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Roads, Egyptian. From the earliest periods of their
history, the Egyptian monarchs were solicitous to establish a quick
intercourse between all parts of their dominions, by the formation of a
series of national roads, which were generally of good width, tolerably
direct course, and which were defended at intervals along their route by
fortresses and caravansaries. The traces of many of these roads still rem=
ain,
and the directions of nearly all of them are known from the great military
survey which, after the fall of the Egyptian empire, was made by the orde=
r of
the emperor Antoninus, and which is called the Antonine Itinerary. From t=
his
survey it appears that at that time "the chief roads in |
|
(1) A kind of leathe=
r much
used for bookbinding; it is of sheepskins tanned with sumach.
(2) Said of a bay or |
|
R. Roman festivals h=
eld
every year on the sixth of the calends of May (25th of April), in honour of the god Robigus, to
preserve the wheat from mildew.(1883m1) |
|
(robur,
strength). An enclosure within a wooden palisade.(1883m1) |
|
R. The subterranean dungeon of a prison (carcer), in which criminals were
executed. In Fig. 588 the character of the robur is clearly seen; it is that of the prison of Ancus Mart=
ius
and Servius Tullius at
|
|
A term applied to the art in vogue at the time of Louis =
XV.
Scrolls and foliage, which are a feature of this style, are characteristi=
c,
both in form and outline.(1891a1) |
|
St. Roche is the patron saint of those afflicted with pl=
ague
or disease. He was born at |
|
Chr. (Lat. rochetum; Anglo‑Sax=
on roc, a loose upper garment). A s=
hort
surplice without sleeves, open at the sides; imitated from a linen outer
garment of the same name, much worn by women in the 14th century. Chaucer
says, ‑ "There is no clothe sytteth bette On damoselle than=
doth rokette."(1883m1) |
|
A material much used=
for
carving in |
|
(Engrav.) A toot used by the engraver in mezzotint. It is a kind of
chisel with a sharp bevelled edge, which is set on the surface of the cop=
per
and rocked too and fro so as to obtain a series of points forming a rough
grain. This grain retains the ink and enables the engraver to get a proof=
of
a velvety black, which if the rocker has been handled evenly, is of an eq=
ual
tint. After this operation, which, after all, is only mechanical and may =
be
simplified, the engraver cuts away the lights with a cutting tool, just a=
s he
would were he working with bread crumbs on paper covered with black chalk=
. ILLUS. rocker(1891a1)
|
|
O.E. Slabs of wood u=
sed on
lances, during exercise, for the same purpose as the buttons of
foils.(1883m1) |
|
A decoration in the rustic style generally made up of ma=
sses
of natural or artificial rock. It is used principally to ornament fountai=
ns
and to form grottoes.(1891a1) |
|
Rococo, It. The styl=
e of
decoration into which that of the Louis Quinze
period culminated, distinguished for a superfluity of confused and discor=
dant
detail. (See Louis XV.)(1883m1) |
|
Rococo. A decorative style which was an exaggerated
development of the rocaille style (q.v.). It =
was
characterised by a profusion of meaningless ornament, consisting of scrol=
ls,
foliage, and animal forms hopelessly confused and intermingled. As a gene=
ral
term rococo denotes anything =
that
is heavy, ugly, and tasteless.(1891a1) |
|
In measurement, 16 1=
/2 feet
linear, or 272 1/2 square feet.(1883m1) |
|
An Arabian deity who was worshipped in the=
Neged. His character and attributes are not known.
(1876c1) |
|
O.E. The juice of ro=
ses,
mixed with honey.(1883m1) |
|
R. A funeral pile wh=
en in
process of burning, in contradistinction to PYRA (q.v.).(1883m1) |
|
A
form of Sebek worshipped in the Fayûm.(1902b1) |
|
The high-priest of Amen in the reign of |
|
An Egyptian sacred festival which was held=
in
the sixth month. (1876c1) |
|
(Engrav.) A wooden cylinder =
furnished
with handles and covered with leather, upon which a peculiar varnish is
smeared. When the roller is skilfully passed over a plate, which has alre=
ady
been bitten, the varnish does not touch the furrows, but only covers the
plane surface, so that the plate may be rebitten.(1891a1) |
|
Roll‑moulding. (Arch.) A term applied to many
mouldings, varying a good deal from one another, but all presenting some
resemblance to a roll.(1891a1) |
|
Roll‑moulding (Arch.), profusely used in the Early Engli=
sh and
Decorated styles, is a round moulding, divided
longitudinally along the middle, the upper half of which projects over the
lower. Roll and fillet moulding is a roll‑m=
oulding
with a square fillet on the f=
ace of
it.(1883m1) |
|
Heraldic records of =
ancient
armorial insignia, preserved on strips of parchment. The earliest known a=
re
of the 13th century. (Consult Boutell.)(1883m1) |
|
A priest of Pthah.
Period uncertain. (1876c1) |
|
A high-priest of Amen in the reign of Seti-Menepthah II. (1876c1) |
|
The keeper or guardian of the treasure of =
an
unnamed Egyptian king. He was the son of Nofre-renpe=
,
who had held the like office before him. (1876c1) |
|
St. Romain was bishop of |
|
Hind. A silk fabric,=
of
which cotton imitations are made in England.(1883m1) |
|
Roman Architecture is a combination of the Etruscan and the Greek, principally distinguished from the latter by the circu= lar arch, and the monopteral or circular temple unknown to the Greeks, but a favourite form with the tomb= ‑building ancestors of the Etruscans. The o= rders of Roman architecture were the Doric and Ionic, detrimentally modified; t= he Corinthian, which they greatly enriched; and the Composite, of which the upper part of the capital was Ionic, and the remainder Corinthian. The distinguishing feature of the Roman architecture is, however, less in the modifications of the orders, than in their application in composite arcades, or plain arch= es of Etruscan design, faced by and supporting a purely ornamental arrangement = of a long horizontal entablature on two columns. (Consult Fergusson, Hist. of Arch., vol. i.) Fig.
589.
|
|
A deteriorated imita=
tion of
the Grecian‑Doric, adopted, with considerable modifications, by mod=
ern
Italian architects.(1883m1) |
|
A pigment of a rich =
orange‑yellow, used both raw and burnt in oil and waterR=
09;colours. (See OCHRE.)(1883m1) |
|
Roman Sepia is sepia (q.v.) mixed with red.(188=
3m1) |
|
Between
the years B.C. 30 and A.D. 640 |
|
Romanesque. (Arch.) The Romanesque style of architecture grew up in
northern |
|
Romanesque. A degene=
rated
and hybrid style of architecture and ornament, transitional from the
classical Roman to the introduction of the Gothic. In the architecture th=
ere
is an incongruous combination of the horizontal and arched methods of
construction; and in the ornament a similar dissonance of natural and
conventional or fanciful objects. Fairholt calls it the classic
rococo. Fergusson (Hist. of Arch., vol. i.
p. 352) defines the Romanesque as
"that modification of the classical Roman form, which was introduced
between the reigns of |
|
A movement in art which took pl=
ace in
1830, parallel to the literary movement initiated by Victor Hugo and othe=
rs.
It was characterised by an emancipation from t=
he so‑called
classical conventions and traditions. The Romantic school has left behind=
it
works that are remarkable for their colour, their movement, their express=
ion
of the passions, and their interpretation of great poetical sentiments. It
produced both great painters and skilful decorators and flourished
particularly in |
|
Another form of the K=
ypriote
royal name Karmes, which see. (1876c1) |
|
Fr. A round shield f=
or foot‑soldiers.
It had a slit near the top to look through, and another at the side for t=
he
sword.(1883m1) |
|
Ronde Bosse (It. rondo bosso).
Sculpture in relief with a complete rounded outline, detached from the
ground.(1883m1) |
|
Ronde‑bosse. A French term denotin=
g a
sculptured work in the round, in contra‑distinctio=
n to
works in high or low relief.(1891a1) |
|
(Arch.) A French term denoting the semicircular or apsid=
al
termination of a church. It is also applied to any circular space at the =
end
of a walk, or the intersection of avenues, in the centre of which a monum=
ent,
statue, or fountain is set up. ILLUS. rondpoin(1891a1)
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Rood, Chr.
(1) A cross or crucifix. (2) A space of 1210 =
square yards;
the fourth of an acre. (3) In building, 36 =
square
yards of work. (4) As a linear meas=
ure
variable, from 21 feet to 36 yards.(1883m1) |
|
Rood. A representation of the Trinity, which in Catholic
churches is placed over the altar screen, is termed a rood. The accompanying cut, which is from a drawing in Queen
Mary's Psalter, will give the reader an idea of the orthodox form of the
rood. The screen which supported it was called the rood‑screen, and when it rested on a simpl=
e beam
was known as the rood‑beam. ILLUS. rood(1891a1)
|
|
Chr. The beam across the church by which the rood was supported when there wa=
s no rood‑loft.(1883m1) |
|
Chr. The veil by which the large crucifix or rood was hidden during Lent.(188=
3m1) |
|
Rood‑loft, Rood‑screen, Chr. A
gallery, generally placed over the chancel screen in parish churches, in
which the cross or rood was s=
et to
view.(1883m1) |
|
Rood‑loft. (Arch.) A screen separating the choir f=
rom
the nave of a church; originally a tribune or gallery, which served as a
pulpit. There are many rood‑lofts to be seen in churches of both Go=
thic
and Renaissance periods.(1891a1) |
|
Rood‑tower, Rood‑steeple. Chr.
Arch. A tower or steeple of a cruciform church, built above the intersect=
ion,
i.e. immediately over the rood.(1883m1) |
|
(Arch.) The coping or upper part of a building, which se=
rves
as a covering and protection against wind and weather. The height of roofs
varies considerably; sometimes, indeed, they are quite flat. The average
height of a roof is between a third and fourth of the breadth of the
building, but in the Gothic style it sometimes exceeds the height of the
façade. It is surrounded by gutters, which carry off the damp, and=
so
preserve the walls of the building from damp. Above it rise chimneys, whi=
ch
afford the architect plenty of scope for design. In mediaeval and renaiss=
ance
houses beautiful specimens of chimneys are found; some of them entirely of
brick, with or without mouldings, others of stone, enriched with pilasters
and varied ornaments. In later times they were of larger dimensions, and =
even
more richly decorated. 4 ILLUS. roof1, roof2, roof3, roof4(1891a1)
|
|
A roof with two slopes, conducting the water to the same
pipe.(1891a1) |
|
A roof, in which are placed vertical windows or lucarnes, known as mansards.
ILLUS. roof=
mans(1891a1)
|
|
A conical roof with a toothed edge, somewhat resembling =
the
teeth of a comb. In Gothic buildings the roof of turrets, when they are of
small diameter, are covered with small tiles, cut into semi‑circles,
and edged sharp teeth. Were square tiles applied to a convex surface, the
right angles would not only project in clumsy fashion, but would be very
fragile. ILLUS. roofpect(1891a1)
|
|
A roof, such as was in vogue in the 15th and 16th centur=
ies,
of considerable height and very abrupt slopes.(1891a1) |
|
A term applied to roofs which consist of two oblique
surfaces, inclined one to the other like a pack saddle. Some Romanesque
churches present examples of clock‑towers, with roof in this form, =
the
gable ends being pierced with openings. ILLUS. roofspan=
(1891a1)
|
|
A roof which has scarcely any slope, its surface being as
nearly an possible horizontal.(1891a1) |
|
(Arch.) The covering of a building; the materials used in
making this covering.(1891a1) |
|
(Her.) The rook<=
/i> or
castle of the game of chess is
sometimes used as an heraldic device, and then=
takes
the conventional form here shown. ILLUS. rook(1891a1)
|
|
"A short abridg=
ment or
compendium of a cloak, which is dedicated to the Duke of Roquelaure."(1883m1) |
|
R. (ros, the dew). A body of =
light
skirmishers in the Roman army, who were ranged in the second rank of the =
triarii=
, with
the accensi<=
/i>
behind them in the third line. They took their name from the light missil=
es
which they scattered upon the enemy, which were like the drops of rain be=
fore
a thunder shower. It was their business to begin the attack, and retire b=
ehind
the triarii<=
/i>
when pressed. Their skirmishing was a prelude to the charge of the heavy&=
#8209;armed
spears (hast=
ati).(1883m1) |