravings, however, on steel or copper are printed in presses made especially for the purpose.(1891a1)

--- $H Printing, Lithographic= .

In striking off proo= fs of a drawing executed on a lithographic stone, the printing ink only adheres to those portions of the stone which have been touched by the lithographic crayon or thick ink. A pressure being exerted on a sheet of damp paper, t= he printer's ink leaves the stone and adheres to the paper.(1891a1)

--- $H Printing of Line Engravings.

To obtain proofs of = a plate engraved in line, the plate is slightly warmed and thoroughly inked with a dabber. The surface of the plate is then wiped so that the ink only remai= ns in the hollows. The plate thus prepared is placed in a press between two cylinders, a sheet of damp paper and a thick flannel being laid upon it. = In passing between the two cylinders under considerable pressure the paper t= akes up all the ink, and thus a proof of the engraving is obtained.(1891a1)

--- $H Printing of Mezzotints= .

The printing of mezz= otints presents considerable difficulties. As the portions of the plate which pr= int white are more hollow than those which print black, before printing the hollows must be wiped perfectly dry by hand or with a small dabber covered with linen and fixed on a little stick. Mezzotint plates only yield a sma= ll number of proofs, and are easily worn out.(1891a1)

--- $H Printing of Woodcuts.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Proofs are printed f= rom woodcuts, from clichés of woodcuts, or from any relief engravings obtained by mechanical processes, in the ordinary method employed in prin= ting books. The blocks are carefully adjusted, placed on the marble, and inked= with a roller. In order to produce strong differences of tone, small pieces of paper cut out are put in the places where decided blacks are wanted. The object of these pieces of paper is to increase the pressure, while the delicate parts, being only covered by a single sheet of paper, only yield light grey tones.(1891a1)

$H Priory. Christian Architecture

Priory. (A= rch.) A monastery which is presided over by a prior.(1891a1)

Priory, Chr. A monastery attached, as a rule, to an abbey; there were also, however, priories which formed the head of= an order. In the order of Malta each tongue comprehended seve= ral great priories.(1883m1)

$H Prism.

A solid geometrical = figure, the bases of which are equal and parallel and the sides formed of paralle= lograms. A prism is said to be triangular, hexagonal, &c., according as its ba= se is a triangle or a hexagon. A prism is said to be a right prism when its sides are perpendicular to the plane of = the base and its lateral faces are rectangles. In optical experiments a prism= of glass or crystal is used, which refracts a beam of white light falling up= on it and decomposes it into the seven colours w= hich form the spectrum. ILLUS. prism(1891a1)

$H Prismatic.

That which has the form of a prism.(1891a1)

$H Prismatic Mouldings.

Prismatic (mouldings). A kind of moulding resembling= the facets of a prism (Fig. 562), which is sometimes met with in archivolts of the Romano‑Byzantine period. The same term is likewise applied to mouldings characteristic of the flamboyant style, which assume, especiall= y in their base, the form of prisms.

Fig. 562. Prismatic mouldings.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Prisse Papyrus. Egypt

See PTAH-HETEP; PRECEPTS OF.(1902b1)

<= /o:p>

$H Private View.

It is customary for = the directors of exhibitions to ask the exhibitors and their friends to a pri= vate view of the pictures, before the public are admitted. Of late years invitations have been sent out so indiscriminately that the day on which = it is impossible to look at works of art is that on which the private view is held. Private views have, indeed, degenerated into crushes, in which women are stared at and costumes chattered about.(1891a1)

$H Proaron.

Gr. and R.= (B= D`= "D= @<[=3Dproaron]; = •D= bT[=3Daruo], to draw water). A vessel of a flattened sphe= roid form, with two handles.(1883m1)

$H Proaulium. R. (pro, in front of). The vestibul= e of any building.(1883m1)

$H Proboscis. Heraldry

(Her.) The trunk of = an elephant generally represented as twisted in the shape of an S and placed= in pale. This heraldic charge is very rarely met with, and only in German co= ats of arms. ILLUS. probosci(1891a1)

$H Process. <= /h1>

A mechanical method = by which something is produced or executed. The innumerable methods of producing plates, from which impressions may be struck, by the use of photography, = are termed processes. The cheap reproductions of pictures which illustrate so many modern books and journals are often produced by mechanical processes, and are called process blocks.(1891a1)

$H Prochous. Pottery

Prochous, Gr. (BD`P@@H[=3Dprochoos], i.e.= thing for pouring out). A small jug for pouring liquid into a cask; it had a narrow neck, a very large handle, and a pointed mouth.(1883m1)=

Prochous. (Pot.) A Greek vase somewhat resembling the <= span class=3DSpellE>oenochoe (q.v.) in shape. It had a very graceful ha= ndle rising considerably above the neck, while the lip if looked at from above formed a trefoil. These characteristics will at once be recognised in our cut. The prochous was used to hold win= e, and was frequently enriched with paintings. ILLUS. prochous(189= 1a1)

$H Procoeton.

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>BD@‑6@4Jf<[=3Dpro‑koiton]). An antechamber or room preceding other rooms or chambers.(1883m1)=

$H Prodd.

O.E. A light cross&#= 8209;bow, used by ladies, temp. Elizabeth.(1883m1)

$H Prodomos.

Arch. (BD`‑*@:@H[=3Dpro‑domos= ]). The façade of a temple or building, and sometimes the porch of a church.(1883m1)

$H Profile. <= /h1>

The side view of the= human face. It is observed by Fairholt that "a= face which, seen directly in front, is attractive by its rounded outline, bloo= ming colour, and lovely smile, is often divested o= f its charms when seen in profile, and strikes only as far as it has an intellectual expression. Only wh= ere great symmetry exists, connected with a preponderance of the intellectual over the sensual, will a profile appear finer than the front face."(1883m1)

A term which in gene= ral denotes the representation of an object seen from one of its sides. In drawing and painting a profile is a portrait of a person looked at sidewa= ys. In architecture a profile is a section so made as to show clearly the projections of a moulding or system ornament,= the drawing of which in face does not enable us to appreciate its relief. The design of profiles in buildings of the Gothic style was always subordinat= ed to the line of the masonry and the mouldings = were always combined, so that the joints were hidden and did not break the con= vex or concave surface of these mouldings. The se= ction of Gothic piers display profiles of extraordinarily learned design. In the 1= 3th century the piers consisted of clustered columns, but in the 14th their profile or horizontal section was made up of a very large number of mouldings. Finally when mouldi= ngs are executed in plaster, the term counter‑profile is applied to the pattern cut out so as to show the profile. 4 ILLUS. profile1, profile2, profile3, profile4(1891a1)

--- $H Profile, Back.

A term applied to a = portrait representing a person seen sideways, so that the back of the head is in t= he foreground, and the features are partially hidden by the projection of the forehead and cheek.(1891a1)

$H Progression.

A system of ornament= in which the details assume greater importance according to the extent of the surface to be covered. In the decoration of a pediment, for instance, the ornament should be conceived in progression, since a larger surface has t= o be filled in the middle than at the extremities, which terminate in a point.(1891a1)

$H Projection.

The representations = of bodies upon a plane surface, vertical or horizontal; also the figure obta= ined by joining the foot of perpendiculars drawn from every point of an object= on to the plane. The drawing of projections belongs to the sphere of geometr= ical drawing and presumes an extensive knowledge of geometry. The architect, however, must be familiarised with this branc= h of drawing, for it enables him to judge of the effect of the details of a building, and also to indicate the outline of the shadows projected by an imaginary focus of light conventionally placed above and in the left hand= of the drawings, and directing its rays at an angle of 45 degrees. Anything which stands out from the line of a wall or other flat surface is said to= be a projection. The body of mouldings, entablat= ures, and balconies, for instance, proj= ect from a façade. In a washed drawing showing the elevation of a building, lit by an imaginary ray of light directed at an angle of 45 deg= rees, the dimension of the shadow cast by a moulding is determined by the projection of this moulding= . In painting, the relief given to the objects represented is called the projection. Of a badly modelled figure, for instance, it may be said that it lacks projection. 3 ILLUS. project1, project2, project3(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &nbs= p; &= nbsp;

$H Projectura. R. The beaver of a helmet.(1883m1)<= /h1>

$H Proletarii. Rome

R. The proletariate, or Roman citizens of the lowest class of the people, so called because th= ey contributed nothing to the resources of the republic except by their offspring (p= roles); being, as they were, too poor to pay taxes.(1883m1)

$H Prom. Hindu

Hind. An ornamented carpet in = Khmer art.(1883m1)

$H <= span class=3DSpellE>Promachus. Graeco-= Roman

Promachus= . "Front of= Battle." An ancient title of the goddes= s Athene, or Minerva. (1876c1)

$H Prometheia. Greece

An Athenian festival= in honour of Prometheus, with a torch‑race (lampadephoria<= /span>).(1883m1)

$H Promulsis. Rome

The first course at = a Roman dinner, arranged to stimulate the appetite; eggs were a principal ingredi= ent, whence the proverb ab ovo usque ad mala (from= first to last).(1883m1)

$H Pronaos. Architecture

Pronaos. (Arch.) A term applied in ancient temples to = the porticoes or porches placed in front of the cella.(1891a1)

Pronaos, R. (BD`‑<"@H[=3Dpro‑naos]= ). A portico situated in front of a temple; it was open on all sides, and surrounded only by columns, which, in front, supported not only the entablature, but the pediment (fastigium).(1883m1)

$H Proof. Engraving

(Engrav.) A tentative impression taken from an engraved plate or a lithographic sto= ne, which enables the artist to judge how far his work is complete and what retouches are necessary. It must be observed, in passing, that after a lithographic stone has been prepared for printing, any alteration in it i= s a matter of extreme difficulty. The term proof is also applied to an engrav= ing printed from a plate, block, or stone. The proofs of engravers of medals, which serve the same purpose as proofs of engravings, are obtained in wax= or plaster.(1891a1)

--- $H Proof, Artist's.

A proof of a line en= graving pulled with or without the signature of the artist. Sometimes artists' pr= oofs are further distinguishedeither by an irregul= ar margin, the engraving not being exactly in the centre of the plate, or by square lines surrounding the subject, but drawn somewhat irregularly, or = by sketches or tentative strokes in the margin.(1891a1)

--- $H Proof before Letter.

A proof of a line en= graving or lithograph before its title together with the names of the painter and engraver have been cut or written in lithographic ink in the place reserv= ed for that purpose.(1891a1)

--- $H Proof, Lettered.

A proof of an engrav= ing which bears engraved upon its = margin either in printer's type or in regular handwriting the title of the engraving, together with names of designer, engraver, and printer of the plate.(1891a1)

--- $H Proof, Natural.

A proof which reprod= uces the actual lines of an engraving without any "dodges" or retroussage. Such a proof is obtained by carefully wip= ing the whole surface of a plate after having inked the furrows.(1891a1)=

--- $H Proof, Negative.

(Photo.) A clich&eac= ute; obtained by exposing sensitive plates in a dark room. In a negative the lights and darks of the object reproduced are transposed.(1891a1)

--- $H Proof, Positive. (Phot= o.)

A proof obtained fro= m a cliché either upon paper or upon glass, in which the whites and bl= acks correspond to the lights and shades of the original.(1891a1)

--- $H Proof, Remarque.

A proof of a line en= graving which represents a particular state of the plate. The remarque proof is disting= uished by a sketch drawn by the engraver on the margin or on the white portion of the proof, or by the absence of certain lines in various parts of the pla= te. Thus the proof of a plate bitten by aqua fortis, before it has been retouched with the dry point or r= ebitten, is a remarqu= e proof. These remarque proofs give us the various states of a plate from first to last.(1891a1)<= o:p>

--- $H Proof, Wax.

A tentative proof ob= tained by the engraver to give him an indication of what retouching is necessary= . It is obtained by filling in the lines with lampblack, and applying to it a sheet of paper coated with white wax and exerting upon it a gentle pressu= re with a burnisher.(1891a1)

--- $H Proof with Grey Letter.

A term applied to pr= oofs in which the characters of the legend are grilled with hatchings. ILLUS. proofwit(1891a1)

--- $H Proof with White Letter.

A proof in= which the characters of the legend or inscription are only indicated by outlines.(1891a1)

$H Proper. Heraldry

Proper, Her. Said of= a thing exhibited in its natural, or proper, colour.(= 1883m1)

Proper. (Her.) When = charges on a shield are represented in their own natural col= ours they an usually blazoned proper.(1891a1)

$H Properties. Theatre

In the language of t= he theatre this term denotes all objects accessory to the mise on scène.(1891a1)

$H Prophthasia.

A great city on the road from Babylon to India. (1876c1)

$H Proplasma.

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>BD`‑B8"F:"[=3Dpro‑plasma]). A rough model or embodi= ment of the sculptor's first idea, executed by him in clay.(1883m1)

$H Propnigeum.

Gr. and R. The mouth= of the furnace of the HYPOCAUSIS (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Proportion.

A term applied to the dimensions of a painted or sculptured figure, and also to the relation wh= ich exists between the dimensions of the various parts of the body. In painti= ng and sculpture the proportion of the human body is indicated by the head, a well‑proportioned human body being equal to seven or eight times the height of the head. In architecture the proportion of the entablature is furnished by the radius of the shaft of the column at its base.(1891a1)

$H Proportioned.

A figure is said to = be well‑proportioned when its proportions are accurately observed and when the dimensions of i= ts various parts are properly harmonised.(1891a1= )

$H Propylaea.

Propylaea, Gr. The open court at the entrance to a sacred enclosure; e.g. an Egyptian temple, or especially the Acropolis at Athens.(1883m1)

Propylaea. (Arch.) This term denotes in ancient architecture the vestibule of a temple decorated with columns, and particularly the building which was placed at the entrance of the Acropol= is at Athens and formed a magnificent approach to the Parthenon.(1891a1)=

$H Prora.

R. (BDèD"[=3Dprora]). The pr= ow or fore‑part of a ship, whence proreta, a man who stood at the ship's head; proreus was a term also used. (See ACROSTOLIUM.)(1883m= 1)

$H Proscenium.

Proscenium, Mod. The ornamental frame on which the curtain hangs.(1883m1)

Proscenium, R. (BD@‑F6Z<4@<[=3Dpro‑skenion]). The stage in a Greek or Roman theatre; it included the whole platform compris= ed between the orchestra and the= wall of the stage; the term was also used sometimes to denote the wall of the = stage itself.(1883m1)

Proscenium. (Arch.) = In modern theatres the proscenium is that portion of the stage which extends= in front of the curtain as far as the footlights. In an ancient theatre it w= as that part which was situated in front of the scene. ILLUS. prosceni(1891a1)

$H Prosopitis. Egypt

An island and nome in Lower Egypt at the head of the Delt= a, which was held by the Hermotybian class of warriors. Its chief towns were Papremis and <= span class=3DSpellE>Nicium. (1876c1)

$H Prostyle. Architecture

(Arch.) An ancient t= emple was said to be prostyle when its front alone,= was adorned with a row of columns.(1891a1)

$H Prostylos. Architecture

R. (BD`‑FJL8@H[=3Dpro‑stulos]). A building or temple which has= a porch supported by a row of columns.(1883m1)

$H Proteleia. Rome

Gr. (BD@‑JX8,4"[=3Dpro‑teleia]). Sacrifices which were offered to Diana, Juno, the Graces, and Venus prior= to the celebration of a marriage.(1883m1)

$H Prothesis. [See Oblatoriu= m.] (1891a1)

$H Prothyrum. Graeco-Roman

Gr. <= /span>(B= D`‑= 2L= D@= <[=3Dpro‑thuron]). With the Greeks, the vestibule in front of the door of a house, where the= re was generally an altar of Apollo, or a statue or laurel‑tree; with = the Romans, the prothyrum was the corridor or passage leading from the street= to the atrium (Fig. 563).

Fig. 563. Entrance (Prothyrum) of a Roman house.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Protogonos. Phoenicia

In Phenician mythology the son of the primaeval deities Colpas and Baau (wind a= nd night), and the brother of AEon, the first mo= rtal man. (1876c1)

<= /o:p>

$H Prototype.

(BDäJ@<[=3Dproton], first; JbB@<[=3Dtupon], mould).= The model of a plastic design; hence figuratively, a type or forerunner.(1883m1)

$H Protractor.

An instrument for la= ying down and measuring angles upon paper.(1883m1)

A semicircle of horn= or metal, divided into 180 degrees, which is used to measure angles or to dr= aw them upon paper. The commonest form of protractor is a pierced demi‑disk, as shown in our cut. ILLUS. protract(1891a1)

$H Protypum.

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>BD`‑JLB@<[=3Dpro‑tupon= ]). A model, first model or mould for making, any object in clay, such as antefixae.(1883m1)

$H Prow.

The prow of an ancie= nt galley, pointed with iron or steel, is frequently employed as a system of ornament. The prow has sometimes only one metal point, sometimes several. [Rostrum.] ILLUS. prow(1891a= 1)

$H Proxteres. Egypt

The receivers of the inland taxes of Egypt. They were appointed by the Ptolemaic kings, and were probably Greeks. The= ir clerks, however, were Egyptians.(1876c1)

$H Prussian Blue.

Prussian Blue. [See = Blue, Prussian.] (1891a1)

A valuable pigment o= f a greenish‑blue colour, of great body, transparency, and permanency; a mixture of prussiate= of potash and rust, or oxide of iron. (See CYANOGEN.)(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Prussian Brown. <= /span>

A deep‑brown p= igment, more permanent than madder.(1883m1)

(Paint.) A= useful and permanent brown pigment, obtained by calcining Prussian blue. It is a good transparent colour, dries quickly, and is suited generally to oil and water colour.(1891a1)

$H Praecinctio.

$H Praefects. Egypt

$H Praefericulum.

$H Praeficae.

$H Praefurnium.

$H Pra-en-amen Egypt

$H Praetexta.

$H Praetorium.

$H Pragapati. "Lord of the World."= ;

$H Prahiunamif. Egypt

$H Pramzimas. Lithuania

$H Prandium.

$H Prastura. (See UPAPITHA.) (1883m1)

$H Prayas.

$H Préa‑kou= l. Hindu

$H Preale.

$H Préasat. Hindu

$H Precarium.

$H Précieux.

$H Predella.

$H Prefericulum.

$H Predella.

$H Pre-historic. Egypt

$H Premier Coup. [See Alla Prima.] (1891a1); (See PRIMA PAINTING.) (1883m1)

$H Preparation.

$H Pre‑Raphaelites. &= nbsp;

$H Presbytery.

$H Presentoir.

$H Press. A machine by means o= f which the leaves of a book are printed or impressions struck from an engraved plate. Special presses are used for typographic and lithographic printing= , as well as for the printing of line engravings, &c.(1891a1)

$H Pressed Glass.

$H Press View.

$H Presto. It. In Music, quickly.(1883m1)

$H Priapeia.

$H Pricket. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> A young stag of two years, when his= horns begin to sprout.(1883m1)

$H Prie‑Dieu. A kneeling‑desk for prayers.(= 1883m1)

$H Priests. Egypt

$H Prima Painting. <= /span>

$H Primary Colours.

$H Primero.

$H Primicerii.

$H Priming. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Painting

$H Prince's Metal or Princ= e Rupert's Metal.

$H Princedoms or Principalities.

$H Principes.

$H Principia.

$H Print. Engraving

$H Printing. = Engraving

--- $H Printing, Lithographic= .

--- $H Printing of Line Engravings.

--- $H Printing of Mezzotints= .

--- $H Printing of Woodcuts.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

$H Priory. Christian Architecture

$H Prismatic.

$H Prismatic Mouldings.

$H Prisse Papyrus. Egypt

$H Private View.

$H Proaron.

$H Proaulium. R. (pro, in front of). The vestibul= e of any building.(1883m1)

$H Proboscis. Heraldry

$H Prochous. Pottery

$H Procoeton.

$H Prodd.

$H Prodomos.

--- $H Profile, Back.

$H Progression.

$H Projection.

$H Projectura. R. The beaver of a helmet.(1883m1)<= /h1>

$H Proletarii. Rome

$H Prom. Hindu

$H Prometheia. Greece

$H Promulsis. Rome

$H Pronaos. Architecture

$H Proof. Engraving

--- $H Proof, Artist's.

--- $H Proof before Letter.

--- $H Proof, Lettered.

--- $H Proof, Natural.

--- $H Proof, Negative.

--- $H Proof, Positive. (Phot= o.)

--- $H Proof, Remarque.

$H Press.

A machine by means o= f which the leaves of a book are printed or impressions struck from an engraved plate. Special presses are used for typographic and lithographic printing= , as well as for the printing of line engravings, &c.(1891a1)

$H Presto.

It. In Music, quickly.(1883m1)