$H Set. Egypt

Set. Or Sutekh. An ass-headed deity, the national god of the Semitic Hy= kshos, who on their invasion of Egypt in the interval between the XIIIth and XVIIIth dynasties, force= d his sole worship upon the Egyptians. Set was already one of the cosmical deities of the country; but after the expu= lsion of the Hykshos his worship was annulled, his statues defaced, and his name everywhere erased. He was represented as an ass-headed man, holding the usual crux ansata= or staff of life and the cucufa staff of divine power. The Egyptians were accustomed to regard Set as a personification of the evil principle. "The worship of this god pass= ed through two historical phases. At one time he was held in honour and accounted as one of the greater gods of Abydos. He appears to have had a position analogous to that of the Theban deity Mentu, in which he was the adversary of the serpent= Apophis, the symbol of wickedness and darkness. Som= e time later on, in consequence of political changes, the worship of Set was abolished, and his statues destroyed. It is difficult to state at what pe= riod Set was introduced into the Osirian mythos as= a personification of evil, and thus became identified with Typhon as the murderer of Osiris. The contests of Horus, the avenger of his father Osiris, are related at considerable detail in the inscriptions of the temple of Edfu= which have been published by M. Ed. Naville in Textes relatifs au Mythe d'Horus, 1870= . The treatise (by Plutarch) De Iside et Osiride ma= kes Nephthys the companion of Set, and she is represent= ed united with him in a group in the Museum of the Louv= re, in the Hall of the Gods. The animal symbolical of Set was a carnivorous quadruped, at one time confounded with the ass-god of Josephus and Apion, having a long curved snout and upright square topped ears, which characters are often exaggerated to distinguish him fr= om the jackal of Anubis." (Pierret.) After the second restoration of the old mythology in the period of the XIXth dynasty, Set was identified with the Hykshos Sutekh, who was properly an Asiatic divinity, and whose worship was maintained even by Seti= I. and Rameses II. Both gods, however, were treated as impious, and their worship as heretic= al, and it is at the present time impossible to distinguish exactly between t= hem, owing to the complete destruction by the Egyptians of all those parts of = the monuments whereon their names occur. (1876c1)

Set. The god whom the Greeks identified with their Typhon= . He was the son of Nut and Seb, born of Nut on= the third of the epagomenal days (q.v.), hence brother to Osiris. H= is wife is Nephthys. Mention of him is made in t= he oldest texts, and in these early times his offices were beneficent, and h= e is spoken of with as much reverence as the other gods. He was not originally= a god of evil, but as personifying natural darkness he gradually came to be= so regarded. His victory (as representing night) over his brother Osiris, who, as the sun, sank in the west at the en= d of his day's journey, was looked on in later times as an aggressive warfare.= In the time of the decline of the empire he was regarded with abhorrence, and his name erased from the monuments; but the very fact that his name formed part of some royal names shows that this detestation was a later developm= ent. The district about Kom O= mbos was at one time a centre of his cult, and at Tanis he = also seems to have been held in special reverence. He is represented with a hu= man body, and the head of an animal which has not yet been identified. ILLUS. Set.(1902b1)

<= /o:p>

$H Set-akorf. Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the mother of Fai-bor-ou-oer, and grandmother of Ra-t-oker, the prefect of the palace of a king of the XXVIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Set-amen. Egypt

Set-amen. The wife of Antef, an Egyptian officer of = the XIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

Set-amen. A daughter of Antef, an Egyptian officer o= f the XIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Set-ap. Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the daughter of Hapiu and the wife of Osirtese= n; a private person, probably of the XIIth dynas= ty. (1876c1)

$H Set-auan. Egypt

A prince of Kush, in the reign of Rameses II. of the XIXth d= ynasty. (1876c1)

$H Set-em-ash. Egypt

The servant and Pandar of Prince Setnau-chaem-uset, in the Egyptian Romance of Setnau. (1876c1)

$H Set-en-et. Egypt

The grandson of Tetet= , an early Egyptian king. (1876c1)

$H Set-en-isi. Egypt

An Egyptian princess, the daughter of Ti-<= span class=3DSpellE>osiris. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

$H Seten hetep = ta. Egypt

The commencement of the universal formula found in tombs which constitutes a = kind of prayer for benefits for the deceased. It has been translated in many different ways, none of which are entirely satisfactory. "A royal oblation give," &c. "A royal t= able of propitiation grant," &c. The whole prayer runs on these lines: "A royal oblation grant Osiris, dwelling= in Amenti, Lord of Abydos.= May he grant the funeral oblations, bread, beer, oxen, geese, wine, milk, oil, incense, wrappings, all gifts of vegetation, whatever heaven gives, or ea= rth produces, to enjoy the Nile, to come forth as a living soul, that the soul may not be repulsed at the gates of the nether world, to be glorified amo= ng the favoured ones in presence of Un-nefer, to breathe the delicious breezes of the north wind, and to drink from the de= pth of the river." About the time of the XIIth Dynasty and onwards this prayer is distinctly for the Ka (q.v.) of the deceased.

= ; = ; = ; = ;

Seten ta hetep Asar &nbs= p; neb = ; Zattu = ; neter aa &nb= sp; neb

Osiris = ; lord (of) = Tattu &= nbsp; God great, = ; lord (of)

= ; = ; &n= bsp; = ; , &c.

Abtu<= /span> &nbs= p; ta-f &nb= sp; = per kheru &n= bsp; = ; au ner &nbs= p; menkh

Abydos &nbs= p; may give he sepulchral meals = oxen, birds, cl= othes.(1902b1)

$H Seteta. Egypt

The daughter of Tetet= , an early Egyptian king. (1876c1)

$H Set-hathor. Egypt

A second wife of Ante= f, an Egyptian officer of the XIIth dynasty. (18= 76c1)

$H Sethenes.

An early king of Egypt. See Sent. (1876c1)

$H Set-hik-hopsef-mi-amun. Egypt

The surname of Ramese= s VIII. of the XXth = dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Sethlans. Etruria

The Etruscan fire-god,= or Vulcan. (1876c1)

$H Sethos. Egypt

An obscure king of the XXIVth dynasty. His position and the length of his reign are uncertain. (1876c1)=

$H Sethroë.= Egypt

Greek name of the capital of one of the nomes of Lower Egypt, which has not yet been identified. D= e Rougé thinks it must have been in the fourte= enth, Khent-abt. It may be Theku= t. The chief deity was Atmu.(1902b1)<= /span>

$H Sethroites. Egypt

A nome of Lower Egypt, East of the Phatnitic branch of the Nile. Its position is uncertain, but its chief to= wns were Sethrum and Heracle= opolis Parva. According to M. De Rouge this nome formed a portion of that of Khent-abet. (1876c1)

$H Sethrum. Egypt

A chief town in the S= ethroic nome of Egypt. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Seti. Egypt

Seti. A son of Rameses II. of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

Seti. A prince of Kush during the reign= of the usurper Sipthah, of the = XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$= H Seti<= /span> I. Egypt

Maat-men-Ra = . Dynasty XIX., cir. B.C. 1366. The ear= ly years of this king's reign were troubled by the constant incursions of the tribes from the neighbourhood of the Delta, and on the walls of the temple of Karnak may be seen a vivid representation of the principal events of the successful campaign against the Shasu. Having been victo= rious in the Delta, Seti I. pushed on to Kadesh o= n the Orontes to punish Mauthanar the Kheta kin= g, who had broken the treaty made between himself and Ramse= s I. After this we find the Pharaoh waging war against the Libyans, and the= Cushites in the south. The temples of Abydos and Gurnah<= /span>, and the Great Hall of Columns at Karnak are among the most lasting memorials of this king's fame; and his tomb in= the Biban el Molouk i= s the largest of the celebrated rock-cut burial places. The mother of his son a= nd successor, Ramses II., was Tiu, a grand-daughter of Khu-en-aten. The mummy of= Seti= I. is in the Cairo Museum.(1902b1)

Seti I. Or Seti Menepthah, = Surnamed Merenpthah, "The Living like Set." A famous king of the XIXth dynasty, the adopted= son or son-in-law and the successor of Rameses I.= He seems to have been a soldier of fortune, of Hykshos<= /span> extraction, who by marriage with the heiress to the crown established him= self on the throne. On his accession he reintroduced the worship of Sutekh, which was still further strengthened by his= son Rameses II., who founded a temple to that deity at = Tanis. Seti was a great warrior, and in the first ye= ar of his reign drove back the Shashu, who had atta= cked the city of Zal, near He= liopolis. Having thrust the Arabs into the desert, he in the next year crossed over= to Palestine, where= all the Canaanitish princes paid him tribute and homa= ge. Gathering his army together, he then entered the valley of the Orontes, where he def= eated the Khitae, and captured their capital city <= span class=3DSpellE>Kadesh, and made peace with Ma= utnur, the king of the Khitae, whom as a tributary he restored to his dominions. After this the king of Egypt turned back to conquer the Rotennu, on this side the Euphrat= es, they having discontinued the tribute imposed on them by the Thothmes kings of the XVIIIth<= /span> dynasty. The nations of the Arameans were eas= ily subdued, but those beyond the Euphrates gave more trouble to the Egyptian conqueror; some great battles, however, brought about the complete subjec= tion of Mesopotamia, Assyria, and = Chaldea. Seti admitted to an interview the chiefs of <= st1:City w:st=3D"on">Babylon, Nineveh,= and Singar, and a last campaign in the mountains of Armenia<= /st1:place> re-established the supremacy of Pharaoh in that country also. On returnin= g to Egypt, Seti sent a series of slave-hunting expeditions into Ethiopia, and completely conquered the more barbarous Negroid races to the South of Egypt. On the North-west frontier the victorious monarch then repulsed the incursions of the Libyans, and in turn successfully invaded their kingdom. Finally, he reconstructed the Egyptian fleet on the Red Sea, and re-asserted the power of the Pharaohs on the shores of Arabia Felix. = The Mediterranean conquests of Thothmes III., Seti was, however, unable to regain, owing to the r= apid growth of the Pelasgic and Phenician colonies, which had settled themselves in all the islands of the inland s= ea. It was not only as a warrior that Seti was a = great monarch: in his internal policy he was also distinguished. He commenced t= he large canal from the Nile to the Red Sea, a work which was completed by his son Rameses I= I., who has usurped the credit of it. He caused an artesian well to be sunk at the mines of Kuban, and he built several important fortresses along the frontiers of his king= dom. The palace at Kurnah was founded by Seti as a country residence, and the stupendous tem= ples of Karnak and of Osiris<= /span> at Abyd= os were designed and begun by him. His tomb in the Valley of the Kings at th= e Biban el Moluk is one o= f the grandest and deepest in existence, extending as it does for upwards of th= ree hundred yards into the solid rock, and having many splendidly adorned chambers leading from it, in one of which nearly 1000 votive Shabti = figures of the monarch were discovered when the tomb was opened by Belzoni, its discoverer, on the 19th October, 1817. His alabaster sarcophagus, now in = the Soane<= /st1:PlaceName> Museum, is unique= for beauty of workmanship, the value of its material, and the extent of the t= ext, chiefly selections from the Ritual of the Dead, which is incised upon it. Most of the national works of Seti were, howe= ver, finished by Rameses II., who, by inserting hi= s own name on the sculptures, has obtained the credit of them all. Seti was one of the several great kings of the XIXth dynasty out of whom the Greek authors manufac= tured the fabulous Sesostris. He was probably, also= , the Osymandyas of history, and according to the lists o= f Manetho reigned for fifty years. His name is writte= n Osirei-Menepthah by Champollio= n, Oimenepthah by Sharpe, A= si-menepthah by some Egyptologists, and Psammis and Sethos by others. In his cartouches the first lette= rs of his name, which began with the figure of the god Set, have been carefully= chiselled out; and in the Flam= inian Obelisk at Rome, which was originally a work of his reign also, the figure of the god Ra inserted instead. This mutilation of the names of Set and Amen took place several times in the history of Egypt. See Rameses II. and = Amenhotep IV. (1876c1)

$H Seti II. Surnamed Menepthah. Egypt

Seti II. Sur= named Menepthah. The son of Meneptha= h I. and his queen Hesi-nefer-et.= He had to contend for some years with the usurper Sipthah or Merenpthah II., with whom for a while he shared the kingdom under the title of "Vice= roy of the Southern Kingdom." He reigned for many years, but particulars= of his government are wanting, although it appears to have been a prosperous one. He left no issue, and with him ended the XIXth dynasty, after it had lasted 174 years. After his death his name was effaced from the monuments= , as was also that of his predecessors Seti I. and Ra= meses I., on account of the figure of= the god Set occurring in them, for which the figure of the god Osiris was substituted, the adoration of Set being again hateful to the Egyptians. See also Set and Apepi. (1876c1)

$H Seti Menepthah. Egyptian king [See Seti I - Editor]

$H Seti-nekht. Egypt

Seti-nekht. "Set in his Strength." An Egyp= tian prince, and the founder of the XXth Egyptian dynasty= . He arose into importance during the revolution caused by the invasion of Ars= u, the Syrian, which led to the destruction of the established religion for = the third time (See Apepi and Taia), and caused the differ= ent great lords of the provinces to arrogate the crown to themselves in their= own districts, after the death of Merenpthah I. These Syrians and their leade= r, Arsu, the Osarsiph of Josephus, Seti-Nekht expelled, and gradually subdue= d or pacified the revolted chiefs of Egypt, whereupon the priests appear to have placed him on the throne as the restorer of order and religion. Having effected this great result he= died after a short reign, and left the throne to his son and associate Rameses III. (1876c1)

$H Seti-peti-nubti. Egypt

The first king of the Hykshos, under whom they invaded Egypt, and introduced the absolute worship of the god Set as Sutekh. He built the strong city of Ha-ur or Avaris, which he made the capital of his empire. (1= 876c1)

$H Set-kherta. Egypt

The sister of Sekhert= a, an Egyptian functionary of the XIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Set-khonsu. Egypt

A sister of Sekherta<= /span>, an Egyptian functionary of the XIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Set-mena. Egypt

The father of Antef, an officer of the XIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Setna, the papyrus o= f. Egypt

Setna, the papyrus of, = in the Cairo Museum, written in the second or third century B.C., was found at Thebes with some other manuscripts, i= n a wooden box, which was taken from the tomb of a Coptic monk, and probably constituted the library of this Egyptian. Though, unlike the "Tale of Two Brothers," it is written in demotic, the style of it is very sim= ilar to that of the earlier papyrus, the grammar being, B= rugsch says, quite the same. The colophon, which does not give the author's name, reads thus: "This is the end of the manuscript which tells the story= of Setna Kharmes, and of <= span class=3DSpellE>Ptahneferka, and of Ahura his wife, and of Merhu his son, written in the ye= ar 35, the ... day of the month Tybi;" that is = the thirty-fifth year of one of the Ptolemies. Setna is twice called "the son of the king Use= r-maat," that is Ramses II. The story tells of a search for the sacred book of T= hoth, and of the calamities its possession brought on the finders. (See "Records of Past,"= vi., p. 131, translated by Goodwin; also translations into French by Maspero and into English by Griffith; Brugsch, in "Revue Archéologique," Septembre, 1867; M. Soury, in "Revue des Deux Mon= des," February 15th, 1875.)(1902b1)

$H Setnau-chaem-uset. Egypt

The son of a king named Usermat, who is by some Egyptologists supposed to have been R= ameses II. He is the hero of the Egyptian romance entitled "The Story of Setnau," in which he figures with little credi= t. (1876c1)

$H Set‑off. Architecture

Set‑offs, Arch= . The mouldings and slopes on buttresses, dividing them into stages.(1883m1)

Set‑off. (Arch.) When a moulding is terminated with an obli= que section, plain or curved, it is called a set‑off. Gothic buildings offer frequent examples of such mouldings. The term is also applied to the diminishing of the thickness of a piece of wood or pilaster. ILLUS. setoff(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Setting.=

Setting drawings in pencil or c= rayon is done by simply passing them through a dish of milk, or by washing the sur= face with a weak solution of isinglass.(1883m1)

Setting. (1.) The process of plating a precious stone in= a bezel and holding it fixed there with small clamps of metal. All the decorative metal‑work in a ring or necklace is known as the setting.

(2.) Drawings in pastels, crayon and lead pencil having a tendency to rub out, a liquid is generally lai= d over them with a brush, to set or = fix them, and to render them permanent. Ox‑gall has been used for this purpose, as well as a solution of gum or size in alcohol. The liquid is either applied directly= to the surface of the drawing, or if the paper used is sufficiently porous, = it is put on at the back of the pastel or crayon.(1891a1)<= /p>

$H Se-uati. Egypt

An Egyptian official in the court of Osirtesen I. and III. and Amenemha III. of the XIIth dynasty. His father's name was Khatiur. (1876c1)

$H Sevekchus. Egypt

Another form of the Egyptian royal name Sebeka, or Shabaka, which see. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H Seven Deadly Sins (See Vices.)

$H Severe.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

A work of art is said to be severe when it displays a ri= gid adherence to the rules and traditions which govern it, when fancy and originality are excluded from it. Greek statues, executed in accordance w= ith the archaic tradition, are conspicuous examples of severity of treatment.(1891a1)

$H Severey.

Arch. A bay, or comp= artment in a vaulted ceiling.(1883m1)

$H Sèvres Porcel= ain.

The celebrated manufactory at Sèvres was established in 1756. Soon afterwards it became the property of the king, Louis XV., and was much patronized both by him and Madame de Pompadour. S= ome of the first artists of France were employed to decorate the plaques and vases, and the productions of t= his factory are more highly prized than any others in the world. In 1870 thre= e jardinières were sold by auction in London for over 10,000l. The finest colours of this porcelain were the bleu du roi and the rose de Pompad= our.

Fig. 609. Sèvres Vase, with jewelled ornament.(1883m1)

$H Sewer. (See CLOACA.) (1883m1)

$H Sextans.

R. (sextus, sixth). A copper = coin worth the tenth of an as, in weight about two ounces (unciae).(1883m1)

$H Sextant.

The sixth part of a = circle; an arc of 60 degrees.(1883m1)

$H Sextarius.

R. (sextus). A measure of cap= acity used for liquids, grain, &c.; it held the tenth of a CONGIUS (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Sextertius.

R. A coin originally= of silver, and afterwards of fine copper (aurichalcum); it was wort= h two ases and a half.(1883m1)

$H Sextula. Rome

R. The sixth part of= the ounce (uncia= ); the smallest denomination of Roman money.(1883m1)

$H Sfentk-hak. Egypt

The grandson of Tetet= , an early Egyptian king. (1876c1)

$H Sforzato. Music

(It.). In Music; wit= h force, louder than the rest.(1883m1)

$H Sfregature or Sfregazzi.<= /span>

Sfregazzi. (Paint.) An Italian w= ord, which denotes a method of shading adopted by Titian and the Venetians. Instead of the brush the finger was used, and by this means the colour was laid on more thinly and uniformly than by the brush.(1891a1)

Sfregazzi or Sfregature, It. By this term is meant a peculiar thin kind of glazing, which is executed = by dipping the finger into the colour, and drawi= ng it once lightly and evenly along the part of the picture on which it is to be applied ‑ such as the shade on the cheek, the limbs, &c., or wherever it is wished to lay a soft thin shadow. (Consult Mrs. Merrifield, Ancient Practice of Painting, vol. ii. p. 879.)(1883m1)<= /o:p>

$H Sfumato.

An Italian term, which may be applied to pictures which = are soft and vaporous in execution, and to drawings the outlines of which are vague and put in with the stump.(1891a1)

$H Sgraffito.

Sgraffito, It. (lit. scratched). A method of painting on stucco, in which a ground of dark stucco is covered with a coat of white,= and the design is formed by scraping this away for the shadows. (Consult an article by Mr. Alan Cole in t= he House Furnisher and Decorator, M= ay 10, 1873.)(1883m1)

Sgraffito. An Italian method of = decoration, a kind of fresco painting, which consists in applying a white coat upon a ground of black stucco, or a coat of a light colour upon a dark ground, b= ut picked out with hatchings, so as to give it the effect of a drawing. This process can properly only be called sgraffito, but it is often called graffiti. The latter term, however, should, strictly speaking, only be applied to drawings upon ancient walls.(1891a1)=