$H Re or Rê or Re' (See Ra.)

$H Re‑acierage.

The process of a= cierage may be described as the covering of a copper‑plate with a thin film= of steel. When this steel film is worn the plate may be re‑covered; th= is second process is termed re‑acierage.(1891a1)

$H Reagent.=

Chemical substances which are used to develop photographs and to fix the images obtained on a photographic plate are termed reagents.(1891a1)

$H Real.

(Eng. ROYAL). A Spanish coin. There are two kinds: a real of pl= ate, worth 4 3/4d<= /i>., and a real of vellon, worth 2= 1/2d. (Cf. RIAL) (1883m1)

$H Realgar.

Realgar. [Se= e Red Orpiment.] (1891a1)

A red pigment, forme= d of arsenic in combination with sulphur. A fugitive and corrosive pigment. (See Merimée,= De la Peinture à l'huile,= p. 124.)(1883m1)

$H Realism.=

Realism, Realistic, in Art. (See IDEAL and REAL.) (1= 883m1)

This word susceptible of two meanings. In its strict sen= se realism is the representation of real objects,= such as actually exist, as opposed to = idealism, which may be defined as the construction of the perfect type of these same things, as the mind attempts to conceive it. In historical painting = the realistic school devotes itself to representing events, persons, costumes, and places as accurately as possible, and will have nothing to do with conventional types and draperies. There is, however, another school of realists. These, pushing to its extreme limit the doctrine of reality in = the representations of scenes and objects, forbid the reproduction of aught t= hat requires interpretation or the exercise of the intelligence. They limit themselves strictly to the reproduction of that which is seen and do not always concern themselves with seeing the beauti= ful side of things. And so it happens that as often as not they incline by ch= oice to what is ugly.(1891a1)

$H Rear‑vault. Architecture

(Arch.) A vault placed behind a bay, which terminates in= a round or pointed arch or in a straight lintel. The purpose of the rear= 209;vault is to strengthen the building or to increase its effect. Gothic architect= ure presents many examples of rear‑vaults richly decorated. ILLUS. rearvaul(1891a1)

$H Rebaking.

An operation, the purpose of which is to fix the colours= of painted pieces of glass or enamel by submitting them to the action of the fire.(1891a1)

$H Rebate. Architecture

(Arch.) A notch or recess cut in a piece of timber so as= to fit another piece of timber. The commonest instance of a rebate is the no= tch cut in a door‑post to receive the door.(1891a1)

$H Rebated.

Turned back, as the = head of a MORNE or jousting‑lance.(1883m1)

$H Rebato.

Sp. The turn‑d= own collar of the 15th and 16th centuries.(1883m1)

$H Rebec.

Sp. A musical instru= ment of three strings, tuned in fifths, and played with a bow like a fiddle. It w= as originally introduced into Spain by the Moors.(1883m1)

$H Rebiting. Engraving

A process of renewin= g the lines of a worn‑out plate, by etching them over again; a difficult = and delicate operation, which is rarely performed with entire success.(1883m1= )

(Engrav.) When some of the lines on an etched plate are = not sufficiently accentuated, or if the plate has been worn from too many cop= ies having been struck from it, it undergoes the operation of rebiting. This requires the utmost care, as the etching ground has to be laid so as not = to cover any of the lines which are to be rebitten and must not be dabbed all over, as at the first biting. When a worn plate has been rebitten it can scarcely deceive the practised eye, as the proper relations of its tones = is lost and the lighter lines become weaker.(1891a1)

$H Rebu. Egypt

Rebu. Or Lebu. The name of a my= stical divinity who is adored in the LXXXVth chapter = of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Rebus. Heraldry

Her. An allusive cha= rge or device. A ton or tun pierced by a bird‑bolt= is in the church of Great St. Bartholomew, of which = Prior Bolton was the last prior.

"Prior Bolton Wi= th his bolt and tun." (Ben Jonson.)

Fig. 577. Rebus (Prior Bolton). The Bolt and Tun.(1883m1)

(Her.) A rebus is a charge in heraldry, which has a punn= ing allusion to the bearer's name. A popular definition of it is "a word represented by a picture." Such devices were very common in the Midd= le Ages. In Westminster Abbey there is a very good example of a rebus in Bis= hop Islip's chapel. The device consists of a human eye, and a slip o= f a tree. Many other examples might be quoted. We will content ourselves with two, of which we give cuts. The first is the rebus of Thomas Compton, Abb= ot of Cirencester. It is taken from a window in the Lady Chapel in Gloucester Cathedral and its significance will be plain to all. Our second cut is the coat of arms of a Devonshire family na= med Arches. 2 ILLUS. rebus= 1, rebus2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &nbs= p; =

$H Recamo.

Sp. Embroidery of ra= ised work.(1883m1)

$H Re‑canvassing.

An operation which consists in replacing a worn‑out canvas or worm‑eaten panel upon which paintings have been executed = by new and sound materials.(1891a1)

$H Recel.

Sp. A kind of striped tapestry.(1883m1)

$H Receptorium.

R. (recepto, to receive). A kind of parlour, also called salutatorium, which generally ad= joined the ancient basilicas.(1883m1)

$H Recercelée. Heraldry

Her. A variety of the heraldic cross. Fig. 578. Cross Recercelée.(188= 3m1)

$H Recheat.

O.E. A sound on the = horn to call dogs away from the chase.(1883m1)

$H Recinctus.

Equivalent in meanin= g to DISCINCTUS (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Recorders.

A musical instrument mentioned by Shakspeare. It resembled a very large clarionet. Milton also spea= ks of "the Dorian mood Of flutes and soft recorders." (Paradise= Lost, i. 550.)(1883m1)

$H Recta.

R. A straight tunic,= made out of a single piece, which took the form of the body; it hung from the neck, and fell down as far as the feet.(1883m1)

$H Rectangle.

A rectangle is a figure enclosed by four straight lines,= in which the opposite sides are equal and all the angles right angles. ILLUS. rectangl(1891a1)

$H Rectangled.

A term applied to geometrical figures which contain a ri= ght angle. Thus we speak of a rectangled triangle, a rectangled parallelogram.(1891a1)

$H Rectangular.

A figure or solid body in which the angles are right ang= les is termed rectangular.(1891a1)

$H Rectilinear.

Rectilinear figures = are those composed entirely of straight or right lines.(1883m1)

$H Recuse. Numismatics

(Numis.) A term applied to coins struck with two differe= nt types, the one superposed upon the other.(1891a1)

$H Red.

Red pigments are formed of ochre or clay coloured by oxi= des of iron, which have been calcined and pulverised. These pigments, when th= ey have a base of iron, are always deep in colour. Reds obtained from oxide = of lead or from mercury are bright and intense. Among the latter may be mentioned red lead (protoxide of lead), cinnabar, and vermilion.(1891a1)<= o:p>

One of the three pri= mary colours, producing with YELLOW, o= range, and with BLUE, violet. The principal red pigments are carmin= e, vermilion, chrome red, scarlet l= ake, madder lake, light red, burnt sien= na, for yellow reds; and Venetian red, Indian red, crimson l= ake, for blue reds. Red, in Christ= ian art, represented by the ruby, signified fire, divine love, the Holy Spiri= t, heat or the creative power, and royalty. In a bad sense, red signified bl= ood, war, hatred, and punishment. Red and black combined were the colours of purgatory and the devil. (See REALGAR, INDIGO.)(1883m1)=

--- $H Re= d Chalk or Reddle.

Red Chalk or Reddle is a mixtur= e of clay and red iron OCHRE, used as a crayon in drawing. (See OCHRE.)(1883m1= )

--- $H Red Lake. (See CARMINE.) (1883m1)

--- $H Re= d Lead.

A pigment which mixe= s badly with other pigments. (See MINIUM.)(1883m1)

(Paint.) This pigment is an oxi= de of lead. As, when mixed with most other pigments, it decomposes it is of lit= tle use to the artist. It is of a scarlet colour, and when it is pure and unm= ixed it is not affected by light.(1891a1)

--- $H Re= d Ochre.

Red Ochre includes Indian red, scarlet ochre, Indian= ochre, reddle, &c.(1883m1)<= /o:p>

(Paint.) There are several kinds of red ochre, such as Indian red, scarlet ochre, and Indian ochre. This pigment is generally a sulphate of iron. In colour it is less strident than vermilion, and when = pure it is permanent.(1891a1)

--- $H Red Orpiment.

Red Orpiment. (See REALGAR.) (1883m1)

(Paint.) This pigment, which is a compound of arsenic and sulphur and is of an orange colour, should never be employed by the paint= er, as it destroys other pigments and absorbs the colour of the ground. It is also known as realgar.(1891a1)

$H Redan.

Redan, the simplest = kind of work in field fortification, generally consists of a parapet of earth, divided on the plan into two faces, which make with one another a salient angle, or one whose vertex is towards the enemy.(1883m1)

Redan. (Arch.) A pierced or indented system of ornament = used in Gothic architecture. The form of redan in vogue in the 13th century consisted of three arcs of circles intersecting one another two and two. = The term is also applied to the ressa= ults of a wall, the upper surface of which, instead of being horizontal, is cut off so as to resemble the steps of a staircase. 2 ILLUS. redan1, redan2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &nbs= p; &nbs= p;

$H Reddle. (See RED CHALK.) (1883m1)

$H Redimiculum.

R. (redimio, to bind round). A long string or ribbon attached to = any kind of head‑dress.(1883m1)

$H Redorte.= Heraldry

(Her.) This name is applied by heralds to a figure forme= d by intertwining the branches of a tree, with or without their leaves on, so = as to make a succession of loops. ILLUS. redorte(1891a1)

$H Redoubt.

Redoubt is a general= name for nearly every kind of work in the class of field fortifications.(1883m= 1)

$H Redshank.

Redshank, Scotch. A Highlander wearing buskins of red‑deer skin, with the hair outwards.(1883m1)

$H Reduct.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Architecture

(Arch.) A term applied in military architecture to forti= fied works, the purpose of which is to prolong the defence of a castle.(1891a1= )

$H Reduction.

In Art, a copy on a = smaller scale. The work is done mechanically by a process of subdivision of the original into segments or squares.(1883m1)

A term applied in art to a copy of a sketch or picture o= n a smaller scale than the original; and also to engraved reproductions obtai= ned by mechanical processes, and designed on a smaller scale than the drawings from which they are made. It also denotes small copies of a statue; we sp= eak of a reduction, for instance, of the Venus of Milo. There is a special me= thod of reducing statues, which is based upon the application of the pantograp= h, or by which mathematically exact copies may be obtained. This method goes= by the name of Collas, its inventor.(1891a1)

$H Reed. Egypt

The Egyptians used reeds for writing. The ends were not cut, but bruised to a brush-like point, in early times. Later they were cut to a pen-shape like= the reed-pens now used for writing Arabic. They were about ten inches long.(1902b1)

$H Reekie.

Scotch. Smoky; hence= Auld Reekie, the city of Edinburgh.(1883m= 1)

$H Reeking‑hook.

O.E. A pot‑hoo= k hung in the chimney, to suspend vessels over an open fire. (See GALOWS.)(1883m= 1)

$H Re‑enter. Engraving

(Engrav.) When a line on an engraved plate, which has be= en worn in printing or is not bitten deeply enough, is cut with a graver to = its proper depth, it is said to be re&= #8209;entered.(1= 891a1)

$H Re‑entering.

Re‑entering, in Engraving, is the sharpening or deepening with a graver the lines insufficiently bitten in by t= he acid.(1883m1)

$H Refah.

A small stream which was called the "= River of Egypt," it being the boundary line between that kingdom and Palestine. (1876c1)=

$H Refectory.

(Arch.) The dining‑room in a monastery or convent.(1891a1)

Mod. (reficio, to refresh). A h= all in which the monks of a monastery assembled to take their meals; one of the = most important rooms of the establishment; it was often divided into two naves= by a row of columns called the spine (spina), which received the spring of the vaultings forming the roof of the refectory.(1883m1)

$H Reflected Lights.

Reflected Lights thrown by an illuminated surface into the shadows opposed to it, modify the LOCAL COLO= UR of every object that we observe in nature, and should accordingly be made= to do so in painting.(1883m1)

$H Reflection.

A term applied to the portions of a body illuminated not= by rays of direct light but by reflected rays. In an illuminated body there = are three distinct parts, the light, the shade, and the reflection. The last = is the part of an object plunged in a penumbra lighted by the rays proceeding from other bodies at some distance from the object and receiving the light directly.(1891a1)

$H Reflexed, Reflected. Heraldry

Her. Curved and carried backwards.(1883m1)

$H Refraction.

A change of direction taken by luminous rays in certain transparent bodies. It is in consequence of this phenomenon that a rod ha= lf plunged in water appears broken, that the disc of the sun on the horizon appears larger than at its zenith.(1891a1)

Refraction is the di= version of a ray of light which occurs when it falls obliquely on the surface of a medium differing in density from that through which it had previously mov= ed. The differently‑coloured rays have different degrees of refrangibil= ity. Refraction is the cause of the phenomena of the mirage, Fata Morgana<= /i>, &c., and presents to us the light of the sun before his actual emerge= nce above the horizon.(1883m1)

$H Regal.

Regal or Regals, O.E= . (1) A small portable organ, with single or double sets of pipes (the attribute = of St. Cecilia, and of saints and angels of the heavenly choir). The illustration (Fig. 579) of an angel playing the regal= s, is taken from an ancient MS. (2) A kind of harmonica, with sonorous slabs= of wood. Fig. 579. Regals or Portable Organ.(1883m1)

Regals. A music instrument used in the Middle Ages, which combined the characteristics of an organ and accordion. In mediaeval pict= ures saints are frequently represented as playing upon regals. The cut given h= ere is from a picture by Memling. ILLUS. regals(1891a1)

$H Regalia.

The ensigns of royalty. The regalia of England are t= he crown, sceptre, verge or rod with the dove, St. Edward's staff, the orb or mound, the sword of mercy called Curtana, the two swords of spiritual and temporal justice, the ring of alliance with the kingdom, the armillae or bracelets, the spurs of chivalry, and some royal vestments; and are kept = in the Jewel Office in the Tower of London. The Scottish insignia, a crown, a sceptre, and a sword of state, are kept in the Crown‑room at Edinburgh. The illustration shows the regalia and state vestments of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, in the 16th century. (Fig. 580.)

Fig. 580. Regalia. Grand Duke of Tuscany in state costume, with crown and sceptre, &c.(1883m1)

$H Regardant. Heradry

(Her.) A term applied in herald= ry to animals which have their head turned towards the sinister side of the shield.(1891a1)

$H Regifugium.

R. (lit. flight of t= he king). An annual festival held on the sixth day of the calends of March (= 24th of February), in commemoration of the flight of Tarquin and the establish= ment of the Roman republic.(1883m1)

$H Regioles.

Fr. Chr. Small doors= in the confessio or martyrium of an altar, containing relics of a saint or martyr. The faithful used to introduce handkerchiefs by these doors, that they mi= ght consecrate them by contact with the relics.(1883m1)

$H Reglet.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Architecture

(Arch.) A small flat moulding, which is also known by the names of fillet and listel. When it is very large it becomes a platband band, and some writers then describe it as a taenia. ILLUS. reglet(1891a1)

$H Regrating or Skinning. Architecture

Regrating or Skinnin= g, in Masonry, is the process of scraping or hammering off the outer surface of= old stones to make them look white and new; it has been greatly abused in the restoration of ancient buildings.(1883m1)

Regrating. (Arch.) An operation which consists in cutting away the ornaments and projecting mouldings from the surface of a buildin= g, so as to render the whole surface uniform. By this process of levelling m= any ancient buildings have been destroyed or restored, as the modern iconocla= st prefers to style it.(1891a1)

$H Reguardant. Heraldry

Her. Turning the hea= d and looking back; emblematic of circumspection and prudence.(1883m1)

$H Regula.

R. A straight rule u= sed by artisans.(1883m1)

$H Regular.= Architecture

(Arch.) A plan or façade is said to be regular wh= en it is arranged symmetrically.(1891a1)

$H Regulares.

Chr. Horizontal rods of wood or metal in churche= s for the suspension of veils or curtains. These were often made of gold or sil= ver, with a row of images on the upper part.(1883m1)

$H Regulus.

Regulus (in Greek $"F48\F6@H[=3Dbasiliskos]) is the name given by ancient astronomers to a line drawn from the polar star, between the pointers, &c., to the bright star called " Leonis or Cor Leonis (the lion's heart).(1883m= 1)

$H Rehobothair.

The name by which the city of Assur is mention= ed in early Hebrew history. (1876c1)

$H Rehu. Egypt

Certain mystical deities who are mentioned= in the XVIIth chapter of the Ritual of the Dead. They are the gods Horus and Set, or good and evil personified. They, or rather he, is represented as a man with a double head, one that of a hawk (Horus), and = the other that of a long snouted animal with erect ears (Set). Rehu is represented among other mystical deities on the sarcophagus of Seti I. in the Soane Museum. (1876c1)

$H Reindeer. Heraldry

Her. A hart with dou= ble antlers, one pair erect, the other drooping.(1883m1)

$H Reisner‑work.

A corrupt spelling o= f the name of Riesener, a celebrated worker in marquetry in France in the 18th century.=

"Riesener used tulip, rosewood, holly, maple, laburnum, purple‑wood, &c. Wreaths and bunches of flowers, exquisitely worked and boldly designed, f= orm centres of his marquetry panels, which are often plain surfaces of one wo= od. On the sides, in borders and compartments, we find diaper patterns in thr= ee or four quiet colours." (See Pollen, Ancient and Modern Furniture, &c.)(1883m1)=

$H Rekh. Egypt

The Egyptian name of the plover. (1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Rekhet. Egypt

Another name of the town of Thmuis. It was sacred to the goddess Sekhet. (1876c1)

$H Rekh-get-amen. Egypt

The name of the doctors of magic who were = much consulted in the temples of Egypt. They are supposed to have been the Chartummin of Hebrew history. (1876c1)=

$H Rekh-khet. Egypt

The college of sacred scribes attached to = the temples of the different deities of Egypt. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Rekh-khet-sa. Egypt

Rekh-khet-sa. "Knowing the Things of Books.&quo= t; An Egyptian title, probably meaning a sacred physician. (1876c1)

$H Rekh-ma-ra or Rekh-mara. Egypt

Rekh-ma-ra. The name of a Governor of Thebes under Amen-hetep II. of the XVIII= th Dynasty. His tomb at Shêkh abd el Qurna at <= st2:City w:st=3D"on">Thebes is exceedingly fine and intere= sting, as showing tributaries bringing offerings.(1902b1)

Rekh-mara. An Egyptian doctor, and prophet or priest= of the goddess Ma, and chief of the district where he resided. He lived in t= he time of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

Rekh-mara. An Egyptian officer, whose tomb at Gourna= h is one of the most magnificent in the district. He must not be confounded wi= th the preceding. (1876c1)

Rekh-mara. An officer of high rank in the court of Thothmes III. of the XVIIIth dynasty. From the inscriptions on his funere= al monument much of our knowledge of the events of the long reign of that ki= ng is derived. (1876c1)

$H Relief.

Relief (It. rilievo). Sculpture projecting &= #8209; ALTO‑RELIEVO, more than half; MEZZO‑RELIEVO, exactly half; BA= SSO‑RELIEVO, less than half. (See also RONDO BOSSO, INTAGLIO RELIEVATO, STACCIATO.)(1883m1)

Relief. In painting the relief is the apparent projectio= n of objects obtained by modelling or a gradation of tints. Thus the reliefs o= f a picture may be well rendered, or a portrait may be said to lack relief. In sculpture a relief is a figure or series of figures executed on a flat ground, from which it projects in a greater or less degree, according as = it is a high or low relief. In architecture the mouldings and systems of ornament which project from the surface of a wall or of a façade a= re termed reliefs.(1891a1)

$H Relieving Arch. [See Arch, Reli= eving.] (1891a1)

$H Religion. Egypt

No one name can be given to the systems of religious thought that obtained i= n Egypt during the four thousand years of its history as a people. It is probable that there occurred phases of monotheism, henotheism, pantheism, and in t= he latest, corrupt time, even polytheism.

That the ancient Egyptians had a clear and precise conception of o= ne supreme Being is a fact agreed to by all serious Egyptologists. This Bein= g is called the Neter (hieroglyphic ). A word signifying power and corresponding to the Hebrew El. References to the Neter are constant in Egyptian literature, where he is spoken of in terms which indicate unmistakably the monotheistic attitude = of the writer. "Give thyself to God, keep thyself continually for God," the young man was told. "Bring up thy son in the love of God" is one of the maxims of Ptah-hetep (q.v.)

But beside the doctrine of the one God, the priests also taught the people of many gods or powers. These gods, says Renouf, "represent t= he real or imaginary powers of the universe." They were simply mythical personages to begin with, around whom in time clustered many mythological legends. The phenomena personified were chief= ly those of regular and perpetual recurrence - the sunrise and sunset, the return of day and night, the battle between light and darkness.(1902b1)

$H Reliquary.

Reliquary, Chr. A po= rtable shrine or casket made to contain relics. A reliquary made to be worn round the neck was called encolpium= (¦< 6`8Bå[=3Den kolpo], in the bosom), phylacterium, &c.; one to be carried processionally, feretrum. (See FERETORY, Fig. 307.)(1883m1)

Reliquary. A coffer or box, of very variable form, in wh= ich relics are kept. In the Middle Ages there were reliquaries large enough t= o be reverenced as shrines, while some were small enough to be carried in the hand. Sometimes they assumed the form of an arm or a skull, according as = the relic within was a bone of the arm or a fragment of the skull. As a gener= al rule they were very richly decorated, especially those made from the 13th= to the 15th century, some of which were formed of blocks of rock crystal supported upon pierced columns. Others were vases of jasper or porphyry w= ith enamelled mouldings, and many were resplendent with precious stones. 3 ILLUS. reliqua1, reliqua2, reliqua3(1891a1)

&nbs= p;

$H Remark or Remarque.

Remark. [See Proof, Remark.] (1891a1)

Remarque, Fr. A slig= ht sketch on the margin beneath an etching or engraving, to denote the earli= est proof impressions.(1883m1)

$H Rembrandtesque. Painting

(Paint.) In the manner of Rembrandt. A painting is said to be Rembrandtesque when the combination of effects, especially of light and shade, recall those adopted by Rembrandt. Thus the effect of light in a picture may be said to be Rembrandtesque or the picture itself may be so termed.(1891a1)

$H Remen.

The Egyptian name of the pomegranate fruit. Compare Rimmon of the Hebrews. (1876c1)

$H Remen-aa. Egypt

The Egyptian large span, equal to fourteen digits. (1876c1)

$H Remenen. Egypt

The Egyptian name for the Armenians who we= re conquered by Seti I. of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H Remen-negs. Egypt

The Egyptian small span, equal to three pa= lms, equal to 8.583 inches. (1876c1)

$H Removed. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Heraldry

Her. Out of its prop= er position.(1883m1)

$H Rem-rem. "Weeping." &nbs= p; Egypt

Rem-r= em. "Weeping." A mystical region of the Egyptian Kerneter, w= hich is mentioned in the LXXVth chapter of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Remuria.

R. A Roman festival = in honour of Remus, held on the third of the ides of May (13th of May) on the Palatine mount, on the spot where Remus had taken the auspices, and where= he was buried.(1883m1)