$H Shaa. Egypt

The linen cap or crown of Upper Egypt, which when the two kingdoms were united, was generally worn inside the Teshr or golden crown, and th= us the two together formed the Pschent. (1876c1)

$H Shaa-em-uas.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

Shaa-em-uas. Or Khoem-uas. A son of Rameses II., king of Egypt. He fought beside his father in his wars against the Negroes, and was outlived by him. (1876c1)=

$H Shaarilobur.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

The star Sirius adored as a divinity by the people of Sabaea. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Shaa-ta-em-ua. Egypt

Shaa-ta-em-ua. "Crowned by Truth." The nam= e of the royal boat of Thothmes III. (1876c1)

$H Sha-ba. Egypt

Sha-ba. "Rising Soul" The name of the pyra= mid in which Sahura, a king of Egypt of the Vth dynasty, was interred. (1876c1)

$H Shabaka. Egypt

Shabaka, Sabaco, or So. 2 Kings, xvii. 4. King of Ethiopia, B.C. 700, Dynasty XXV.(1902b1)

$H Shabaka I. Egypt

Shabaka I. The first king of the XXVth dynasty. He w= as the son of Kashta, and the brother of Amen-iritis, and was born at Akesh in <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Ethiopia= . Having raised a mingled army of Negroes and Ethiopians, he invaded and conquered Egypt from= Nubia to the Medi= terranean, taking Bak-en-ran-f prisoner, and burning him to death. Palestine being at that time invaded by the Assyrians, Shabaka marched to the relie= f of Hoshea, king of Israel, but arrived too late to save Samaria from capture by Shalmaneser VI. He, however, made some conquests in Palestine, for on his return to Egypt he recorded the land of Syria as one of his tributary states. Shortly afterwards Sargon, king of Assyri= a, inflicted a crushing defeat upon him at Raphia, and then reconquered Syria and part of Egypt. Nothing else is know= n of the life and reign of Shabaka, except that on his death he was succeeded = by his son(?) Shabaka II. According to some writers he was the So of Hebrew history, and the Sabacon of the Greeks. See Sibahe. (1876c1)

$H Shabaka II.

Shabaka II. Or Shabatuk= . The successor of Shabaka I. He marched to the assistance of Khanunu, k= ing of Gaza,= whose country was invaded by the Assyrians. He was however defeated at another battle of Raphia, and retreated into Egypt. The Assyrians did not recognise him as a legi= timate king of Egypt, but he figures on a bas-relief at Ka= rnak as a royal worshipper of Amen Ra. He was the Sebicho= s of the Greeks. (1876c1)

$H Shabatuk. [See Shabaka II - see Editor]

$H Shabti. Egypt

oushebti= or shawabti: lit. 'answerer'; a fig= urine placed In the tomb as a substitute labourer. (1894e1)

Shabti. The name given= by Egyptologists to the small inscribed Osiride figures wrought in wood, glazed steatite or terra cotta, which were gener= ally buried in great quantities in the tombs of the XIXth= dynasty, and which according to the, VIth cha= pter of the Ritual of the Dead, were supposed to possess some mystical power of assisting the deceased, whose name they bore, in his labours in the Aahlu. (1876c1)

$H Shabwat.

The capital city of the Himyaritic kingdom= of Hadramaut, now called Sabota. See Sanbatha and Sabbatha. (1876c1)=

$H Shadu-nakhunda.

Another form of the E= lamite royal name Sutruk-nakhunta. (1876c1)

$H Shackle. <= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Heraldry

Shackle and Padlock, Her. A badge of the Yorkist party during the wars of the Roses; called = also a FETTER‑LOCK. Fig. 610. Shackle.(1883m1)

$H Shade. Painting

Shade. That part of a picture, drawing, or engraving representing objects which, not being struck with luminous rays, are relatively obscure. The term also denotes the result of the mixture of several colours.(1891a1)

$H Shaded.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Painting

(Paint.) A term applied to tones or colours, the tints of which are delicately graduated. (1891a1)

$H Shade Lines.

Shade lines are employed in architectural and topographi= cal drawings, to indicate the outline of the shadow. They are put in with firm broad strokes, as is shown in our cut. ILLUS. shadelin(1891a1)

$H Shades. (See UMBRAE - g= hosts.)

$H Shadoof. Egypt

The ordinary shadoof, such as that still used in = the country, was the usual means employed in ancient Egypt for lifting water from the Nile. It co= nsists of a pole resting on an upright post, or on a horizontal beam supported on two columns of brick or mud, having at one end a weight which serves as a counterpoise to the bucket.(1902b1)

$H Shadow.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

If rays of light fall on an opaque body, the outline of = the illuminated portion of this body is projected on the nearest surface. This outline is called a shadow.(1891a1)

$H Shadow Cast.

A shadow projected upon a surface by a lighted body. The lines which bound cast shadows diverge the more the smaller the luminous bodies are, and the nearer the lighted objects approach to one another. T= he more brilliantly lighted are the bodies, the more vigorous are the shadow= s. The cast shadow is always a darker than the shadow, proper properly so called, if the body casting the shadow and the surface receiving it are of the same tonality. ILLUS. shadowca= (1891a1)

$H Sha-en-sen-sen. Egypt

Sha-en-sen-sen. "The Book of the Respirations." The name of an Egyptian mystical book concerning the metempsychosis of the souls of the justified after death. It has been translated both by M. Brugsch, and De Horrack, in the Records of the Past, Vol.= IV. (1876c1)

$H Shafra. Egypt

An Egyptian king of the IVth dynasty. He was the builder of the second pyramid, which he called the "Greatest of the Pyramids." He married Mer= i-s-ankh, the priestess of Thoth, and was the Chafren of the Greeks. (1876c1)

$H Shaft.

Shaft, Arch. The par= t of the column comprised between the base and the capital.(1883m1)

Shaft, O.E. The Mayp= ole. May‑poles seem to have existed in most villages until the Civil War. They were abolished by an ordinance of the Long Parliament, April 6, 1644, as heathenish vanities "generally abused to superstition and wickednesse."(1883m1)

Shaft. (Arch.) That portion of a column, cylindrical or prismatic in form, which lies between the base and the capital. The surfa= ce of the shaft is sometimes smooth, sometimes decorated with flutings or foliage arranged in spirals. Half the diameter of a shaft at its base is called a module, and serves a= s the scale, by which the other parts of the column and the entablature are mea= sured. 3 ILLUS. shaft1, shaft2, shaft3<= /span>(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p; &= nbsp;

$H Shaftman.

O.E. A measure rough= ly six inches; "the measure of the fist with the thumb set up." (Ray, 1674.)(1883m1)

$H Shagaraktiyash. Chaldaea

An early Chaldean king who is said by Berosus to have built the= great temple at Sippara. He was succeeded by his so= n Naram-sin. = See Sargon. (1876c1)

$H Shagreen.

= A grained leather prepared from the skin of a species of= shark, and stained green. A close imitation is made from horses' or asses' skins= , in Russia, and dyed red, blue, or black.(1883m1)

$H Shahar. Egypt

A town in Upper Egy= pt sacred to Seb. Site unknown. (1876c1)

$H Shai. Egypt

Shai. A Libyan tribe who were subjugated by Rameses = III. (1876c1)

Shai. The god of destiny, associated with Renenet, goddess of fortune. He decreed w= hat should happen to men. He figures with Renenet and Meskhent in the scenes = of the weighing of the heart in the judgment hall of Osiris. His name signif= ies to divide or portion out. (See PSYCHOSTABIA.)(1902b1)

$H Shaka. Egypt

The Egyptian name of an earring. These were wrought in gold, porcelain, and various other materials. The earlier exam= ples were in the form of an engraved button or stud, which was passed through a hole cut in the lobe of the ear. In the middle and later dynasties they w= ere simply circular gold wires, often of large size. Afterwards jewels and pendants were added, and towards the period of the Greco-Egyptian empire small figures of deities and animals, in the style of Etruscan workmanship were introduced. (1876c1)

$H Shakalusha. Egypt

The name by which the Sicilians were known= to the Egyptians. They, together with their allies, combined against Menepthah II., by whom they were defeated. (1876c1)=

$H Shak-amen. Egypt

The name of a mystical divinity who is mentioned in the supplemental or CLXIVth chapter of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)=

$H Shakana. Egypt

An Egyptian canal at the North of the pool= of Har. (1876c1)

$H Shakanasa. Egypt

The mystical name of one of the greater divinities in the supplemental or CLXIVth cha= pter of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Shalm. Music

Shalm or Shawm. A musical instrument, a pipe with a reed in the mouth‑hole.(1883m1)

$H Shalman. Assyria

Shalman. The brother of Assur-ebil-ili, the last kin= g of Assyria. He was slain in the siege of Nineveh by the Medes and Persians und= er Nabu-kudur-uzur. (1876c1)

Shalman. Another name of the Assyrian eagle-headed d= eity Nisroch. His title was "The King of Fluids." He presided over t= he destinies of mankind, and was the protector of marriages. (Lenormant.) He= was originally a Himyaritic deity. (1876c1)

$H Shalmaneser I. Assyria

Shalmaneser I. Or Sh= almanuashir. "Shalman protects." An early king of= Assyria. The son of Vulnirar= i or Rimmon= -Nirari I., whom he succeeded about B.C. 1300, and whose conquests he continued. He defeated the Muzri or Egyptians who had settled in Asia, and settled an Assyrian colony at t= he head waters of the Tigris. The fame of= Shalmaneser rests now more on his buildings than his conquests. At Assur, the old capital, he enla= rged the palace, and restored the great temple called "The Mountain of the World." He however gave a severe blow to the importance of the city = by founding a palace at Nineveh, and making that city a royal residence, and further also by building a new town about eighteen miles South of Nineveh, which was called Calah. = Shalmaneser besides this restored the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh, and ded= icated some votive dishes to the goddess. He died after a reign of about thirty years, and was succeeded by his son Tugulti-Ninip. (Smith.) (1876c1)

$H Shalmaneser II. Assyria

Shalmaneser (II.) According= to Lenormant the successor of Bel= katirassu or Belitarus, B.C. 1070, in which case he wou= ld correspond to the Samsi-Vul III. or Samas-Rimmon III. of Smith and Sayce. (1876c1)

Shalmaneser II. The son of = Assurnazirpal, whom he succeeded about B.C. 860. He= was a great warrior, and the first of the Assyrian kings who came into contact = with the Jews. His first care on ascending the throne was to reduce all the tributary states of Assyria to subordination, in which he was ably assisted by his Tartan Dayan-assur. He then repeatedly crossed the Euphrates, and dispersed the great confederation = of the Syrian kings, who had combined against him under Haz= ael of Damascus and Ahab of Israel. These he defeated in two separate engagements, but with a severe loss to the Assyrian army. He again passed through the North of Palestine to the Mediterranea= n, taking tribute of the Phenicians and Hittites; afterwards he subdued the kings of Ararat and Hupusk= ia. The latter years of his life were embittered by the attempts of his eldest son, Assurdainpal, to usurp the throne. Shalmaneser II. was also= great as a statesman, he died after a reign of thirty-one years, and was succee= ded by his son, Samsi-Vul IV., B.C. 825. "Shalmaneser II. was a gr= eat builder, like several other of the Assyrian kings. During his first twelve years he resided at the city of Nineveh,= and there he made additions to the palace, which had been rebuilt by his fath= er, and adorned the temple<= /st1:PlaceType> of Ishtar, the goddess of the city. Somewhere about his thirteenth year he changed h= is capital, and went to reside at Calah, where he ruled for = the rest of his life. At this place he built a new palace South of the one raised by his father, and completed the building of = the city and raising of the walls. At the Northern corner of the palace platf= orm at Cala= h, near the temples, he built an enormous tower or Ziggurat one hundred and sixty-seven feet in length and bread= th, faced with stone to the height of twenty feet, and still standing one hun= dred and forty feet high. At the city of Assur, the old capital of = the country, the wall having become ruinous, Shalmaneser= restored it and greatly strengthened it, which he records on a statue of black stone, which he raised in the city." (Smith.) The chief intere= st in the reign of Shalmaneser II. centres in the great black obelisk now in the British Museum, upon which he recor= ds his conquests in Syria, Damascus, the Hauran,= and the land of Bashan, and describes Jehu the king of Israel, as Ye= hu the son of Omri, as paying him tribute of gol= d, silver, buckets of gold, cups and bottles of gold, lead, and rods of ornamental wood for maces and articles of furniture, some of which are represented on the monument itself. Shalmaneser II. of Smith is the Shalmanes= er IV. of Lenormant. = NOTE. - The succession of these monarchs is at present hopelessly confused, the French and English Assyriologists differing w= idely in their identification. There is, therefore, no other course to be adopt= ed than to insert the names upon the authorities of the authors cited. (1876= c1)

$H Shalmaneser III. Assyria

Shalmaneser (III.) The succ= essor of Assur-nadin-akhi, king of Assyria. Nothing is known respecting him. He was succeeded by Assur-edil-ilani. (Lenormant.) This king would be therefore Assur-nirari<= /st2:Sn> I. of Smith and Sa= yce, B.C. 1500. (1876c1)

Shalmaneser III. The son and successor of Vulnirari III. about B.C. 783. No memorial of Shalmaneser has come= down to us, and the Assyrian Canon history is at present the only source of our knowledge of his reign. On his accession, B.C. 783, he went to Babylon, to the region of Itu= ah, on the Euphrates. B.C. 782, he attacked again the same region. B.C. 781, Shalmaneser = made war with the Armenians, called the kingdom of Ararat. Seduri, king of Ararat, during the reign of Shalmaneser II., had introduced Cuneiform writing a= nd various arts into = Armenia; and since his time the Armenian monarchy had rapidly risen under his son = Ispuni, his grandson Minua, and Argisti, the son of Minu= a. These monarchs had increased the extent of their dominions, making conque= sts in Syria, Minni, Harhar, Me= dia, and had even made raids into the Assyrian territory, thereby calling for their effectual repression. The war now carried on by Shal= maneser against the Armenians appears to have been an obstinate one, and lasted f= rom B.C. 781 through B.C. 780 and 779, closing in the year B.C. 778. Then aft= er a short expedition against Ituha, B.C. 777, Shalmaneser again fought with the king of Armenia<= /st1:place>, B.C. 776. An interval of a year once more followed, = Shalmaneser going to Syria B.C. 775, when again war broke out with Armenia, in conjunction this time with Zimri, B.C. 774. A= bout this time Shalmaneser died, when he was succe= eded by Assurdan III. Six years out of his short r= eign of ten years had been spent in war with these growing Northern powers, an= d at his death the Armenians recommenced their inroads upon Assyria. (Smith.) Few, if any, monuments have yet been found which were executed in the reign of this monarch. (1876c1)

$H Shalmaneser IV. Assyria

Shalmaneser IV. The successor of Tiglath-Pileser II., about B.C. 727. His relationship to the previous monarch, if any, is unkn= own, and he probably obtained the crown by the sword. He had scarcely ascended= the throne when he was called to quell a revolt in Pale= stine, and quickly following the subjugation of that first war, came a second on= e, the insurgents being encouraged by Sibahe, king of Egypt. He, however, with so= me difficulty obtained the mastery, and forced the kings of Tyre and Sidon to pay tribute. They in their turn destroyed his navy of sixty vessels, and compelled him to prolong the siege both of Tyre and Samaria, which he carried on at the same time. After a five years reign an insurrection took place in Assyria, he= aded it is probable by his chief officer Sargon, and Shalmaneser IV. was dethr= oned and the crown placed on the head of Sargon II., while the Syrian and Phenician sieges were still going on, about B.C. 722. The annals of the r= eign of Shalmaneser IV. have not been found, and there are but few memorials of his reign with the exception of private and especially trade documents. Besides his Syrian wars only a single other expedition of his, viz. one against Deri, in Babylonia, is known. = He was devoted to the worship of Nerza or Nergal, the god of war, and dedicated = some fine ivory furniture to the temple of that deity at Tarbizi, North of Nineveh. That as a king of Assyria he favoured commerce is attested by the fact that most of the Assyrian standard weights in the British Museum date from his reign. This monarch is the Shalmaneser VI. of Lenormant, and the IVth of Smith. (1876c1)

$H Shalmaneser V. Assyria

Shalmaneser (V.) According = to Lenormant one of the successors of Binlikkish (Vul-nirari) III. He reigned from B.C 828 to = 818. He made an expedition to Damascus, and n= o less than six successive campaigns into the revolted provinces of Assyria. (1876c1)

$H Shalman-hu-asir. Assyria

The Assyrian form of the royal name which = is more generally written Shalmaneser. The Shalman of Hebrew history. (1876c1)

$H Shalman-hu-asar-ilani.

The chief of the town of Sadikan o= n the river Khabour. He paid tribute to Assurnazirpal, king of Assyria, and his seal in the= British Museum is perhaps the most beaut= iful in the collection. (1876c1)

$H Shalmanuashir.= [See Shalmanes= er I - Editor]

$H Shaluma.

Shaluma. Or Salem. The Egyptian name of the city = of Jerusalem, whic= h was captured by Rameses II. a= fter the battle of Kadesh, in which he utterly def= eated the Hittites and their Syrian allies. (1876c1)

$H Shamadagini.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Hindu

In Hindu mythology the reputed husband of = the Pariah goddess Maryatali, whose sons he comma= nded to behead her. (1876c1)

$H Shamas.

Shamas. Or Shems. "The Sun." A Himyaritic deity, the same as the Shamas of= the Chaldeans and the Shemesh of Hebrew history. (1876c1)

$H Shamash-bel.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Chaldaea

Shamash-bel. "Servant of Bel." A mythical Chaldean king of the = Ist dynasty. His name is only found on the lists of= Berosus, by whom he is called = Chosmasbelus. (1876c1)

$H Shamiramiguerd.

Shamiramiguerd. "The City of Semiramis." The Armenian name of= the great fortifications near Lake Van, wh= ich were attributed to Sammuramat, the Semiramis of the Greeks. (1876c1)

$H Shammir.

The king of Sabaea, in Arabia. He succeeded his father, Alamluk, and founded the town of Zafar in Yemen, but nothing else is = known respecting him. (1876c1)

$H Shamrock. Heraldry

Her. A trefoil plant= or leaf, the badge of Ireland.(1883m1)

$H Shamsh-ibin.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Assyria

Another form of the Assyrian royal name Samsi-Vul, which see. (1876c1)

$H Shamul-sha-mugin. Assyria

Another form of the Assyrian royal name Sa= ul-mugina, which see. (1876c1)

$H Shamy And Damy. Egypt

The modern name given by the Arabs to the = two colossal statues of Amenhotep III. and his queen, which now exist in a very ruined cond= ition in the Nubian Desert. See also Memnon. (1876c1)

$H Shanks.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Architecture

(Arch.) A term denoting the plain spaces which separate = the channels of a triglyph in a Doric frieze.(189= 1a1)

$H Shap. Egypt

The Egyptian palm, equal to four digits. (1876c1)

$H Shapu-arka. Egypt

A mystical name of the deceased when hidde= n in the pupil of the eye of Osiris, as described = in the CLXIVth (supplemental) chapter of the Ritual = of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Shapu-arkat. Egypt

The name of the litui= of the left mystical eye of Osiris in the CLXIVth chapter of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)=

$H Shard.

O.E. A piece of brok= en pottery. (It has other meanings. Consult Halliwell.)(1883m1)<= /o:p>

$H Shareser.

A son of Sennacherib. He was one of the murderers of his father, and is not mentioned by name in the Assyrian inscriptions. See Assurmulik. (1876c1)

$H Sharhabil.

A king of Saba, who is sometimes called Kharabail. (1876c1)

$H Sharu. Egypt

In Egyptian mythology the mystical "<= st1:PlaceType w:st=3D"on">Lake of Sacred Pri= nciples" in the valley of Elysium.(1876c1)

$H Sharuhana.

A town in Southern Palestine which was besieged by King Aa= hmes of the XVIIIth dynasty for six years, as a stronghold of the Hykshos. He ultimately conq= uered and garrisoned it. It was the Sharuen of Hebr= ew history. (1876c1)

$H Sharu-sharu. Egypt

Another name of the mystical pupil of the right eye of Osiris, wherein the deceased is = said to be hidden in the supplemental or CLXIVth c= hapter of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Sharu-sharu-khet. Egypt

Another name of the curved line or litui of the right mystical eye of Osiris in the CLXIVth or supplementary chapter of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Sharu-sha-ta-kata. Egypt

A mystical title of Amen Ra in the CLXVIth chapter of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)=

$H Sharutana.

The name by which the Sardinians were know= n to the Egyptians. They served as mercenaries in the army of Rameses II. in his Syrian wars, but combined with the Libyans against his son Menepthah, by whom th= ey were defeated. (1876c1)

$H Sharyukin. Chaldaea

A mystical king of the ancient city of Agani in Chaldea, who was regarded as a legenda= ry hero and demigod. See Sargon I. (1876c1)

$H Shashanq. Egypt

See SHISHAK.(1902b1)

$H Shashous. Egypt [See Shasu - Editor]

$H Shastras.

The general name applied to their sacred b= ooks by the Hindu theologians and philosophers, of which the four Vedas are the chief. (1876c1)

$H Shasu. Egypt

Shasu. Or Shashous. The Egyptian= name of the Bedouin tribes inhabiting the North-eastern frontier of the Delta. They were partly subdued by Aahmes, king of the XVIIIth dynasty, but alwa= ys continued to be a source of annoyance to the Egyptians. (1876c1)

Shasu. A tribe inhabiti= ng the deserts of north Arabia and Syria, with whom the kings of Egypt were perpetually in conflict - literally, Bedawin. Thus their name figures among those of conquered peoples on temple walls = in inscriptions of Thothmes II., Amen-hetep II., Amen-hetep IV., Seti I., and Ramses II. In campaigns carried on in Syria it was inevitable that the marching Egyptian armies should come into collision with these people, since they were obliged to pass through their territory.(1902b1)

$H Shat. Egypt

A mystical reptile, one of the enemies of = the soul of the deceased. He is mentioned in the XLIst chapter of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Shauf-sa-karta. Egypt

An Egyptian scribe who wrote upon the advantages of the profession of a scribe and on the cultivation of letter= s. He lived in the period of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Shawabti [See Shabti - Editor]

$H Shawm (See Shalm)

$H Shay‑le.

Chin. A relic of Buddha.(1883m1)