$H Ram.

Ram, O.E. for rain. = (Shakspeare.)

Ram, in Christian iconography, is a symbol not fully explained. It was probably connected with the idea of a manful fight with the powers of evil. Two rams face to face with a cross between them = are a frequent symbol. (Consult Martigny, Dict. des Antiq. Chrét. s. v. Belier.)(1883m1)=

Ram or Battering‑ram. (See ARIES.) The illustration (Fig. 574) is from the Assyrian sculptures, show= ing the invention of the testudo to be of great antiquity. Fig. 574. Assyrian Battering‑ram= .(1883m1)

$H Ra-m-aa-ur-nefru. Egypt

Ra-m-aa-ur-nefru. "Gift of the Great Sun of Justice." The daughter of Khitasira, king of the Hittites. She marri= ed Rameses II., by whom her father and his people were conquered. Her Syrian name has not yet been discovered. (1876c1)

$H Ramadhan.

The ninth month of t= he Arabian calendar, and the Mohammedan month of fasting; it is followed by = the festival of the Little Bairam.(1883m1)

$H Ramalia.

R. (ramus, a ram). Roman fest= ivals instituted in honour of = Ariadne and Bacchus.(1883m1)

$H Ramatea.

The king of Urakazapa= rna, a petty Median state. He was conquered by Esarhaddon= , king of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Ra-ma-uer-nefru. Egypt

A daughter of Rameses= II. of the XIXth d= ynasty. (1876c1)

$H Ra-mei. Egypt

An early unarranged Egyptian king. His name occurs on a scarabeus in the Leyden Museum. (1876c1)

$H Ra-mei-amen.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

An early unarranged Egyptian king. His name occurs on a scarabeus in the Leyden Museum. (1876c1)

$H Ra-mei-ni-ouro. Egypt

An early unarranged Egyptian king. His name occurs on a scarabeus in the Leyden Museum. (1876c1)

$H Ra-mei-pasht.= Egypt

Ra-mei-pasht. Or Ra-mei-serhet. An early unarranged Egyptian king. His name occurs on a scarabeus in the Leyden= Museum. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Ra-mei-serhet. Egypt [See Ra-mei-pasht - Editor]

$H Ramen. "Ether.&q= uot; Assyria

An Assyrian deity. He was called also "The Meridian Sun in Elam." (1876c1)

$H Ra-men-ankh. Egypt

An early unarranged Egyptian king. His name occurs on a scarabeus in the Leyden Museum.(1876c1)

$H Ra-men-ka. Egypt

An early unarranged Egyptian king. His name occurs on a scarabeus in the Leyden Museum. (1876c1)

$H Ra-men-kheper. Egypt

Ra-men-kheper. "The Sun establishes his Form.&q= uot; The prenomen of Thothmes III. of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

Ra-men-kheper. The last monarch of the sacerdotal li= ne of Har-hor of the XXIst dynasty, of whom no particulars are known, save that= he married the princess Hesi-em-kheb of the royal house of Seti I. of the XI= Xth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Ra-men-tau-neb. Egypt

The prenomen o= f an Egyptian king, but of whom it is not known. (1876c1)

$H Ra-men-tme. Egypt

Another form of the royal name of Menepthah I., which see. (1876c1)

$H Ra-men-to-ka. Egypt

An early unarranged Egyptian king. It occu= rs in the Leyden Collection. (1876c1)=

$H Ra-mere-nefer. Egypt

An early unarranged Egyptian king. (1876c1= )

$H Ra-meri-ankh-nas. Egypt

The queen of King Pep= i-Merira of the VIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Ra-mes. Egypt

Ra-mes. A = son of King Aahmes I. of the XVIIth or XVIIIth dyn= asty. (1876c1)

Ra-mes. A = son or brother of the preceding. He was a "Scribe of the Tribunal of Justice." (1876c1)

Ra-mes. An= herald and ambassador of Khitasira, king of the Hittites, who sent him with a tr= eaty of peace to Rameses II. after the battle of Kadesh. See Tatisbu. (1876c1)

Ra-mes. A royal scribe and chief of the servants of = the king. His monument is in the Leyden Museum. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

Ra-mes. "Son of Ra." An Egyptian officer w= ho flourished in the early part of the XVIIIth dynasty. His son's name was Aa-bau. (1876c1)

$H Ra-meses.

Ra-meses. The = names of three successive sons of Rameses III. of the XXth dynasty. (18= 76c1)

Ra-meses. A so= n of Rameses I. of the XIXth dynasty. He probably died before his father. (1876c1)

Ra-meses. A ro= yal scribe and chancellor, in the reign of Tirhakah. He was the son of the lady Zesmehentperu. (1876c= 1)

$H Ra-meses I, II, III,= etc. [See Ramses I, II, III, etc. - Editor]

$H Ra-meses-khaem. Egypt

A son of Rameses III. His name only occurs on the royal lists. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Rameses-mi-amen. Egypt

Another son of Ramese= s III. (1876c1)

$H Ra-meses-mi-atumu. Egypt

A third son of Rameses III. (1876c1)=

$H Ra-meses-mi-en-ra. Egypt

One of the fifty-nine sons of Rameses II. of= the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Ra-meses-nekht. Egypt

Ra-meses-nekht. "Rameses in Victory." The high-priest of Amen Ra, in the reign of Rameses IX. of the XXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Ra-meses-set-hik-hopsef. Egypt

A son of Rameses III. (1876c1)

$H Ra-mes-mi-amen. Egypt

One of the last kings of the XXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Ramesseum. Egypt

The name given to the great temple= of Ramses II., built= on the plain of Thebes, on the western bank of the Nile. It served as a mortuary chapel to his tomb in the valley behind (see TOMB). The Greeks called it = the Memnonium, by a corruption of the Egytian word mennu, which word they observed frequently in the inscriptions, turning the simp= le word meaning "monument" or "memorial" into a proper n= ame. They also called it the tomb of Osymandias, w= ho, according to Diodorus, was User-maat-Ra, that is Ramses II. T= he walls are covered with inscriptions and illustrations, many of which relate the story of the king's wars against the Kheta.(1= 902b1)

$H Ra-mes-su. Egypt

The true Hieroglyphic form of the Egyptian royal name generally written Ra-meses, which = see. (1876c1)

$H Ramillete.

Sp. A nosegay; a pyr= amid of sweetmeats and fruits.(1883m1)

$H Rampant. Heraldry

Rampant. (Her.) An animal rear= ing up on its hind legs in a fighting attitude is said to be rampant. [Lion Rampant.]

Rampant, Her. Erect,= one hind paw on the ground, the other three paws elevated; the animal looking forward, and having his tail elevated. Fig. 575. Lion Rampant. Fig. 576. Demi‑lio= n Rampant.(1883m1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp;

--- $H Ra= mpant guardant. = Heraldry

Her. The same as ram= pant, but looking out of the shield.(1883m1)

--- $H Ra= mpant reguardant. Heraldry

Her. The same as ram= pant, but looking backwards.(1883m1)

$H Rampart. Architecture

A fortified wall whi= ch forms a defensive enclosure for a town or castle. In the Middle Ages ramparts c= onnected fortified gates, and were bordered by fosses. ILLUS. rampart(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Ramses I. Egypt

Ramses I , = Men-pehtet Ra , Dynasty XIX., cir. B.C. = 1400 (B). With the incoming of this new dynasty came also the revival of the ancient worship of Amen, and Thebes became once more the seat of government. The rise of the powerful Kheta people became a source of danger to the Egyptian kingdom. The fame of Ramses I. rests in the = fact that his son, Seti I., and his grandson, Ramses II., were = two of the most celebrated of the long line of Pharaohs.(1902b1)

Ra-meses I. "Son of Ra." The f= irst king of the XIXth dynasty. He was probably related by marriage to the fam= ily of his predecessor Haremhebi, but his pedigree and connection are not kno= wn. In the second year of his reign he associated his son Seti I. wi= th himself, and made him marry the princess Touaa, a direct descendant of Amenhotep IV. From his features he was evidently of Semitic origin, and possibly was even descended from some of the Hykshos chiefs who still remained in Egypt<= /st1:country-region> after the bulk of their nation was expelled. Warlike as were all the king= s of his race he fought against the Hittites, and claimed to have been the fir= st of the Pharaohs who had pursued that nation into the valley of the Oronte= s. He concluded a treaty of peace with their king Separuru or Sap-or, and he returned to Egypt<= /st1:country-region> with a large number of prisoners, or rather slaves, whom he employed in t= he erection of temples to the deities Khem and Amen Horus. Rameses I. died after a short reign, and was succeed= ed by his son, or as some texts call him, his son-in-law Seti I., t= he Sesostris of the Greeks. The name Rameses should be pronounced Ra-meses, = not as is commonly done Ram-eses, as if it were a compound of the name of the Hindu deity Ram. (1876c1)

$H Ramses II. Egypt

Ramse= s II , User-maat-Ra, Setep-en-Ra , Dynasty XIX., cir. B.C. 1333 (P.). The Sesothis of Manetho= and Sesostris of the Greeks, and one of the most celebrated of all the Egypti= an kings. The first care of this monarch on ascending the throne was to fini= sh the beautiful temple of Abydos begun b= y his father, Seti I. He added also to the temples of Karnak and Luxor, restored that of Ptah at Memphis, and bu= ilt as a lasting memorial of his fame the rock-cut temple of Ab&ucir= c; Simbel, and the Ramesseum, before which he placed the largest colossal statues that are known. In Nubia are also many of his buildings. This king did not hesitate to appropriate the work of his predecessors to himself, and both on temples and statues their names may = be seen chiselled out, and his own cut over them.

During the reign of Ramses II., the po= werful Kheta, under their king, Kheta-sar, waged war against = Egypt, Kadesh being the rallying-point; and, althoug= h in the Poem of Pentaur (q.v.) the king's courage and prowess are loudly sung, he comes out of the war but a very doubtful conqueror. Peace was ratified by the marriage of the Kheta king's daughter with the Pharaoh. In Syria, however, the Egyptian army was more successful, and there are long lists = of the conquered peoples to be seen upon Ramses = II.'s monuments at Thebes. From an inscription at Kûban it is clea= r that the working of the Nubian gold mines, which was begun during the reign of= Seti= I., was continued under his successor.<= o:p>

The "treasure cities" of Pithom and Ramses, built by the forced labour of the= Israelites, date from this reign; and Zaan or Pa-Ramessu, became one of the capitals of the kingdom.=

Ramses II. is by most Egyptologists considered to be = the Pharaoh of the oppression; he reigned sixty-seven years, and was succeede= d by his fourteenth son, Mer-en-Ptah. The mummy of= this Pharaoh is in the Cairo= Museum.(1902b1)

Ra-meses II. Surnamed Me= riamen, "Beloved of Amen." The son of Seti I., with whom he was associated o= n the throne of Egypt when only ten years old, becoming sole king at the age of= eighteen or twenty. He was as great a warrior as his father, and even a still grea= ter builder of temples and palaces, chiefly of the temples of Ipsambul, the Ramesseium, Memphis= , Karnak, Luxor, Abydos, and = Tanis. He also constructed a great colossus representing himself at Memphis. On these monuments his name is found written in thirty different ways. His first w= ars were against the Ethiopians, whom he completely overcame; but his chief w= ars were against the Khitae, where by his extreme hardihood he nearly lost his life in an ambush set by his foes, from whic= h he was only delivered by his own bravery and that of his armour-bearer Menna. Ultimately Ramese= s concluded a treaty of peace with Khitasira, t= he king of the Hittites, and took his daughter to wife, giving her the Egypt= ian name of Ra-m-aa-ur-nefru. He invaded Palestine and to= ok the fortress of Shaluma or S= halem, the Jerusalem of Hebrew history; and besides many other fortresses he bui= lt those of Pakhalem and Ra= ameses, supposed to have been the Pithom and Rameses of the Bible, in which case he must have be= en the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Rameses II. also continued a wall which was begun by his father = Seti, from Pelusium to = Heliopolis<= /st1:City>, as a defence to the kingdom against the Asiatics. He married many times, and one of his dau= ghters named Bantanath, became a queen, but of what country it is not know= n. He was generally accompanied in battle by his favourite= lion and dog. He reigned alone for sixty-seven years, and was buried, not= as was usual among the kings of Egypt, but in one of the chambers of the Serapeum or burial place of the bull Apis at Memphis. He was succeeded by Menepthah II., his thirteenth son, all his younger = sons having died before him. One of his surnames, Setesur= a, was the origin of the royal name Sesostris of= the Greeks. He is doubtfully said to have had 166 children, 59 of them being sons, and by one Egyptologist, to have married his own daughter, the Quee= n Bantanath. (1876c1)

$H Ramses III. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

Ramses III , = User-maat-Ra , the Rhampsinitus of the = Greeks, Dynasty XX., cir. B.C. 1200. The reign of this king marks an era of great commercial prosperity for Egypt; he is more celebrated for his buildings and his rich gifts to the already existing temples of Abydos, Heliopolis (On), and Thebes<= /st1:place>, than for any great military victories. The peace of his reign was disturb= ed by the famous Harem conspiracy described in the Tur= in, the Lee, Rollin, and Amherst= papyri.(1902b1)

Ra-meses III. Surnamed Hek-an, and Pa-aser-ma-amen-m= eri. The first monarch of the XXth dynasty, and the son and successor of Prince Seti-Nekht. He was like Rame= ses I. of Semitic birth, and he came to the throne at a very early age, as perhaps the richest of all the kings of Egypt. On his accession he re-organized the kingdom, which had been disarranged by the revolution of Arsu the Syrian, who had overthrown the worship of the divinities and red= uced them to the rank of men, and established the castles, officers, and chiefs anew. He held a large army of mercenary soldiers, many of them coming from Grecian colonies. The Mashuasha having settled in the Delta, he fought ag= ainst and expelled them. He then, accompanied by the council of thirty, crossed into Asia, and defeated the Hittites, = the Syrians, and the Pelasgians, who all attacked him at one and the same tim= e in different quarters. He subdued them with a great slaughter, and on finding himself opposed in the forests of Ephraim by a large number of lions which the Syrians had driven there to check the advance of his army, slew the animals at a general hunt, and then extended his conquests to Lebanon<= /st1:place>. The Philistines were in turn conquered, and he took the whole nation prisoners, deporting the people to various cities where the Egyptian garrisons could keep them in check. He then fought against the combined European nations, the Sardinians, the Thracians, and the Etruscans, and w= as victorious in all his undertakings. Returning to Egypt he built the palace temple of = Medinet Habu to record his victories, and constructed a great reservoir in Eastern Egypt. The greatest donations which were ever made to the temples of Karnak were those of Rameses II., the list of whi= ch fills one of the longest papyri (the Harris) in existence. A fleet of shi= ps was also kept by him for the purposes of trade, new mines were opened, and the land of Egypt systematically cultivated, and the people fed by the cr= own, from which it has been thought that Rameses had made himself sole proprie= tor of the country. Despite his great talents he was addicted to sensual indulgencies, which exposed him to the ridicule of his subjects, and led = to a conspiracy against him among the chief officers of the palace and the wom= en of the harem. Evil was hoped to have been wrought to the king by the use = of magical charms and figures of wax. The conspirators were twice tried, and= the first time the judges having dealt leniently with them the king ordered t= he judges themselves to be beheaded. The second trial was more to the sovereign's wish, most of the traitors suffering death, and the others be= ing mutilated. The reign of this king is the first to which a date can certai= nly be assigned, as from an astronomical calendar in the palace of Medinet= Habu, the heliacal rising of the star Sothis, or the great Sothic cycle, is mar= ked as an event in the twelfth year of his reign. As this cycle is known to h= ave occurred B.C. 1300, Rameses must have come to the throne in B.C. 1311. He reigned thirty-one years, and was the Rhampsinitus of the Greeks. The tom= b of Rameses III. is one of the most magnificent in the valley of the tombs of= the kings, and the representations are of considerable interest. Its entrance= is open to the sky, and at the end of the passage the ceiling is supported by four pillars with capitals formed by the heads of bulls, the horns curved inwards, as in the headdress of the king. The scenes in it represent Isis= and Nephthys kneeling before the god Chnoumis and the scarabeus. On the right wall of the first corridor is Ma, the goddess of truth, winged, kneeling,= on the emblem "Lord," or "Dominion," facing the entrance, repeated again on the left wall. These goddesses, respectively the lotus = and papyrus emblems, have the Upper and the Lower country. On the right wall = of the first corridor is the figure of Rameses III. adoring the solar disk a= nd the sun disk on a hill, between a crocodile and a serpent, both referring= to the sun's path. The other scenes chiefly relate to the usual passage of t= he sun in the lower heaven during the night, and through the regions of the Karneter, or Hades. The tomb is particularly distinguished by eight small halls pierced laterally in the walls of the first and second corridors. In these are representations not of a mythical nature, but of objects of civ= il and political life, as the work of the kitchen, the rich and sumptuous furniture of the palace, the weapons and military standards of the army, = the war galleys and transports of the fleet, and twelve representations of the Nile, or Hapi, and Egypt. It is the fifth tomb of the valley, and a papyr= us with the plan and description is said to have been found by Champollion in the= Museum of Turin. It had clearly been acces= sible, and apparently rifled at art early period, for the Hieratic inscriptions = on its walls record the names of different scribes who had visited it in Pharaonic times, as Greek inscriptions do the Greek and Roman travellers = who penetrated during the period of the Roman empire. The mummy of Rameses had been destroyed, and his tomb in recent times rif= led of its contents; sepulchral figures of the king, there once deposited, be= ing found in the museums of Europe. (Birch= .) (1876c1)

$H Ramses IV. Egypt

Ra-meses IV. The son of Rameses III. He ascended the throne when quite young, and the highest date known = of his reign is that of his eighteenth year. Except that he obtained tribute from the Assyrians, Rameses IV. apparently did nothing worth recording. He died childless. (1876c1)

$H Ramses V.

Ra-meses V. An = usurper who is supposed to have succeeded to the throne by a revolution consequen= t on the previous monarch having left no heirs. Except a tablet recording some local benefits bestowed by him on the town of Silsilis,= no particulars are known of his reign. The tomb of Rame= ses V. is remarkable for the long series of sculptures or painting adorning a succession of halls or galleries, excavated in the side of the mountain, = and forming the approach of the Sarcophagus Hall. The wells are adorned with mythological and astronomical scenes, representing the sun's course, and = the rewards or punishments to be awarded to a soul in a future life. The Sarcophagus Hall, described in great detail in the letters of Champollion, shows us the course of the sun, and the walls are covered with thousands of Hieroglyphics. Among the sixteen tomb= s of the valley of Biban-el-Moluk, a part only have their decorations completed throughout their whole extent, and these belo= ng to princes who had a long reign; for the construction of the royal sepulchre was begun at the commencement of the reig= n, and, more or less, was accomplished according to the length of time that = the king occupied the throne. When once the corpse was deposited in the sepulchre, the door was closed, to be re-opened no more." (Lenormant.) (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Ramses VI. Egypt

Ra-meses VI. The successor of Rameses V. and the son of Rameses III. He maintained = the sway of the empire over the Southern provinces, and received tribute from= Punnu, prince or viceroy of = Ethiopia. Nothing else is recorded of his reign. His tomb is remarkable for its astronomical inscriptions. (1876c1)

$H Ramses VII. Egypt

Ra-meses VII. The successor of Rameses VI. and a son of Rameses<= /span> III. His name only occurs on some unimportant monuments. (1876c1)

$H Ramses VIII.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

Ra-meses VIII.= The successor and brother of <= span class=3DSpellE>Rameses VII. Nothing of importance is known of eith= er of these monarchs. (1876c1)

$H Ramses IX. Egypt

Ra-meses IX. S= urnamed Khaem-mi-amen. The successor, whether immediately or not = is uncertain, of Rameses VIII. During his reign = the tombs of ten great kings and queens of the earlier dynasties were opened = by robbers and plundered. The accused were at first acquitted, but were afterwards retried, condemned to be bastinadoed, and put to death. Towards the close of his reign, Rameses IX. associated his son Rameses X. with himself on the throne. (1876c1)

$H Ramses X. Egypt

Ra-meses X. The son of Rameses IX., wi= th whom for a short time he reigned jointly. Noth= ing is known of his works or reign. (1876c1)

$H Ramses XI. Egypt

Ra-meses XI. The successor of Rame= ses X. Nothing but his name is known. During the reigns of all these later Ramesside kings the real power was lodged in the ha= nds of the high-priest of Amen, who with his colleagues appears to have reduced = the monarchs to little better than a nominal possession of the throne, and in= the end to have usurped the government: (1876c1)

$H Ramses XII. Egypt

Ra-meses XII. The successor of Rame= ses XI. He still maintained the sovereignty of Egypt over Assyria, though in a merely nomin= al form. He married the daughter of the prince of Bakht= an, in Mesopotamia, and changed her name i= nto that of Raneferu, "Most Beautiful Sun.&q= uot; At the request of his father-in-law he sent the sacred ark of the deity <= span class=3DSpellE>Khons, of Thebes, to Bakhtan, in order to relieve Bent-aresh, the sister of= his queen, who was possessed by a demon, which Tet-em-he= bi the royal secretary had been unable to subdue. The mission of the god Khons was successful, and for a while the ark remai= ned at Bakhtan. After a residence there for more than three years, the priest returned with a large number of valuable offering= s, in the thirty-third year of the reign of Rameses, who, it is supposed, died not long afterwards. He was succeeded by Rameses XIII., the last of the great family of Ramesside kings. (1876c1)

$H Ramses XIII.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Ra-meses XIII.= Surnamed Kh= aem-mi-amen-nuter-nik-ten. The successor of Rameses XII. No particulars of his reign are known, and at its close the high-pri= est of Amon, Har-Hor,= whose predecessors had long commanded the troops and worn the uraeus badge of royalty, assumed the throne. See Har-Hor. (1876c1)

$H Ramessides, the. Egypt

The name usually given to the numerous kings of that name - from Ramses III. to XIII. - <= span class=3DGramE>who occupied the throne of Egypt during the XXth Dynasty, cir. B.C. 1200-1100. Of them there is little to say but that in their hands the greatness of the country steadi= ly declined, and the power of the high priests of Amen at Thebes steadily rose.(1902b1)