$H Sheaf.

(1) A bundle of ripe corn bound up in the field; the device assumed by Alfonso d'Avalos, when he was made captain‑genera= l of the army of Charles V., with the motto implying incessant devotion to his work, ‑ that, as soon as one harvest is reaped, its successor must = be sown.

(2) A bunch of twenty‑four arrows, enough to f= ill a quiver.

Fig. 611. Sheaf. Device of Alphonso d'Avalos.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

$H Shears. Heraldry

(Her.) This pastoral implement occasionally appears on the coat‑of‑arms of knight or gentlem= an. In blazoning the herald specifies the position in which the shears are placed, but they are generally represented vertical with the blades uppermost.(1891a1)

$H Sheathed. Sculpture

(Sculp.) A term applied to statues, the lower extremity of which is enclosed in a sheath, which generally begins at the hips and continues to the base. Many caryatides a= re thus sheathed. The advantage = of this treatment of the figure is, that the beauty of the torso is not sacrificed, while the lower portion, being conventional in its arrangemen= t, harmonizes admirably with the architectural forms beneath it. ILLUS. sheathed(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Sheba.

The surname of Abd-sh= ems, king of Yemen, which see. (1876c1)

The ancient name of the Adite capital Marib. See Abd-shems. (1876c1)

$H Shebetun.

A place in Syria, site unknown, where = Rameses II. was encamped when the Arabs treacherous= ly endeavoured to betray him into an ambush before the battle of Kadesh. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Shed.

The principal deity of the Northern Hittites. (1876c1)

$H Shedad. Arabia

In Arabian history the son of the patriarch Ad. He conquered all Arabia and Irak, and built a splendid palace or paradise which= he called Irem, but he was miraculously slain on account of his impiety. He and all his family were giants. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H Shedath.

The feminine form of the Hittite deity She= d. (1876c1)

$H Shedid. Arabia

In Arabian history the son of Ad. He reign= ed over the Adites, and was succeeded by his bro= ther Shedad. (1876c1)

$H Sheep.

In Byzantine art twelve sheep represented the Twelve Apostles, while Christ was pictured as the Good Shepherd. [Apostles.](1891a1)

In Christian art, th= e twelve apostles occur in early mosaics as twelve sheep, and our Lord in the mids= t as their Shepherd.(1883m1)

$H Shekel.

A Jewish coin, value= about 2s. 6d.(1883m1)

$H Shell.

Shell. (Arch.) A vault in the shape of a quarter of a sphere, sometimes decorated with flutings, and forming the upper part of a semicircular niche. ILLUS. shell(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

Shell, Chr. In Gallic as in Christian tombs shells are of frequent occurrence; there = is no doubt that they symbolize the resurrection, the body of man being look= ed upon as a shell which he leaves behind him at death. Different kinds of s= hell are met with, but that of most frequent occurrence is the common snail= 209;shell (helix pomat= ia). (See ESCALLOP.)(1883m1)

$H Shellac.

Shellac. A solid varnish obtained from certain trees. Wh= en it is in a pounded form, it is called seed‑lac= ; when it is in cakes with a smooth uniform surface, it is called shellR= 09;lac. [Lac.](1891a1)

$H Shell‑cameos. &nbs= p;

Cameos carved on she= lls. These are certain conch shells or strombs, th= e substance of which consists of two distinct layers of different colours. The black conch offers the most decided contrast in the colours.(1883m1)

$H Shell‑lac.

Shell‑lac. Cru= de lac‑resin melted into plates or shales. (See LAC.)(1883m1= )

$H Shells, Scallop or Escallop. [see Escallop and Shell - Editor]

$H Shelving Ridge.=

A surface which presents two sloping planes, which join = at their upper end, and meet a horizontal plane at their lower end. <= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New R= oman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-no-proof:no'>2 ILLUS. shelvin1, shelvin2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; <= /o:p>

$H Shemesh. Babylonia

Shemesh. Or<= /i> Shamash, or Samas. In Babylon= ian mythology the son of Ningal, and the god of the sun. He was called the "Judge of Heaven and Earth," "Director of All," and "Lord of the Cities of Larsa and Sippara." His consort and sist= er was the goddess Ishtar, the daughter of Sin, who must not be confounded w= ith Ishtar, the daughter of Anu. His analogue was the Shemesh or Shems of the Syrian religions. (1876c1)

$H Shemou shemou: summer the third season of the year, harvest-tim= e. (1894e1)

$H Shems.

Shems. A Himyaritic goddess, the feminine form of the deity = Shemesh. (1876c1)

Shems. A solar deity = of the Sabaeans, the analogue of the Chaldean divinity Shamash. (1876c1)

Shamas. Or Shems. "The Sun." A Himyaritic deity, the same as the Shamas of= the Chaldeans and the Shemesh of Hebrew history. (1876c1)

$H Shem= sh-ibin I., II., etc.

Another rendering of the name Samsi-Vul, which see. (1876c1)

$H Shen. Egypt

Shen. Or= Sunt. The Egyptian name of the acacia tree, the wood of which was much used for ordinary carpentry, its bark for tanning, and its resinous gum for the preparation of varnishes and cements. (1876c1)

$H Shen-pe-uts-neter. Egypt

Shen-pe-uts-nete= r. "Turn of Heaven, Conductor of the Gods." The second of the mystical cows or <= span class=3DSpellE>Hathors of Egyptian mythology. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Shen-shen. Egypt

The Egyptian mystical name of the sacred Heron, into which among other animals the souls of the justified deceased were transformed. (1876c1)

$H Shenthit. Egypt

Funeral form of Isis. At = Busiris, Abydos<= /span>, and Dendera were sanctuaries dedicated to her.(1902b1)

$H Shenti. Egypt

Shenti. The Egyptian name of the sin of simple cursi= ng or of incantation. (1876c1)

Shenti. Egyp. A short pair of drawers, fastened round the h= ips by a belt, worn by the ancient Egyptians.(1883m1)

Shenti. The short loin cloth worn by the Egyptians a= like by princes and peasants. It seems to have been made of the same materials= as the Namms, which see.(1876c1)

$H Shenut. Egypt

A town in the first Northern nome of Lower Egypt. It was sacred to the deity Sekar. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H Shap-en-ap. Egypt [See Shepen-aput - Editor]

$H Shepen-aput. Egypt

Shepen-aput. Or Shap-en-ap. The daughter of Piankhi II. of the XXIInd dynasty. She marrie= d Psametik I., king at fi= rst of Sais, and afterwards of all Egypt, and thus consolidate= d her husband's right to the throne. (1876c1)

$H Shepen-hesi. Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the sister of Nekhtmutf, which see. (1876c1)

$H Shepes-kaf. Egypt

The chief priest of the temple of Khufu in the period o= f the Ancient Empire. (1876c1)

$H Shepherd Kings. Egypt

See HYKSOS.(1902b1)

$H Shepherd's Crook. (See PEDUM.) (1883m1)<= /h1>

$H Shepherds. (See HYKSOS [also spelled Hycsos].) (1883m1)

$H Shepses-ka-f. Egypt

Sixth king of Dyna= sty IV., cir. 3759 B.C. Reigned twenty-two years. From the tomb of Ptah-Shepses, at Sakkâra= , we learn that his eldest daughter was Maat-kha.(1902b1)

$H Shep-shet. Egypt

An Egyptian lady of the XXVIth dynasty, whose mummy and coffin are in the British Museum. (1876c1)

$H Sherraton.

A cabinet‑maker who flourished in the 18th century. Everything that left his hand was light and graceful in form, and far more refined in taste than the heavy, over‑elaborate productions of Chippendale. His name is now prefixed as an adjective to the chairs and tables which he fashioned as well as to those which are constructed in ac= cord with his style. Thus we speak of a Sherraton = table, a Sherraton side‑board.(1891a1)

$H Shes. Egypt

An Egyptian amulet in the form of a peculi= ar kind of tie. It was usually carved in cornelian. (1876c1)

$H Shesha. Hindu

In Hindu mythology the great seven-headed serpent which floats upon the cosmical ocean,= and upon whose folds the throne of Brahma is situated. (1876c1)

$H Sheshanka. Egypt

Sheshanka. The son of Osorkon I. of the XXIInd dynasty. (1876c1)

Sheshanka. The son of Osorkon II. of the XXIInd dynasty. (1876c1)

Sheshanka. The father of Namurot, a prince of the blood royal of Sheshanka I.= of the XXIst dynasty. (1876c1)

Sheshanka. A prince of the blood royal of the house of Piankhi, of the XXIInd dynasty, the son of Prince Petnit, which see. (1876c1)

Sheshanka. An Egyptian priest and officer of the temple of Ra of the Delta. He was the father of Psametik, a prophet of Pthah. (1876c1)=

Sheshanka. One of the petty kings of Egypt under the Assyrian Icosarchy. His capital was the town called by the Assyrians Busiru. (1876= c1)

$H Sheshanka I. Egypt

Sheshanka I. Or Shishak, or Sheshonk. The son of Nimrod or Namurot, a great off= icer in the court of one of the last kings of the house of Her-hor, and of a princess of the blood royal. He was adopted by his grandfather, and at fi= rst governed Egypt as regent, but afterwards ascended the throne and founded the XXIInd dyna= sty. He supported Jeroboam in his revolt against Rehoboam, king of Judah, and gave him one of his daughters in marriage. By the influence of Egypt Jeroboam was made king of Israel, and shortly afterwards Sheshanka invade= d Judah in three directions, pillaged and partly destroyed Jerusalem, and s= ubdued 133 cities in Palestine. He transferred the seat of empire from Thebes to Bubastis, and reigned twenty-one years, leaving the crown of Egypt to his son Uaserken or Osorkon= I. (1876c1)

Shisha= k I. Dynasty XXII., cir. B.C. 966. This king is chiefly known as the monarch to whose court Jeroboam fled (1 Kings xi. 26-40). In the fifth ye= ar of Rehoboam's reign, and possibly at the instigation of Jeroboam, Shishak marched against Judah and pillaged Jerusalem (1 Kings xiv. 25-28; 2 Chron. xii.). Among the names of the conquered Syr= ian districts and towns engraved upon the walls of the temple of Karnak is that of Judah-mel= ek, which some have considered represents the king or kingdom of= Judah. Mas= pero, on the other hand, believes that it is more likely to be Jehudah, a town = of the tribe of Dan.(1902b1)

$H Sheshanka II. Egypt

The son of Uaserken II., king of Egypt of the XXIInd dynasty. He is only known from the monuments. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Sheshanka III. Egypt

An Egyptian king of the XXIInd dynasty. He succeeded Takelot II., and reigned fifty-one years, but no particulars of his long reign are known. He was succeeded by his son (?) Pamai or Pekhi. (1876c1)

$H Sheshanka IV. Egypt

The successor of Pama= i. He reigned thirty-six years, but nothing is known of the events which took place in them. With him closed the XXIInd dyn= asty, after which the Ethiopians again overran Egypt. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Sheshonk. Egyptian king [See Sheshanka - Editor]

$H Shes-hotep. Egypt

A city and nome in Upper Egypt which was called by the Greeks Anteopolis. It was sacred to the worship of the dei= ty Khnum. (1876c1)

$H Shield.

(1.) As a portion of defensive armour, the shield has be= en used in all countries and in all ages. Its material and form have of cour= se changed from time to time. It has been made of wood covered with hide as = well as of metal. Shields have been round, semicircular, and oblong. Our first= two cuts represent the shield in use in the time of William the Conquerer; our third cut shows a shield ornamented = with the escutcheon of the bearer. [Scutum.] 2 ILLUS. shield1a, shield1b

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p; <= /o:p>

(2.) (Her.) The heraldic shield has taken different form= s at different periods, and seems to have been influenced by the style of architecture prevailing at the time. The form of an inverted Gothic arch = was the model for shields from the 13th to the 15th centuries. During the succeeding two centuries heralds adopted a much squarer form, as shown in= the accompanying cut, probably for the sake of its convenience in inserting <= span class=3DSpellE>quarterings. The lozenge‑shaped shield has be= en employed since the 14th century for the arms of ladies of noble family. A lozenge is also frequently employed by the Flemish, whilst the Italians m= ake use of an oval shield. The Germans, on the other hand, affect shields of a fantastic outline. An example of such a shield, called a targe, is given in the accompanying cut. 3 ILLUS. shield2a, shield2b, shield2c(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p; &= nbsp; <= /o:p>

--- $H Shield of Pretence.

This is a small shield borne within another shield. It is also called an inescutcheon, and is said to be pretended upon the main shield. = By means of this device the husband of an heiress blazons his claim to his wife's lands, and in the same way George III. bore the arms of Hanover on a shield of pretence over the arms of = England<= /st1:place>. ILLUS. shie= ldof(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Shilagara.

An Elamite dei= ty, of whom nothing is known. (1876c1)

$H Shimgam.

Another Elamite deity, of whom nothing is known. (1876c1)

$H Shingles.

Wooden tiles; freque= ntly used for church spires.(1883m1)

(Arch.) Small squares of pine, chestnut, or oak cut like tiles, which were used to protect the beams of a building against the dripping of water. The houses of the middle ages were generally covered w= ith shingles, which were sometimes painted or cut into patterns, so as to form geometrical combinations. Small houses in the country are still to be seen the façades of which are decorated with shingles. 2 ILLUS. shingle1, shingle2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &nbs= p; &nbs= p; &= nbsp; <= /o:p>

$H Ship. Christian

Ship. A symbol of the Church. (See NAVETTE.)(1883m1)

Nef or Ship. A costly and curious piece of plate f= or the table, used as an épergne in the Middle Ages. In the 16th century they were perfect models of actual ships, with masts, yards, shrouds, and sailors climbing in the rigging. They were fil= led with sweetmeats, and were sometimes put on wheels; and there is one at Emden in Hanover from the hull of which wine = was drunk.(1883m1)

$H Shishak. Egypt [See Sheshanka - Editor]

In Hebrew history the name by which Sheshanka, or Scheschang, the first king of the XXIInd dynasty is mentioned. (1876c1)

$H Shiwarati. Hindu

A great festival held in India, in the month of Marc= h, in honour of the god Siva. (1876c1)<= /p>

$H Shoes.

The shoes worn by th= e Greeks generally reached to the middle of the leg; the ROMANS had the calceus= and the solea or sandal; the former was worn with the toga on ordinary occasions; the sand= al on a journey or at a feast; but it was considered effeminate to appear in public with them. Black shoes were worn by the citizens of ordinary rank = (see ATRAMENTUM, CHALCANTHUM), and white ones (sometimes red) by the women; on ceremonial occasions the magistrates wore red shoes. Patricians and their children wore a crescent shoe‑buckle (see LUNA). Slaves went barefooted. The Jews had shoes of leather, wood, &c., tied with thongs passed under the soles of the feet; to "untie the latchets" of a man's shoes was a sign of deep subservience. In ancient as in modern times the Oriental peoples put off their shoes as we uncover the head. (Consult= Herbert Spencer on Ceremonies.)(= 1883m1)

$H Shoaib. Arabia

In pre-Koranic history an Arabian prophet, the son of Dhumahdam. He was slain by the people of Hadura, who were idolaters, to whom he had been sent to preach for their conversion. The t= ribe were afterwards destroyed from heaven in retribution for their crimes. (1876c1)

$H Shodb. Egypt

The modern name of the Greco-Egyptian town= of Hypsele in the Thebaid. (1876c1)

$H Shoem-uas. Egypt [See Khaemuas - Editor]

$H Shop. (See TABERNA.) (1883m1)

$H Shophetim.

In the time of the Hebrew commonwealth the name of elders or judges. See als= o Suffetes. (1876c1)

$H Shore. Architecture

(Arch.) A transverse stay placed in the trenches dug at = the foundation of a building; a piece of timber employed to strengthen empty spaces during the underpinning of a part already built. Windows and other openings are frequently shored. ILLUS. shore(1891a1)

<= /o:p>

$H Shorin. Egypt

An Egyptian amulet, in the form of a lotus flower. It was often wrought in gold, inlaid with lapis lazuli or enamels. (1876c1)

$H S-hotep-en-ra. Egypt

A son of Rameses II. of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H S-hotep-het. Egypt

An Egyptian gentleman, who lived probably = in the XIIth dynasty. One of his sons was named = Osirtesen-ankh, after the reigning monarch of that = name. (1876c1)

$H Shrew-mice. Egypt

These little creatures were sometimes mummified, and have been found in small bronze cases with a figure of the mouse on the top. It was sacred to Her-= khent-an-ma, a form of Horus, supposed to be blind, who was worshipped in Letopoli= s.(1902b1)

$H Shrine.

Shrine. A repository= for relics; either fixed, as a tomb; or movable, as a feretory. (See Fig. 307.) The Shrine of the Three Kings in Cologne Cathedral is one of the most celebrated and costly in the world. (Fig. 612.)

Fig. 612. Shrine of the Three Kings in Cologne Cathedral. 13th century.(1883m1)

     <= /o:p>

Shrine. A box or c= offer of a precious metal and richly carved, in which the relics of saints are kep= t; the term is also applied to a structure such as a tomb, in which relics a= nd bones may be deposited; the shrine of St. Thomas at Canterbury for instan= ce. Moveable shrines, before the 13th century, consisted of simple boxes of w= ood, covered with plates of metal. They were often large enough to hold the wh= ole body of a saint. Towards the end of the 13th century shrines were made of gold, silver, or enamelled copper, and took the form of miniature churches and chapels. In the 15th century they were surmounted with pierced spires= and enriched with statuettes, and in the 17th and 18th century they were characterised by volutes and are of a swelling outline. Some ancient shri= nes are of sculptured and gilded wood; these are often placed under a canopy = and above the altar. 2 ILLUS. shrin= e1, shrine2(1891a1)

       &nbs= p;            &= nbsp;           &nbs= p;            <= /o:p>

$H Shrinkage.

A diminution in the volume of c= eramic paste or terra‑cotta, which results from drying or baking. The same phenomenon, though less sensible than in terra‑cotta, may be observ= ed in bronze founding.(1891a1)

$H Shtam. Egypt

An Egyptian amulet in the form of a ring, = cartouch, or signet. It was an emblem of the solar = orbit. (1876c1)

$H Shu. Egypt

Shu. "Light." In Egyptian mythology the deity of light. He was sometimes called Sos. See also -(1876c1) [Shu in Ritual of the Dead below - Editor]

Shu. One of the mystical deities of the Ritual of the Dead. He was one of the chil= dren of Ra, and the consort of Tefnut, which see. (1876c1)

Shu. The son of Ra and Hathor, though a later legend says that Ra produced Shu and Tefnut (q.v.) without the co-operation of a goddess. As a nature god he may be said to be a personification of the atmosphere which divides the sky (Nut) from the ea= rth (Seb). He is frequently figured with arms uplifted, supporting the starry Nut, while Seb lies beneath. He is represented as a man, with his symbol = the feather on the top of his head. The little faïence figures of Shu ho= lding up the sun-disk, represent the god placing the sun in its right position between sky and earth. He is the twin-brother of Tefnut, the two being frequently associated as two lions. ILLUS. Shu.(1902b1)

<= /o:p>

$H Shudami.

An Elamite dei= ty, of whom nothing is known. (1876c1)

$H Shui. Egypt

An Egyptian generic name denoting weeds or water-flowers. (1876c1)

An Egyptian architect, whose funereal stel= e, with that of his companion Har, is in the British Museum. (1876c1)

$H Shuites. Mesopotamia<= /st1:place>

A Mesopotamian people, who paid tribute to= Assurnazirpal, king of Assyr= ia. (1876c1)

$H Shumud.

An Elamite dei= ty, of whom nothing is known. These Elamitic deities= are simply enumerated in the Assyrian annals as having been carried off by Assurbanipal, about B.C. 660. (1876c1)

$H Shushan.

An Elamite cap= ital city, on the river Ula, where Assurbanipal defeated the army of Tiumman, king of Elam, B.C. 645. (1876c1)

$H Shutter. Architecture

(Arch.) Pieces of wood or iron fitted together and servi= ng to close a window or bay. Some shutters consist of a single leaf, though = this single leaf may consist of two leaves held together with iron hinges as s= hown in our first cut; other shutters are composed of planks of wood, which fit into grooves. In old‑= fashioned = shops these moveable shutters, fitting into grooves, were invariably used. The = most modern kind of shutter is a mechanical arrangement of slips of wood or a sheet of iron, turning round a horizontal cylinder, placed above the open= ing or window, and put into its place by means of a wheel. 2 ILLUS. shutter1, shutter2(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &= nbsp; &nbs= p; <= /o:p>

$H Shears. Heraldry

$H Sheathed. Sculpture

$H Sheba.

$H Shebetun.

$H Shed.

$H Shedad. Arabia

$H Shedath.

$H Shedid. Arabia

$H Sheep.

$H Shekel. A Jewish coin, value= about 2s. 6d.(1883m1)

$H Shell.

$H Shellac.

$H Shell‑cameos. &nbs= p;

$H Shell‑lac.

$H Shells, Scallop or Escallop. [see Escallop and Shell - Editor]

$H Shelving Ridge.=

$H Shemesh. Babylonia

$H Shemou shemou: summer the third season of the year, harvest-tim= e. (1894e1)

$H Shems.

$H Shem= sh-ibin I., II., etc.

$H Shen. Egypt

$H Shen-pe-uts-neter. Egypt

$H Shen-shen. Egypt

$H Shenthit. Egypt

$H Shenti. Egypt

$H Shenut. Egypt

$H Shap-en-ap. Egypt [See Shepen-aput - Editor]

$H Shepen-aput. Egypt

$H Shepen-hesi. Egypt

$H Shepes-kaf. Egypt

$H Shepherd Kings. Egypt

$H Shepherd's Crook. (See PEDUM.) (1883m1)<= /h1>

$H Shepherds. (See HYKSOS [also spelled Hycsos].) (1883m1)

$H Shepses-ka-f. Egypt

$H Shep-shet. Egypt

$H Sherraton.

$H Shes. Egypt

$H Shesha. Hindu

$H Sheshanka. Egypt

$H Sheshanka I. Egypt

$H Sheshanka II. Egypt

$H Sheshanka III. Egypt

$H Sheshanka IV. Egypt

$H Sheshonk. Egyptian king [See Sheshanka - Editor]

$H Shes-hotep. Egypt

$H Shield.

--- $H Shield of Pretence.

$H Shilagara.

$H Shimgam.

$H Shingles.

$H Ship. Christian

$H Shishak. Egypt [See Sheshanka - Editor]

$H Shiwarati. Hindu

$H Shoaib. Arabia

$H Shodb. Egypt

$H Shoem-uas. Egypt [See Khaemuas - Editor]

$H Shop. (See TABERNA.) (1883m1)

$H Shophetim.

$H Shore. Architecture

$H Shorin. Egypt

$H S-hotep-en-ra. Egypt

$H S-hotep-het. Egypt

$H Shrew-mice. Egypt

$H Shrinkage.

$H Shtam. Egypt

$H Shu. Egypt

$H Shudami.

$H Shui. Egypt

$H Shuites. Mesopotamia<= /st1:place>

$H Shumud.

$H Shushan.

$H Shutter. Architecture

$H Shekel.

A Jewish coin, value= about 2s. 6d.(1883m1)