$H Steatite.
|
Steatite or Soapstone. A
soft, unctuous, magnesian mineral, used by the
Chinese for statuary and decorative purposes.(1883m1) |
$H Steel, Engraving in.
|
Steel, Engraving in,=
was
invented during the present century. The process is nearly the same as
engraving in copper. (See CHALCOGRAPHY.)(1883m1) |
$H
Steeple.=
Architecture
|
(Arch.) A tower, in which church bells are hung. In the =
11th
century steeples were built on a quadrangular base. They consisted of sev=
eral
storeys, slightly retreated the one behind the other; they were pierced by
openings, strengthened at their angles by buttresses, and were terminated
with a pyramid on a square base. In the 12th and 13th centuries steeples =
were
quadrangular in base alone; as they got higher they became octagonal and =
were
terminated with a tower, and sometimes, though rarely, surrounded with a
balustrade and had bell‑turrets at their corners. In the 14th, 15th,
and 16th centuries the same principles were followed; the spires or pyram=
ids
terminating steeples became lighter and were pierced. Steeples are someti=
mes
included within the general plan of the building, sometimes they are built
without reference to it. This depends on the period to which the steeple
belongs and the vicissitudes which the church has undergone. Some churches
have two towers or steeples, generally at the west end. The full compleme=
nt
of towers in a cathedral church is three, two at the west end and one over
the crossing. ILLUS. steeple=
(1891a1)
|
![](3D"ste_files/image023.gif")
$H Stega.
|
Gr. and R. (<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New =
Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f=
ont-family:
"WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>FJX(0[=3Dstege], i.e. a =
covering).
The deck of a ship; a synonym for CONSTRATUM (q.v.)(1883m1) |
$H Steganography.
|
Gr. (FJ,("<ÎH[=3Dsteganos], secr=
et). Cypher, or secret writing, by substitution of signs=
for
letters.(1883m1) |
$H Steinkerque.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
Steinkerque was a twisted necktie, and owed its origin to =
the
battle of that name fought in 1692 by Marshal
|
![](3D"ste_files/image024.gif")
$H Stela, Stelè= , Stele
|
Stela, Stelè, Gr.=
A pillar, or stone of a cylindrical or quadrangular sh=
ape,
often surmounted by an ornament in the form of a palm. These stelae =
served
to mark out burial‑places. Fig. 631 represents a Roman, and Fig. 63=
0 a
Greek stelê. Fig. 630. G=
reek
Stelè. Fig. 631. Roman Stela.(1883m1) =
|
|
Stele. By this term we denote ancient monuments in the f=
orm
of monoliths placed vertically, the inscriptions upon which serve to
commemorate an historic event or to preserve the memory of the dead. Some=
of
the most interesting relics of Greek and Roman art are stelae, upon which is
sculptured the likeness of a departed man. In the
|
![](3D"ste_files/image025.gif")
![](3D"ste_files/image026.gif")
![](3D"ste_files/image027.gif")
--- $H Stela , Stelae, or Stele.<=
/span> Egypt
|
=
stele, ste=
la:
slab of stone, generally with a rounded top, inscribed with a votive, com=
memorative
or funerary text. (1894e1) |
|
Egyptian
stelae are of all sizes, from small portable =
slabs
like miniature tombstones to the great slab of black syenite,
10 ft. 3 ins. high, called the Israel Stela (=
q.v.). They have been found in a
variety of materials - granite, limestone, wood, and pottery. The majority
are sepulchral, bearing inscriptions relating to the life of the deceased,
his titles and relatives. They contain also forms of prayers. These stelae were placed in the tomb in various positions=
. The
earliest examples are square at the top, the later ones rounded. The latt=
er
are frequently decorated at the top with the disk and wings. In the early
dynasties they usually bear pictures of the deceased, accompanied by his =
wife
and family, and are often coloured, while in the time of the XVIIIth Dynasty the relatives gave place to
representations of gods. The biographies on these st=
elae
have been of the greatest importance to chronologers=
and historians, and in some cases are the only authorities for certain
periods. |
|
Stele, Sepulchral. "The sepulchral stele were
generally placed at the bottom of the principal chamber of the tombs of t=
he
old dynasties. They are square, and often of colossal proportions, with l=
arge
Hieroglyphs, sometimes in bas-relief, and spaced out. The representations=
are
the façade of a building or tomb. At the time of the VIth dynasty they still have a degree of Archaism. =
From
the earliest period till the XIIth dynasty th=
ese
tablets are dedicated to Anup or Anubis, not Osiris, who=
se name
is rarely found. Anubis is invoked as the god=
who
presided over the funereal chapel and the embalming of the dead. The form=
ula
of dedication is short and elliptical, the usual expression "to
give" is omitted, as also that of the gift; the name of Osiris is not found before that of the deceased, or=
the
expression "justified" after the name. In the formula at this t=
ime
a kind of abridgment of the calendar is often introduced, as a mention of=
the
festivals of the beginning of the year, the new year, Thoth,
that of the greater and lesser heat, the monthly and half-monthly. The
numerous titles of the offices held by the deceased are given in detail T=
he
tablets continued rude until the time of the XIth
dynasty, when the mention of the festival of the heliacal rising of Sothis or the dog-star is added to that of the fest=
ival
already mentioned. Under the XIIth dynasty the
tablets change in shape and texts; most of them being rounded at the top =
and
forming the =
hutu
of the texts. The upper part of the tablet has often the winged disk, the=
Hut or Teb-hut. The dates of the years of the monarchs under whom the
deceased was buried appear. The scenes represented are the acts of sepulc=
hral
homage or ancestral worship made by the children or other relatives of the
dead to himself and his wife, the tables before them being loaded with
offerings, amongst which appear the head and haunch of a calf, and other
joints of the same animal, ducks, or geese, circular and oval loaves or c=
akes
of bread, gourds, onions, and papyrus or lotus flowers, while jars of win=
e or
beer of conical shape are seen placed under the tables. The name of the g=
od Anubis, which is so prominent in the tablets of |
$H Stemma.
|
Gr. and R. (<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New =
Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f=
ont-family:
"WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>FJX::"[=3Dstemma], i.e. that which crowns). Among the=
Greeks
this term served to denote a wreath bound round with woollen
fillets; among the Romans the same term denoted a long roll of parchment =
ornamented
with garlands. This roll contained the genealogy of the family. Stemmata were hung upon the bust=
s of
ancestors, and in front of the im=
agines
majorum.(1883m1) |
$H Stencil. <= /h1>
|
A plate of any mater=
ial in
which patterns have been cut out. The use of stencil plates is of great
antiquity. They were used in the schools of ancient |
$H
Stencilling.
|
A method of executing decorative paintings, which was on=
ce
very popular, but is now seldom resorted to.
Patterns are cut out of a piece of card, which is laid upon paper. Colour=
is
then laid on, and only reaches the paper, where the card has been cut out.
The advantage of this process is its extreme simplicity.(1891a1) |
$H Step. Architecture
|
(Arch.) The steps in a staircase are the horizontal parts
upon which the foot is placed. The steps of a staircase in the interior o=
f a
building, whether they are of wood or stone, are generally bordered with a
projecting moulding, called an astragal, the profile of which is either a
quarter round or an apophyge. 3 ILLUS. step1a, step1b, step1c(1891a1)
|
![](3D"ste_files/image028.gif")
![](3D"ste_files/image029.gif")
![](3D"ste_files/image030.gif")
--- $H Step, Corner. &nb=
sp;
|
Corner steps are steps situated at the turn of a Stairca=
se.
They are broader than the steps immediately above them.(1891a1) |
--- $H Step, Moulded. &n=
bsp;
|
A step is said to be moulded when it is bordered by a
moulding.(1891a1) |
--- $H Step, Straight. &=
nbsp;
|
A step which is of the same width throughout. The steps
which led up to ancient temples were nearly always straight and very rarely had an astragal or moulding on their
edge. ILLUS. step2st=
r(1891a1)
|
![](3D"ste_files/image031.gif")
--- $H Step, Weathered. =
|
A step, the upper surface of which is inclined at an ang=
le,
instead of being horizontal.(1891a1) |
--- $H Step, Winder. &nb=
sp;
|
Steps arranged like the radii of a circle. Modern staircases, built either in circular cages or in
rectangular cages with rounded corners, present many examples of winder steps. ILLUS. step3win(1891a1)
|
![](3D"ste_files/image032.gif")
$H
Stephen, St. Christianity
|
St. Stephen, the first of the Christian martyrs, persecu=
ted
by Paul is frequently represented in religious pictures. The Stoning of S=
t.
Stephen was a very favourite subject with painters of all schools. When
represented alone, St. Stephen always appears as a youth, wearing the
vestments of a deacon. He holds a palm in one hand and the scriptures in =
the
other, and as a rule stones lie at his feet.(1891a1) |
$H Stephinates. Egypt
|
An Egyptian king of the XXVth
dynasty. His name is only found in the Greek lists. (1876c1) |
$H Stereobate. Architecture
|
The base of a plain =
wall.
(See STYLOBATES.)(1883m1) |
|
(Arch.) A continuous base with neith=
er
moulding, base, or cornice (F=
J=
,=
D=
,=
`=
H, solid). =
By the
term stylobate we designate pedestals which h=
ave
mouldings. ILLUS. stereoba(1891a1)
|
![](3D"ste_files/image033.gif")
$H Stereochromy.=
|
A new method of wall=
‑painting,
with water colours sprinkled over with fluoric
acid, adapted permanently to resist all the influences of climate.(1883m1=
) |
$H Stereography or Stereo‑graphy.
|
Stereo‑graphy =
(FJ,D,ÎH[=3Dstereos], solid). Geometrical drawing of so=
lids on
a plane surface.(1883m1) |
|
Stereography. The art of drawing solid bodies upon a plane surfa=
ce
and indicating the relief by shading.(1891a1) |
$H Stereometry.
|
The art of measuring bodies in relief.(1891a1) |
$H Stereoscope.
|
A binocular glass, a=
rranged
in conformity with the natural convergence of the sight of each eye to a =
focal
centre. An object is photographed twice, as it would appear to each eye if
the other were closed; and when the two pictures are looked at together in
the stereoscope, an effect of rounded solidity (stereon) is produced. The
effect is particularly beautiful in photographs of statues.(1883m1) |
$H Stereotype.
|
Solid type, obtained=
from a
cast of the forme of movable type, for perman=
ent
use in printing works of which many editions are required.(1883m1) |
|
To stereotype is to reproduce b= y the process described under the term cliché (q.v.) printed pages set in moveable type, together with the woodcuts with which they are illustrated. After a page has been stereotyped, the type may be distributed. The inven= tion of stereotyping has had a most important effect not only on the art of printing but also on the art of engraving.(1891a1) |
$H Steyre. [See Gryse-Editor]
|
O.E. A stair.(1883m1=
) |
$H Sthapatya-veda. Hindu
|
Another name of the Hindu treatise on
mechanics, more generally called the Silpa-veda,
which see. (1876c1) |