$H Psa-ben-hor.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

The father of Ahmes, a chief of the soldiers in the time of Darius Hystas= pes. (1876c1)

$H Psaltery.

A stringed instrumen= t or kind of lyre of an oblong square shape, played with a rather large plectrum.(1883m1)

$H Psamektia. Egypt

The prefect or overseer of the bowmen of an Egyptian king of an uncertain period. He married the lady Pasht, by whom he had a daughter named Ta-sen-kno. (1876c1)

$H Psametik.

A sacred scribe, the father of Neb-ankh, w= hich see. (1876c1)

A son of Aahmes, a king of the XXVIth (?) dynasty. (1876c1)=

A prince of the blood royal of Panki, an obscure king of the = XXIVth dynasty. (1876c1)

A prophet of Pthah, of Nofre-atum, and of the gods of the white t= emple (Memphis). He was the son of the lady Ankh-hi. (1876c1)

A priest or prophet of Amen Ra. His father= 's name was Pe-te-khons, and the period when he = lived is uncertain. (1876c1)

A royal chancellor in the XXVIth dynasty. He was the son of Zet-pthah-auf-ankh= and the lady Ise-kheb-au. (1876c1)<= /p>

A prophet and "Overseer of the Mounta= ins of Ra." He was the son of a functionary of the palace of the same go= d, who bore the name of Sheshonk. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H Psametik I, II, III.= [Editor –= See Psammetichus I, II, III.]

$H Psammet= ichus. Another Greek form of the Egyptian royal name Psametik, which see. (1876c= 1)

$H Psametik-khu.= Egypt

A royal steward in the reign of Psametik I. (1876c1)

$H Psametik-munkh. Egypt

Psametik-munkh. "Psammetichus the Beneficent.&q= uot; The surname of the Egyptian governor Nes-ahor, which see. (1876c1)

$H Psammenitus.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

The Greek form of the Egyptian royal name = Psametik, more especially of P= sametik III., the last of the Egyptian kings.(1876c1)

$H Psammetichus I Egypt

Psammetichus I . = Uah-ab-Ra. The founder of the XXVIth Dynasty at Saïs, B.C. 666-612. He married Shep-en-apt, the daughter and heiress of the Ethiopian king Piank= hi and his queen Ameniritis, and brought Patoris to her husband as a wedding gift. Psammetichus made a successful military expedition into Nubia; but his reign is chiefly remarkable for the revival of art, which flouris= hed under his fostering care. Saïte art shows a strong Hellenic influenc= e, though the ideas are the same as those which prevailed under the ancient Empire. This king employed Greek mercenaries in his army, and permitted Greeks to establish themselves in the Delta.(1902b1)

Psametik I.= The son of Necho I.= , and petty king of Sais. He incited it is supposed by the Egyptian priests, took measures to consu= lt an oracle to induce the other kings of the Dodecarchy to acknowledge him = as king. This they refusing to do he had to fly into exile, but after a few years returned with a large body of Greek mercenaries, chiefly Lydians, s= ent by king Gyges, he invaded the Delta, encountered the Assyrian troops at Momemphis or Menouf, defeated and drove them permanently out of Egypt, th= us terminating at once the Assyrian suzerainty and the duration of the Egypt= ian Dodecarchy. In return he settled his allies the Greeks in various cities = of the Delta, and permitted them to be governed by their own laws, an action which caused 200,000 of his Egyptian subjects to quit Egypt, and seek a new country in Ethiopia= . He married the princess Shepenaput, the daughter of Piankhi II., and rebu= ilt most of the temples of Egypt, and especially enlarged the temple of Pthah at Memphis, and the Serapeum. He then attempted to conquer Syria, but was detained at the siege of Ashdod twenty-nine years. Psametik was the first monarch who made the study of G= reek imperative in Egyp= t. The last revision and collation of the great Ritual of the Dead took plac= e in his reign. He reigned more than fifty-two years, and was succeeded by his= son Necho II.(1876c1)

$H Psammetichus II.

Psametik II. The son of Psametik I. He claimed the throne of Ethiopia in addition to that of Egypt, and to establish a right to his desire married his aunt, the princess Neit-aker, daughter of Queen Shapenap, and granddaughter of Queen Amen-irit-is. He reigned six years, during which he conquered Ethiopia= . He was the Psammis of the Greeks. He was succeeded by his son Uahprahet, = the Hophra of Hebrew history. (1876c1)

$H Psammetichus III. Egypt

Psammetichus III. , Ankh-ka-en-Ra , XXVIth Dynasty, B.C. 525= . Son of Aahmes II., who gallantly resisted the invasion of his country by Cambyse= s. After a stern resistance, first at Pelusium, and then at Memphis, he was taken prisoner, and p= ut to death within six months of his accession.(1902b1)

Psametik III. The son and successor of Aahmes or Amasis II. He ascended the throne at the advent of the Persian invasion, which he was powerless to avert. At the v= ery first battle the Greeks were led into Egypt by Phanes, the comman= der of his own Greek bodyguard, who had revolted to Cambyses. In the engagement = the Persian king placed in front of his army all the animals which were held sacred by the Egyptians, who were thus afraid to discharge their arrows, = lest they conducted themselves impiously. The result was an easy victory of the Persians, who then besieged = Memphis, the capital, where they put to death the son of Psametik and 2000 of the principal Egyptians. The life of the king of Egypt was spared for a short time, but being accused of taking part in a conspiracy against Cambyses, = he was put to death by being compelled to drink bull's blood. With Psametik = III. ended the XXVIth dynasty and the Archaic history of Egypt. He reigned only six months, and was the Psammenitus of the Greeks.(1876c1)

$H Psammis. Egypt

A name given by the Greeks to several Egyp= tian kings, but chiefly those of the Saite dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Psar. Egypt

Psar. The "Scri= be of the Palace" of Rameses II. of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)=

Psar. The "Chie= f of the Country" and priest of the temple of Neith in the XIXth or XXth dynasty. = His mother was a priestess of Amen Ra named Ra-mai, and his father Neb-neteru was a Sam of the = temple of Pthah. (1876c1)

$H Pschent. Egypt

Pschent. Or Schent. The crown of the united kingdom of Upper and Lower Egypt It was formed by the union in one headdress of the linen Sh= aa, and the golden Teshr, the distinctive crowns = of the two separate kingdoms. (1876c1)

Psche= nt. Egyp. The head‑dress of the ancient kings of = Egypt, which should properl= y be called skhent, since the p only represents the article the. This head‑dress is the emblem of supreme power, the symbol of dominion over the south and north.= It is a diadem composed of the united crowns of the Upper and Lower Egypts.(1883m1)

$H Pse-isi. Egypt

The father of Pa-ab-h= or, priest of Apis. (1876c1)

$H Pselcis. Egypt

A chief town in the D= odecaschoenon, a Greco-Egyptian district of Nubia. It is now called Dakke. (1876c1)

$H Pselk. Egypt

The Egyptian name of the town called Pselcis by the Greeks. (1876c1)

$H Pse-nio. Egypt

An Egyptian gentleman, the son of the lady= Bab-mouth. His sarcophagus and mummy are in the Leyden= Museum. (1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Pse-nirina.

A boatman in the temple of Amen Ra= in the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Pse-nuter. Egypt

The father of Ankh-ha= pi, a priest of Apis. Period uncertain. (1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Psephus. Greece

Gr. (RN@H[=3Dpsephos]). A ro= und stone used by the Athenian voters to record their votes.(1883m1)

$H Pse-pthah. Egypt

An Egyptian priest, the son of Pa-anmu. He is only known from a dedication on an Apis tablet in the Museum of the Louvre. (1876c1)

$H Pse-sekhet. Egypt

A devotee of Apis in the XXVIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Pseudisodomum (opus)= . (See OPUS PSEUDISODOMUM.) (1883m1)

$H Pseudisodomos. Architecture

(Arch.) A kind of ma= sonry employed by ancient architects in which two courses of small and large st= ones alternated with regularity. Masonry which consisted of stones all of the = same height was called by the Greeks ÆF= `= *= @= := @= H[=3Disodomos]. [Mas= onry, Greek.](1891a1)

$H Pseudodipteral. Architecture

(Arch.) A temple is = said to be pseudo‑dipteral when it is apparently built upon the dipteral (q= .v.) plan, but is in reality only surrounded by one free row of columns, anoth= er row of columns being attached to the walls of the ce= lla.(1891a1)

$H Pseudodipteros. Architecture

Gr. and R. (= R,= L*= @‑*= \B= J,= D@= H[=3Dpseudo‑dipteros]). A building or temple which pre= sents the appearance of being surrounded by a double colonnade, though it posse= sses only a single one, which is separated from the walls of the cella, as in = the dipteral arrangement. (Fig. 564.)

Fig. 564. Ground plan of a Pseudodipteral Temple.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Pseudoperipteros. Architecture

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>R,L*@‑B,D\BJ,D@H[=3Dpseudo‑pe= ripteros]). A building or temple which presents the appe= arance of being surrounded by a colonnade, although in reality it does not posse= ss one, the columns being embedded in the walls of the = cella. (See PERIPTEROS, under which an example of this kind of temple is given.)(1883m1)

$H Pseudothyrum.=

$H Pseudourbana.=

(sc. aedificia), R. The dwelling‑house of the owner of a farm, which was distinct fr= om the buildings set apart for the farm people and the slaves, the familia= rustica= .(1883m1)

$H Psili.

Gr. (R48@\[=3Dpsiloi]). Light= ‑armed troops, who wore skins or leather instead of metal a= rmour, and fought generally with bows and arrows or slings.(1883m1)

$H Pse-maut. [See Psi-mut - Editor]

$H Psi-mut.

Psi-Mut. Or<= /i> Pse-Maut. The last king of the XXIIIrd dynasty. He succeeded Osorkon III. (1876c1)

$H Psi-naches. Egypt

The name of an Egyptian monarch of Tanis, of the XXIst dynasty. He is only found in the= lists of Manetho, and has not yet been certainly id= entified. (1876c1)

$H Psonkhens. Egypt

A son of Aahmes of the XXVIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Psusennes. Egypt

According = to the Greek lists a king of Tanis<= /st1:City>. He has not yet been certainly identified. (1876c1)

$H = Psychè.

Psych= è, Fr. A cheval‑glass or mirror.(1883m1)

$H = Psyche.

Psyche. The story of Psyche, who was beloved of Eros or Cupid, has always been a favourite one with artists. Eros and Psyche are gen= erally represented together, and Psyche frequently has the wings of a butterfly.(1891a1)

$H Psychostasia.= Egypt

It was an accepted belief from the very earliest ages that every one must be brought into the Hall of Double Truth, and there be judged by Osiris for their course of conduct during life.

The soul, after first making the negative confession before the Forty-Two Assessors of the Dead, is conducted into the presence of Osiris. The heart or conscience, in the form of a s= mall vase, is placed in the scale opposite to the feather of Truth; upon the b= eam of the balance sits the little cynocephalus (q.v.), the attendant of Thoth. Anpu is usually standing close by to examine or tes= t the indicator. Above is seen the soul of the deceased resting upon the top of= a pylon (?). Near at hand stands Shai, or Destiny, and behind him Meskhen= t and Renenet, the two goddesses who presided o= ver the birth and education of children. Beyond is Thoth= , "the scribe of the gods," reed-pen and palette in hand, ready to inscribe the result of the weighing of the heart. Behind him is a hideous composite animal, Amam, with the body of a li= oness, the head and forequarters of a crocodile, and the hindquarters of a hippopotamus; she is called the "Devourer of the Wicked." The s= oul is then taken by the hand by Horus, and condu= cted to Osiris, who is seated on a throne beneath a canopy; before him are the "four children of Ho= rus," standing upon an opening lotus flower; and behind him are Isis and Nephthys. Judgment is then pronounced, and the dece= ased is either permitted to join the cycle of the gods in the Fields of Peace,= or else is seized upon and consumed by the "Devourer of the Wicked.&quo= t; There are a great many representations of the judgment scene extant, all = of them varying slightly in detail. The papyrus of Ani<= /span> in the British Museum is one of the finest in Europe, and there is a splendid bas-relief of it = upon the walls of the temple= of Dêr el <= span class=3DSpellE>Medineh at Thebes.(1902b1)

$H Psycter.

Gr. (RL6JZD[=3Dpsukter]). A me= tal wine‑cooler, often of silver, consisting of an outer vessel to contain ice, and an inn= er vessel for the wine.(1883m1)

$H Ptah. Egypt

In Memphis Ptah was considered the oldest of the= gods. He is called, "Father of the mighty fathers, father of the beginning= s, he who created the sun egg and the moon egg," "the creator of h= is own image." With Sekhet and Im-hetep he formed the triad worshipped at Memphis, where a splendid temple was built to him. He is represented with a mummied body, a close-fitting cap, no head-dress, a= nd with a curious unexplained tassel hanging out of the back of his neck. In= his hands he holds a sceptre, which terminates in the signs for power, life, = and stability. His name signifies "architect, framer, constructor." One legend associates him with Khnemu in the = work of creation under the commands of Thoth. He i= s said to have established everlasting justice upon earth. The Greeks compared h= im to Hephaistos, the Latin Vulcan. Ptah is found in conjunction with other gods, the m= ost important fusion being with Seker Osiris. ILLUS. Pt= ah.(1902b1)

Pthah. The chief deit= y of Lower Egypt. According to the XVIIth chapter of the Ritual of the Dead, Pthah was = one of the primordial deities who were created by Ra, and he was a symbolic personification of the elements of creation and of embryonic life. He was, accordingly, generally represented as a deformed or new-born child, havin= g a very flat head, projecting forehead, thick lips, prominent abdomen, and distorted legs. On his head was generally figured a = scarabaeus. He holds two serpents against his chest and treads like Horus upon two crocodiles; sometimes also a hawk rests upon each shoulder. In t= his form and with these attitudes Pthah was calle= d Pthah-Sokari-Osiris, from whence was derived the Pataikos of the Greek authors. This was the represe= ntation of the god as he was adored at Memphis. Another form of Pthah, that in which he was venerated in Upper Egypt, represented the god as an upright mummy, standi= ng upon a pedestal, and wearing a closely fitting cap; his neck was adorned = with a large and beautiful collar, having a counterpoise at the back: his hand= s, which alone were free, held the t= at, or emblem of stability, the cucufa staff, and the crux ansata= . In this form he was analogous to the deity Khonsu, the peculiar deity of the kings of Upper Egypt. In the Hieroglyphic texts Pthah was called "The Father of Beginnings," "The Creator of the Eggs of the Sun and Moon," and in common with many other divinities, "The L= ord of Life." (Pierret.) (1876c1)=

$H Ptah-ases. Egypt

An Egyptian officer, probably of the IVth dynasty. He was "Chief of the Royal Works," "Great Chief of the Works," and "Premier Chief-priest of Memphis." (1876c1)

$H Ptah-hetep, Precepts= of. Egypt

This work is contained in the famous "Prisse Papyrus," which has been called "The oldest book in the world." (See PAPYRI.) It= dates back to the Vth Dynasty, and yet "appeal= s to the authority of the ancients." Parts of it are extremely difficult = to translate, although the general purport of the text can be gathered. But = other parts are more easily understood. The moral teaching is of the same kind = as that found in the Book of Proverbs. The pious son is extolled, and duty to parents and superiors inculcated. The path of the virtuous is shown to be advantageous, and by contrast the evil of disobedience, pride, laziness, intemperance, and other vices is pointed out. For translation, see "Records of the Past."(1902b1)

$H Ptah-ka. Egypt

Ptah-ka. "Bull of Pthah." An ancient name = of the capital city Memphis, in Lower Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Ptah-Seker-Osiris. Egypt

A form of the god Ptah under which he symbolize= d the inert form of Osiris, the mummy with its possibilities and certainty of resurrection. Large numbers of Ptah-Seker-Osiris figures have been found. They are= made of wood, and mounted on a little pedestal, which projects some distance in front. This pedestal and the statuette itself are frequently hollow, and contain papyri inscribed with certain chapters from the "Book of the Dead." The figures and pedestals are gaily painted, and are usually inscribed with the ordinary prayer formula for sepulchral meals.(1902b1)<= o:p>

$H Ptei. Egypt

A grand priest of Amen Ra. Dynasty uncerta= in, but of the Second Empire.(1876c1)=

$H Pteroma.

(Arch.) In classical architecture pteroma signifies the portico which surrounds the cella of a temple.(1891a1= )

$H Pterophoroi.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

Pterophoroi. "Feather-Bearers." In Egyptian history certain officers, who were so called from the feathers which they wore in their headdress as a mark of their rank, in the court of the king= s of Egypt<= /st1:country-region>. They carried the great feather fans beside the royal throne, when the king was borne in procession in the sacred palanquin, or gestatorial chair.(1876c1)

$H = Pterotus.

R. (= BJ,DTJ`H[=3Dp= terotos]). That which has wings or ears; an e= pithet applied to the drinking‑cup called calix.(1883m1)=

$H = Pthah. [See Pt= ah - Editor]

$H = Pthah-ases. Egypt

The son of the great Egyptian officer Ha-k= a, of the Vth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-em-he-bai. Egypt

An overseer or keeper of the bulls of Pthah. His statue is in the = Leyden Museum. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-em-hebi. Egypt

An Egyptian priest. The period when he liv= ed and the deity to whom he was priest are unknown. He had a daughter named = Bek-pthah. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-hat-ankhef.

The son of Prince Nam= urot, and the grandson of Osorkon II., of the XXIInd dynasty. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-hotep. Egypt

Pthah= -hotep. "Peace of Pthah." An early Egyptian sculptor, probably of the XIIth dynasty. His father's name was Papi. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-hotep. Egypt

Pthah= -hotep. Or Phthaophis. An Egyptian writer of proverbs; the son of Assa Tat-keres, king of Egypt= . He declares himself to have attained the age of 110 years, and his writings = are characterised by strong good sense and filial piety, rather than by any d= epth of religious expression. He is sometime; called Pthah-heft and Aphobis. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-hotep. Egypt

An Egyptian officer, whose monument is in = the Leyden= Museum. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-mai. Egypt

Pthah= -mai. The Sam and priest of Pthah, in t= he XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

Pthah= -mai. A poet and member of the royal family, in the reign of Rameses II. of the X= IXth dynasty. (1876c1)

Pthah= -mai. A great Egyptian officer of the XIXth dynasty, of whom, however, little is known except the names of the members of his family. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-mei-t. Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the mother of the priest= Fai-iten-hemh-bai, which I see. (1876c1)=

$H = Pthah-meri. Egypt

The son of the royal scribe Pueri, of the XVIIIth dynasty.(1876c1)

$H = Pthah-mes. Egypt

Pthah= -mes. "Born of Pthah." An overseer of the palace of Pthah and a royal scribe. Period uncertain.(1876c1)

Pthah-mes.= A chief overseer of the House of Pthah. His monument is in the Leyden Museum. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

Pthah-mes.= A priest and spondist of the <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">temple of Pthah-sokari, in the reign of Ra= meses III. He had a son named Si-uskh, who was a priest of likewise. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-nefer. Egypt

Pthah-nefer. "Good Pthah." An auditor of the temple of Pthah in the period of the Second Empire. (1= 876c1)

$H = Pthah-nefer-ka.

Pthah-nefer-ka. "The Good= Bull of Pthah."(?) An Egyptian prince, in the ancient romance of the Story of Setnau. He wa= s the son of Mer-neb-pthah, an unidentified king of= Egypt. He married his sister Ahura, by whom he had a= son named Merhu. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-nes-anb-ef. Egypt

A name of the deity P= thah, under which he had a special temple at the city of Memphis. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-se. Egypt

The daughter of Ameni= , the chief of the embalmers of an unnamed king of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-Sokari-Osiris. Egypt

A form of the demiurgic deity Pthah peculiar to Memphis, in Lower Egypt, in which he was repres= ented as a deformed hydrocephalous dwarf. (1876c1)

$H = Pthah-ur. Egypt

An augur in the temple of Pthah. His precise da= te is uncertain. (1876c1)

$H = Ptolemais. Egypt

In the Greco-Egyptian period the chief cit= y of the Thinite nome = in the Thebaid. It is now called Mens= hech. (1876c1)

$H Ptolemies. Egypt

At the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. his empire was divided among= his generals, Egypt falling to the lot of his favourite and familiar companio= n, Ptolemy, a man who had risen from an obscure position in the army. He fou= nded a dynasty which lasted nearly three hundred years, ending with the death = of Cleopatra in 30 B.C. The history of the fourteen Pto= lemies and the seven Cleopatras is a record of small campaigns, murders, and immorality. At the same time there was great lite= rary and scientific activity during the early part of the period. Many temples were built, the well-preserved remains of which form some of the finest examples of architecture extant; the style of art had, however, altered considerably from that of Pharaonic times. At= Philae, Kom Ombo, Edfu, and <= span class=3DSpellE>Dendera there are Ptolemaic temples. (See CLEOPATRA.)(1902b1)

$H Ptolemy. Egypt

A Greco-Egyptian priest or officer, the fa= ther of Eirene, the priestess of the goddess Arsinöe Philopater= under Ptolemy V. (1876c1)

$H Ptolemy (I.) Soter. Egypt

Ptolemy (I.) Soter. "The Saviour." The son of Lagus, a somatophyl= ax in the army of Philip of Macedon and of Arsinöe his cousin.(?) He was o= ne of the chief generals and advisers of Alexander the Great, whose natural brother he was generally thought to have been, and to whom he was heir pr= esumptive. On the death of Alexander he voted for a division of his empire among his officers, but being overruled in this, he accepted the government of Egypt under Philip Arridaeus. He put to death Cleomenes, the receiver-general of taxes, who had been made sub-governor of = Egypt, and then annexed the ki= ngdom of Cyrene, which = was at that time torn to pieces by an internal faction, to his own, in B.C. 321.= He gave a magnificent funeral to the body of Alexander, and then met the arm= y of Perdiccas, the governor of Philip Arridaeus and Alexander Aegus in battle, when he became master of the field. The next year he conquered Libya and Phenicia, and received the gen= eral, or rather king, Seleucus of the East in Egypt after his expulsion by Antigonus, B.C. 315, taking up arms in his defence. Ptolemy Soter then conquered Cyprus,and defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes at Gaza, = and recovering Babylon for Seleucus, conquer= ed Judea, and transplanted many of the Jews to Alexand= ria and Cyrene, where he afforded them special privileges. After that he resigned Phenici= a to Antigonus, with whom, however, he soon was at war again, and a second time overran Palestine= and Phenicia, in B.C. 302. Finally he defeated Antigonus at the battle of Ipsus, and then settled himself to adorn and strengthen his dominions, B.= C. 300. He erected at Alexandria the museum= , the serapeum or temple of Serapis, and b= egan the famous national library. He ordered the architect Sostratus to build = the pharos, or lighthouse, and encouraged the fugitive Jewish high-priest, Hezekias, to complete the canon of the Old Testament, B.C. 298. A few yea= rs afterwards he associated his son Ptolemy Philadelphus in the empire with = him, B.C. 285, and died two years following. See Alexandria. (1876c1)

$H Ptolemy (II.) Philadelphus. Egypt

Ptolemy (II.) Philadelphus. "Brother Loving." The son of Ptole= my Soter by his queen Berenice. He was born B.C. 311, and became co-regent with his father B.C. 285, Ptolemy= Soter himself taking the title of viceroy to his so= n. He began his reign by a magnificent triumphal procession, followed by public games and shows. His first troubles were a revolt in Cyrene, instigated by his half-sister Berenice. This = he soon quelled, and then, to secure his possession of Egypt, put to death his half-brothers by Eurydice, the first wife of his father, and sent a friendly embassy to Rome to congratulate the Senate upon its victory o= ver Pyrrhus, thus commencing the intercourse between Egypt and the West which was ultimately to prove the ruin of his kingdom. Being anxious to increase the Alexandrian library, founded by his father, he forbade the exportation of papyrus, chiefly to defeat the attempts of Philoterus, king of Pergamus, to found a rival institution. This led to the more general use of leather= for a writing material, in the form now called parchment, from Pergamena, where it was produced. Ptolemy Philadelphus also invited to Alexandria the leading scientific men of the day, including Demetrius Phale= reus, once archon of Athens, who became his librarian; Zen= odotus, Euclid, Ctesibus the mathematician, Theocritus and Callimachus the poets, Hegesius and Aris= tippus the philosophers, Philostephanus the naturali= st, Aratus, Aristarchus, Timocharis, and Claudius Ptolemy the geographer, be= sides many other writers of less note. The priests of Egypt having made his mothe= r, Berenice, a goddess, he held another series of fest= ivals, and made further rich endowments in her name to the temples. The chief temple of Philae was begun in his reign, and he also completed many other<= /span> of the restored shrines of the older divinities. The so-called Septuagint Version of the Old Testament was carried on by the orders of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who still further enlarged the privil= eges of the Jews and Greeks, and considerably increased the mercantile importa= nce of Egypt. He re-erected an obelisk of Nectanebo on the = tomb of his sister Arsinöe at Alexandria, and died B.C. 247, after a splendid reign of thirty-seven years. In the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus the historian Man= etho, by the order of the king, compiled his lists of the Egyptian Dynasties. (1876c1)

$H Ptolemy (III.) Euergetes. Egypt

Ptolemy (III.) Euerge= tes. The son of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He succeeded= to the throne of Egypt B.C. 247, and commenced his reign by making war with = Antigonus and his son Seleucus= , king of Syria, to avenge the murder of his sister Be= renice, who, together with her son, had been put to death by Seleucus. Asia Minor and Syria at once submitted to Ptolemy, B.C. 245, and he exten= ded his conquests in the East as far as Media, Babylon, and Bactria, regaining there many trophies and prizes which the Persians had previously carried away. He was recalled to Egypt by internal differences which had broken out during his absence, but on h= is way home stopped at Jerusale= m, and presented offerings at the temple there. Having quelled the disturban= ces in Egypt, Ptolemy was desirous of emulating the actions of the Ramesside kings, and for that purpose marched an army into Ethiopia, which he subjugated, and set u= p a monument of his victories in the shape of a great marble chair with a Gre= ek inscription at Adule, a port of the Red Sea. He enlarged and repaired the great temple of Karnak, began that of Esneh, and added to the temple of Amen at the oasis of Hibe. He further erected a te= mple to Osiris at Canopus, in the name of hi= mself and his wife and sister Berenice. He strove i= n all things to be an Egyptian rather than a Greek monarch, and took the surnam= e of Meri-en-pthah, "Beloved of Pthah," similar to the custom of the Pharaohs of the older dynasties. He continued the patronage of literature and art which distinguished his predecessors,= and died leaving Egypt= in a prosperous condition, B.C. 222, after a reign of twenty-three years.= He was succeeded by his son, Ptolemy Philopater.= (1876c1)

$H Ptolemy (IV.) Philopater. Egypt

Ptolemy (IV.) Philopater. "Father Loving."= The son of Ptolemy Euergetes, whom he succeeded, B.C. 222, and owing to the wisdom of his predecessors, found himself at the head of the greatest nav= al power in the world, and an empire extending from Ethiopia to Upper Syria,= and including Cyrene, the cities of the coast of Asia Minor, and AEnos and Maronea in Thrace. By the advice of his chief minister, Sosibius, he commenced his reign by putting to death his mother Berenice, and his brot= her Magus, and then soon gave himself up to pleasures and excesses. The kingd= om falling into decay, Philopater was roused into action by Antiochus the Gr= eat, who had obtained Seleucia by the treache= ry of the Egyptian garrison, and had become master of Syria and Palestine before Ptolemy was able to bring his army into the field. In the battles which ensued between the two monarchs, the king of Egypt was defeated at many = places and finally at Raphia, B.C. 217, and thus lost the whole of his Asiatic dominions. He still continued, however, to follow the dictates of an imperious voluptuousness, and marked his want of policy by a specious attention to literature and art, more especially the arts of music and po= etry. He died, worn out with disease, in the seventeenth year of his reign, B.C. 205, leaving the empire of the Ptolemies weakened by misrule and over taxation, and attacked both by the Syrians and Easterns. (1876c1)

$H Ptolemy (V.) Epiphanes. Egypt

Ptolemy (V.) Epiphane= s. The son of Ptolemy Philopater, whom he succeeded when only five years = of age, B.C. 205. His accession to the throne was followed by a fearful riot= in Alexandria, which resulted in the death of Agathocles, the prime minister, and Agathoclea the mistress, of the= late king, together with all their adherents. Taking advantage of his youth, a= nd the troubled condition of Egypt, Antiochus, king of Syria, and Philip V., king of Macedon, endeavoured to dismember the empire of Egypt; but the Egyptian ministers applied to the Roman Senate for aid, and by their assistance the enemies were repulsed, = B.C. 202, and Marcus Lepidus sent as governor to E= gypt over King Ptolemy. In B.C. 198, however, Antiochus conquered Coele-Syria, and Palestine, and by the advice of the Roman Senate Ptolemy was declared of age, and crowned at Memphis, B.C. 197, soon after which the famous decree, now known by the name of the Rosetta Stone, was set up in his honour by the Egyptian clergy. Peace was then concluded between the kings of Syria and Egypt, and Ptolemy married Cleopatra, the daughter of Antiochus, receiving Palestine and Coele-Syria as her dowry. He assisted the Romans st= ill in their war with his father-in-law, and entered into the Achaean League, B.= C. 187. Finding the colonies of Egypt nearly all fallen off, except Cyprus a= nd Cyrene, he planned an attack upon Coele-Syria, which was only nominally in his power; but having no resources wherewith = to pay his army, and his friends being apprehensive that he would make a levy upon them, he was assassinated by poison, B.C. 181. His name merely occur= s on a few temples in E= gypt, and he does not appear to have executed any great work, or to have restor= ed, or even repaired, any of the national edifices. See Rosetta Stone. (1876c1)

$H Ptolemy (VI.) Philometer. Egypt

Ptolemy (VI.) Philometer. "Mother Loving."= The son of Ptolemy Epipanes. He was born B.C. 187, and succeeded his father w= hen six years old, reigning jointly with his mother Cleopatra. The Syrian dom= inions of his empire were wrested from him on the death of the queen by Antiochus Epiphanes, upon whom his ministers declared war, but they were defeated together with the Egyptian army near lake Serbonis, B.C. 173. The king of Syria then marched to Memphis, which he took B.C. 171, and capturing Ptolemy VI., declared himself his guardian. Upon that Ptolemy Physcon proclaimed himself king of Egypt under the name of Euergetes II., a= nd sent to Rome for assistance. In the mean time Philometer married his sister Cleopatra,= and agreed to reign jointly with his brother. Alexandri= a being still besieged by Antiochus in B.C. 170, the Romans deputed the ambassador Popilias to cause the siege to be raised, and to that the king= of Syria consented, but not until he had carried off nearly all the wealth of the country. Peace between the two brothers was only restored for a time, for again war broke out, and the Romans interposing a second and a third time gave Egypt to Philom= eter, and Cyrene, Lybia, and Cyprus to Physcon. This set= tlement was also unsatisfactory, and ultimately Ptolemy VI. defeated and conquered his brother, and then forgave and restored him to his dominions B.C. 154.= The subsequent history of Ptolemy was one of continual altercations. He gave = his daughter Cleopatra to the impostor Alexandra Bala, and endeavouring to support Demetrius Nicator, as king of Syria, was slain in battle at Antio= ch, B.C. 146, having reigned forty-one years, and was succeeded by his brother Ptolemy Physcon. The te= mple of Edfu may have = been rebuilt by this monarch, but it is uncertain, as the royal cartouch is le= ft blank. (1876c1)

$H Ptolemy (VII.) Physcon. Egypt

Ptolemy (VII.) Physcon. "Big Bellied." A s= econd son of Ptolemy Epiphanes. Although subordinate to his brother, he claimed= to have been always the rightful king of Egy= pt, and hence on the death of Philometer he called the first year of his sole reign the twenty-fifth, having reigned before six years jointly with Ptol= emy VI., and eighteen by himself as king of Cyrene. Immediately upon his accession he was crowned with great state at Memphis, and to flatter the people of Memphis named his son Memphites after= the name of that city. He was very cruel and capricious, and soon after his coronation put away his wife and married her youngest daughter, his niece Cleopatra Cocce, an act for which he was universally detested. The Roman Senate sent Scipio Africanus to congratulate him, and he was received with high honours by the Egyptian king. He was still more unpopular than ever = after the return of Scipio, and at last the people of Alexandria rose in revolt against him= , and expelled him from the throne, setting up instead his divorced queen Cleopatra. Upon that Physcon, who had already put to death her son by Philometer, now slew his own son by the queen, the prince Memphites, and = sent the head, hands, and feet, in a box as a birthday present to her. A fierce revolt followed, and Ptolemy was deposed; the kingdom of Egypt being thus lost to him, he claimed the throne of Syria against Demetrius, and the pe= ople of Alexandria then being afraid of Egypt being annexed to Syria dethroned Cleopatra, who had gone thither for help, and received Ptolemy Physcon ba= ck again as joint sovereign with her B.C. 125. Physcon maintained a troubled empire for a few years longer, and died B.C. 117, having reigned in all fifty-four years, with the least credit of any of the Ptolemies who had preceded him. He left the kingdom of Egypt to his second wife Cleop= atra Cocce, and that of Cyrene to his illegitimate son Ptolemy Apion, who bequeathed it to the Romans. T= he chief Archaic interest of the reign of Ptolemy Physcon consists in the gr= eat temple erected by the Jewish high-priest Onias at Tel el Yahoudeh, "Mound of the Jews," being built under his care and patronage, = and as the temple itself was supposed to have been a copy in plan of that of Jerusalem, and its ruins have now been discovered. Its ruins are of high value as settling several disputed questions on Jewish art. (1876c1)

$H Ptolemy VIII. Soter II. or Lat= hyrus, "Vetch." Egypt

Ptolemy VIII. Soter II. or Lathyrus, "Vetch." The son of Ptolemy Physcon, w= hom he succeeded B.C. 117. He reigned at first jointly with his mother Cleopa= tra Cocce who induced him to divorce his sister Cleopatra, and to marry his o= ther sister Selene, hoping thereby to cause internal dissentions in Egypt, and to place her younger son Ptolemy Alexander on the throne. Soon after = this Ptolemy Lathyrus was compelled to admit Alexander to a share in the crown, and therefore made him king of Cyprus. Ptolemy Apion, his = half brother, then seized the throne of Cyrene, and the kingdom of Egypt was broken up by a number = of contending armies and fraternal enemies. Lathyrus assisted Antiochus Cyzicenus to contest the dominion of Syria, instigated thereto by his wife Cleopatra, the divorced queen of Ptolemy himself, and his mother Cleopatra Cocce assisting Antiochus Gryphus, and placing her own army under the com= mand of two Jews, Chelcias and Ananias, led to an outbreak in Alexandria, wher= ein Lathyrus was deposed, his second wife Selene and her two children taken f= rom him, and himself driven into exile into Cyprus, B.C. 107. Ptolemy Alexand= er was next recalled to govern Egypt, but soon quarrelling with his mother he put her to death. For this crime another outbreak of the people drove Alexander into exile, and restored Ptolemy again, B.C. 89; he reigned but a short time afterwards, dying in = the next year. The famous t= emple of Contra Latopolis was erected in this reign. He conquered the city of Thebes, which had revolted from his authority, and in so doing destroyed more of the ancient temples than had hitherto been done by the Assyrians or the Persians. Lathyrus was so named from a wart like a vetch seed upon his face. (1876c1)

$H Ptolemy (IX.) Alexander. Egypt

Ptolemy (IX.) Alexander. A younger son of Ptolemy Ph= yscon by Queen Cleopatra Cocce. He was a mere tool in the hands of his intrigui= ng mother, who forced him to contest the crown of Egypt with his brother Pto= lemy Lathyrus, and afterwards to rule jointly with herself and him. In B.C. 10= 7 an outbreak of the people of Alexandria aga= inst Lathyrus recalled him from his own petty kingd= om of Cyprus to the sole empire o= f Egypt. . His throne being still claimed by his mother he then had her put to dea= th. This barbarism led to a renewed revolt, and Alexander was driven out of <= st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Egypt into Myra, a city of Lycia= . In attempting, however, to cross into Cyprus, he was overtaken by= the Egyptian fleet under Chabrias, and slain in battle. By some writers Ptole= my Alexander is reckoned the ninth of the Ptolemies, and by others he is not included in the separate lists. He married for his second wife Cleopatra Berenice, the daughter of his brother Lathyrus. The name of his first wif= e, by whom he had a son called Ptolemy Alexander also, is not known. (1876c1= )

$H Ptolemy (X.) Alexander II. Egypt

Ptolemy (X.) Alexander II. The son of Ptolemy Alexander. On the expulsion of his father from the throne = of Egypt, B.C. 89, Ptolemy with his grandmo= ther Cleopatra took refuge in the Island of Cos, and on the death of Ptolemy Lathyrus claimed = the crown against his step-mother Cleopatra Berenice. By the assistance of Sylla and the Roman peop= le, whom he promised to make heirs of his kingdom, Alexander II. was sent from Rome to reign jointly with his step-mother and to marry her, which he did, and= the same day put her to death, thus leaving himself without a rival. The natu= ral consequence of the act was, however, a revolution in Alexandria, headed by his own guards,= who dragged the king from his palace to the gymnasium, where they put him to death, B.C. 80, after a troubled reign of nine years. (1876c1)=

$H Ptolemy XI. Neus Dionysus or Auletes. Egypt

Ptolemy XI. Neus Dionysus or Auletes, "The Piper." An illegitimate son of Pto= lemy Lathyrus. On the assassination of Ptolemy Alexander II., the people havin= g no nearer of kin to the deceased sovereign raised him to the throne, but from the first day of his reign he gave himself up to pleasures and debauchery, valuing more his skill in flute playing (hence his surname) than in kingcraft, and therefore the Romans refused to acknowledge him, but at the same time left him alone. The first twenty-four years of the reign of Aul= etes are not recorded in history; after some time however, Ptolemy his brother, who was king of Cy= prus, was dispossessed of his kingdom by the Romans, whereupon the Egyptians ur= ged Auletes to take up his cause. Being however too weak to do so with any probability of success, he refused, and was driven by his subjects into exile, B.C. 58. He next went to Rome for= help, and the Senate restored him to the crown again in B.C. 56, five years aft= er which he died, leaving the Roman influence paramount in Egypt. In his reign were be= gun the great temples of Denderah and Esneh in Upper E= gypt.(1876c1)

$H Ptolemy XII. Egypt

Ptolemy XII. The eldest son of Ptolemy Auletes, whom he succeeded B.C. 51. By the will of = his father he married his elder sister Cleopatra VI., the most famous or infa= mous of her race, and began to rule under the direction of Pompey, the dictato= r. The power of Pompey had however fallen when Auletes died, and so Photinus= the Eunuch, the governor of Egypt, induced the young king to reign alone, and= to dispossess his sister wife. On this Cleopatra fled into Syria, and raising an army, came back to= Egypt and regained her share of the throne, B.C. 49. About this time, Pompey fl= ying to Egypt for protection, was put to death by Ptolemy and his advisers, and the dictator Julius Caesar was welcomed to settle the kingdom between the bro= ther and sister, whose armies were preparing for a decisive battle. The Romans were unable to reconcile the competitors, and in the war which ensued, the fleet, the museums, and the library were destroyed. Cleopatra in the mean time had won over Caesar to her side, and in another naval engagement, in which the fleet of Caesar was strengthened by the army of Mithridates, ki= ng of Pergamus, Ptolemy was drowned, and first Arsinöe, then Cleopatra,= and finally Cleopatra and her infant son Caesarion, were declared sovereigns = of Egypt, B.C. 47. (1876c1)

$H Ptolemy XIII. Egypt

Ptolemy XIII. A younger son of Ptolemy Auletes. On the death of his brother Ptolemy, B.C.= 47, he was declared joint sovereign of Egypt with his brother's wi= fe Cleopatra, he being then eleven years old. He was a mere instrument in the hands of Caesar and Cleopatra, whom he, as was the custom of the Ptolemaic kings, also married. He visited Rome and was well received there, but on = his reaching the age of fifteen, at which period he could have claimed to be = of age, he was poisoned by his sister wife, B.C. 44(1876c1)

$H Ptolemy (XVI.) Caesarion. Egypt

Ptolemy (XVI.) Caesarion. The infant son of Cleopatr= a VI. and Julius Caesar. See Caesar= ion. He was made joint king with his mother, but was put to death by Marc Anto= ny, who made his own son by Cleopatra king instead. He is called by some writ= ers Ptolemy XVI., and he was the last of his race. To make up the number of sixteen Ptolemies, Ptolemy Memphites, and Ptolemy Apion, would have to be included in the lists, but the enumeration of the kings of the house of t= he Lagidae differs in almost every author. The names here given, and most of= the facts, are those of Mr. Sharpe. (1876c1)

$H P-to-res. Egypt

The Egyptian name for the people of Upper Egypt. They were the P= athrusim of the book of Genesis. (1876c1)