$H Tearasamas.

The name of the great wall which was erect= ed by Hammurabi, king of B= abylon, to restrain the inundations of the Euphrates. (1876c1)

<= o:p>

$H Teara-samas. Babylonia

A town in Babylonia= . See Ka-r= a-samas. (1876c1)

$H Teb. Egypt

Teb. The Egyptian name of the fig. (1876c1)

Teb. The Egyptian digit, four of which equalled one palm. (1876c1)

Teb. The Egyptian name of small coffers for domestic use, which were made of vario= us materials, as wood, reeds, palm fibres, papyrus, and ivory; the more cost= ly were either gaily painted with colours or else inlaid with ivory, porcela= in, and other substances. They were used for holding the objects of civil lif= e, and they are to be distinguished from others which were employed in the sepulchral rites for the purpose of holding funereal objects. With the Teb were frequently buried many = spoons or little boxes employed in the toilet, often in the form of animals and fruits, and combining a kind of bowl or spoon of elliptical shape. The materials which these objects held were probably cosmetics, and one in the British Museum has still remaining in it two little cakes of white wax. Sometimes these boxes contained flour, but in general they were empty. The Egyptian Teb had no locks, an= d could only be secured by tying a piece of cord from a stud on the cover to anot= her stud on the body of the box. (Birch.) (1876c1)

$H Tebala.

A Sabaean city famous for its great temple of the deity Dhu-kholosa= , to whose shrine there were annual pilgrimages, a custom which was abolish= ed by Mahomet. (1876c1)

$H Tebi. Egypt

The tebi, or Egyptian bricks, made in a mould, of sun-dried clay mixed with straw, pounded pottery, and other materials, were extensi= vely used for construction in ancient Egypt. At the earliest peri= od the use of kiln-baked bricks was unknown, but some objects of this class occu= r at the time of the XIIth and following dynasties= , of baked red terra cotta, of conical, or square s= hape, the use of which is not decidedly known. The bricks of unbaked clay vary = in dimensions from 1ft. 8 in. to 1 ft. 3 in. long, and are in thickness from= 8 1/2 in. to 4 1/2 in., and weigh about 16 lbs. The largest are those of the earliest dynasties before the VIth, and they = become of smaller dimensions under the XVIIIth and following dynasties. At the earlier period rude marks, spirals, curves, or devices, made by pressing the finger or fingers of the hand into the moist clay, were impressed on the bricks, but at the time of the XVIIIth dynasty stamps were introduced of an oval or square shape, having in relief the prenomen, = or name of the monarch, or the names and titles of the persons for whose buildings or constructions they were made. The stamps on the bricks comme= nce under the XVIIIth, and continue till the XXIInd dynasty. These bricks were extensively used = for the construction of pyramids, palaces, walls, private houses, fortresses,= and other constructions, the absence of rain making them sufficiently hard to withstand the climate. Representations of the manufacture of bricks by foreign captives, or prisoners of war, corresponding with the account of = the bondage of the Israelites, and the labours im= posed on them, are seen in the tombs of the XVIIIth dynasty. (Birch.) (1876c1)

$H Tebu. Egypt

The name of a mystical divinity who is mentioned in the LXXXVth chapter of the Ritua= l of the Dead. (1876c1)

<= o:p>

$H Technique.

In painting and sculpture the term technique denotes manipulative skill, mastery of material and= all those qualities of hand and eye which contribute to the executive excelle= nce of a work of art. It has been the fashion of late years to decry technique and to attach too grea= t a value to certain gifts of literary invention. But as it is an artist's business to be articulate in his own medium, whether it be paint or clay,= it is quite certain that technique <= /i>is of far greater importance, and = is dependent on far higher qualities of mind than any knack of finding subje= cts or portraying sentiment.(1891a1)

$H Teda. [See Taeda - Editor]

$H Te Deum.

Chr. The first words and title= of a hymn composed by St. Augustin and St. Ambrose= about 390.(1883m1)

$H Tef-amen. Egypt

A son of Herhor-si-am= un of the XXIst dyualty. (1876c1)

$H Tefnut Egypt

In Egyptian mythology a goddess analogous = to the Daphne or the Greeks. She was the associate or S= hu, and was a daughter of the sun. (1876c1)

Tefnut, twin sister to S= HU and daughter of Ra and Hathor. As a nature go= ddess she probably represents the dew. Philae, Elephantiné, Memphis, Dendera, &c., were centres of her cult, b= ut the conceptions of her functions varied. She is represented with a lion's hea= d, with the disk and uraeus above. In the pyramid texts she is supposed to carry away thirst from the deceased. ILLUS. Tefnut.(1902b1)

$H Tegillum.

R. (dimin. of tegulum, a roof). A short mantle with a hood, made of a coarse material; worn by country people and fishermen.(1883m1)

$H Tegula.

R. (Gr. 6XD":@H[=3Dkeramos]; Lat. = tego, t= o cover). A roofing tile; originally of baked clay or wooden shingles. At an early = date (620 B.C.) tiles of marble were introduced, and were followed by tiles of gilded bronze; per tegulas exire means to go out by the opening in t= he roof of the atrium, the compluvium.(1883m1)

$H Teheran Ware.

An inferior Persian majolica.(1883m1)

$H Teh-neh.

The modern name of the Greco-Egyptian town= Acoris in the Heptanomos. (1876c1)

$H Tehuti. Egypt [See Thoth - Editor]

$H Teiharset. Egypt

A lady of the family of Ra-taker, a "Prefect of the Palace" in the XXVIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Tekem. Egypt

A mystical divinity who is represented as adored by the deceased in the LXXIInd chapter= of the Ritual of the Dead. (1876c1)

$H Tekh-bes. Egypt

The daughter of Mert-= hapi, the sister or Nechtanebos, a king or the XXXth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Tek-ken, Egyptian for Obelisk. [See Obelisk - Editor]

$H Tela.

Tela. R. A loom, an essential adjunct to every larg= e establishment in ancient Rome; tela jugalis= was the simplest description of weaving‑loom. The warp was called stame= n from its upright position; the wo= of subtegmen or trama. In Greek = FJZ:T<[=3Dstemon] and 6D`60[=3Dkroke].(1883m1)=

Tela. A Mesopotamian city which was conquered by Assurnazirpal, who erected a tow= er of alternate layers of brick and of living captives, whom he thus slowly starved to death, and burned the remainder of the boys and girls alive. (= 1876c1)

$H Tel-abni. Assyria

Tel-abni. &quo= t;Mound of Stones." An Assyrian= city which revolted to Assurdan, and was reconquered by Samas-Rimmon III. It was again subdued by Assurbanipal. (1= 876c1)

$H Telal. Akkad

Telal. "Warrior." In Accadian mythology the name or a class or mysterious evil spirits, who afflicted mankind. They were called by the Assyrians Gallu. (1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Telamones.

R. Figures of men, which were employed in lieu of columns to support ail entablature. (See ATLANTES.) (Fig. 646.) Fig. 646. Telamon.(1883m1)

(Arch.) Figures of men used to support cornices or entablatures. They are also called Atlantes (q.v.), and served the same purpose as the more delicate and graceful caryatids. ILLUS.<= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-no-proof:no'> telamone(1891a1)

$H Tel-assar. Assyria

A mountain district South-east or Assyria. It was subjugated by Esarhaddon. (1876c1)

$H Tel-aswad. Babylonia

The modern name of the Babylonian city Akkerkuf. (1876c1)

$H Tel Aswan.

Tel Aswan. O= r Akkerkuf. A city in Babylonia, where Kurigalzu II. or III., king of Babylonia, erected the temple of Bit-uga= l, in honour of the god Bel.(1876c1)

$H Tel-basta. Egypt

The modern name of the city and nome of Habu in Lower Egypt. The Bubastis of the Greeks. (1= 876c1)

$H Teleiconography.

A method of reproducing drawings at a distance by means = of a series of currents transmitted by telegraphic wires.(1891a1)

$H Tel el Amarna or Tel-el-amarna= . Egypt

Tel el Amarna. The name of the modern village which marks the site of Khut-Aten (q.v.).(1902b1)

Tel-el-ama= rna. The modern name of Alabastron, the new capital of Egypt under the reign of Amenhotep IV. and the Disk worshippers. Upon his decease the city was destroyed, and the inscribed stones of its temples having been first carefully defaced, were used to enlarge those of Karnak at Thebes in the time of the XIXth dynas= ty. (1876c1)

$H Tel-el-Amarna Tablet= s. Egypt

East of the Royal palace of Khut-Aten (q.v.) was discovered the "House of the Royal Rolls." One of the most important archaeolo= gical finds of modern times was made here in 1887, in the shape of three hundred clay tablets inscribed in the cuneiform character. They proved to be despatches and letters from the neighbouring kings of Babylon, Assyria, <= span class=3DSpellE>Mitanni, and Cappadocia= , also from the Egyptian rulers in Jerusalem, Canaan, the "field of Bashan," and Syria. They throw a great deal of light, not only on the history of the reign of Khu-e= n-Aten, but on the state of Palestin= e, and the relations existing between the powers at that time. Among the let= ter writers are Burnaburyas, king of Babylonia, <= span class=3DSpellE>Dushratta, king of = Mitanni, and Ebed-tob, the vassal king of Jerusalem= . (See AMEN-HETEP IV.)(1902b1)<= o:p>

$H Tel-el-yahoudeh.

Tel-el-yahoudeh. "Hill of the Jews." The modern name of the city of Onion, where Onias, the exiled high-priest of Jerusalem erecte= d a second temple for the use of the Jews in the reign of Ptolemy Physcon. (1876c1)

$H Tellus-mater. Rome

Tellus-mater. "Earth Mother." Among the ancient Romans the goddess of = the reproductive powers of the earth. She was called also Ops. (1876c1)

$H Tema.

An Ishmaelite town or settlement mentioned= by Hebrew writers. It is the modern Teyma. (1876= c1)

$H Temenos [Editor - see temple, Egypt]<= o:p>

temenos: the sacred precinct of temple. (1894e= 1)

Temenos. T= he sacred grove of olive or cypress trees which surrounded the earlier altar= s of the Greeks and Phenicians. (1876c1)

$H Temo.

R. The pole of a car= riage, waggon, plough, &c.(1883m1)

$H Tempera. Painting

Tempera. (Paint.) Tempera is a method of painting, in wh= ich dry colours are diluted in glue or size.(1891a1)

Tempera Painting. Pa= inting with pigments mixed with chalk or clay, and diluted with weak glue or siz= e; chiefly used in scene‑painting and decoration. (See DISTEMPER.)(188= 3m1)

$H Templars.

An order of knightho= od introduced about A.D. 1118, and suppressed A.D. 1309. They wore a red Mal= tese cross on a white field, and bore a banner showing that cross on a white field; and a second banner of black and whi= te called Beau Séant, this word Beau Séant being their battle‑cry. Their badges were the AGNUS DEI, or La= mb and Flag; and a device representing two knights on one horse, indicating the original poverty of the order. This is blazoned in modern times as a pegasus= , the two knights being mistaken for wings on a flying horse.(1883m1)

$H Template.

Template. (1) A mode= l in thin board of an ornament to be produced in sculpture. (2) A short timber under a girder.(1883m1)

Template. (Arch.) A piece of sheet iron cut out to repro= duce a moulding reversed. When drawn along damp plaster it gives a moulding in relief. The term is also applied to the outlines of sheet iron or wood, w= ith the help of which portions of stones are cut away, so as to leave a mould= ing projecting. ILLUS.<= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-no-proof:no'> template(1891a1)

$H Temple. Architecture

Temple. (Arch.) A building consecrated to the worship of the gods among the Greeks and Roma= ns. Ancient temples, independently of their dimensions and the purposes to wh= ich they were put, may be subdivided according to the number of columns which decorated their façade. The temple was called tetrastyle, when it had f= our columns in its façade, hexastyle when it had six, octastyle when it had eig= ht, decastyle when it had ten, and dodecastyle when it had twelve. A temple is said to be in antis when the two ends of its façade are terminated with pilasters. When its façade is the same rear and front it is termed amphiprostyle. A peripteral temple has a colonnade running all round its cella, while a dipteral temple is characterised by a double colonnade. Yet another classification of ancient temples is possible. They may be classified according to the distance whi= ch exists between their columns. When the distance between the columns is one and a half times the diameter of the column, the temple is called pycnostyle; when the distance is two diameters it is called systyle; when the distanc= e is two and a quarter diameters the temple is called eustyle; when the distanc= e is three diameters, diastyle; and araeosty= le when the distance in more than three diameters. Finally, it should be mentioned that as a rule ancient temples were hypaethral, that is, open to the sky.(1891a1)

Temple<= /st1:City>. (See TEMPLUM.) =3D T= emplum, = Temple, R. (= JX:<T[=3Dtemno], to cut = off). A Greek temple was not originally intended for worshippers, but as a shrine= for the gods. In the earliest times the Greek temples were made of wood, and = the primitive origin of them was probably a hollow tree in which the image was placed as in a niche. The early Greek temples were dark and gloomy, havin= g no windows, but lighted through the door, or by lamps. At a very early stage= in history, temples of great grandeur and beauty are mentioned. All temples = were built in an oblong or round form, and were mostly adorned with columns; t= hey were classified accordingly as astyle, without any columns; in antis, with two columns in front, between the antae; prostyle, with four colum= ns in front; or amphiprostyle, with= four columns at each end; peripteral, with columns at each end and along the sides; or dipteral, with two ranges of columns all round, one within the other, &c. They were also described according to the number of column= s in the porticoes, as tetrastyle, hexastyle, decastyle, &c., ‑ this number was never uneven; or according to the intercolumniation, as pycnostyle, systyle<= /span>, eustyle= , diastyle, or araeostyle. Many of the great temples consisted of three parts: the pronaos or vestibule; the= cella, = properly the naos= ; and the opis= thodomos. Fig. 647. Templum in antis.<= /span>(1883m1)

--- $H Temple Church.

Temple Church, London ‑ a round church ‑ is a representative specimen of the transition period of architecture in England from the = NORMAN to the EARLY ENGLISH. "The Eastern part is a most excellent specimen of plain light Early English, a= nd its growing and slender piers are perhaps unequalled." (Rickman, Architecture in England, &c.)(1883m1)

--- $H Temple, Egypt.

The Egyptian temple was not built as are Christian churches or Mohammedan mosques, for the purposes of public wors= hip and instruction; its very arrangement at once precludes such possibilitie= s. It was generally erected by a monarch as a shrine for the tutelary deity first, and then as the personal monument raised by him to himself, on which may be seen his deeds of prowess, the slaughter = of his enemies, his dedication of gifts to the presiding deity, &c.=

The earliest temples were evidently of wood or wattle, and were me= rely the shrines enclosing the symbols of the god; under the Old Empire they w= ere built of stone, i.e. temples of the Second Pyramid at Gîzeh, and of King Sneferu at M= edûm, but were severely simple; under the New Empire the temple became much more complicated, from the fact that successive kings enlarged their predecessors’ buildings by adding halls of columns, chambers, &= c. The essential plan of every temple was practically the same - a crude bri= ck surrounding wall, the pylon or entrance gateway, with flanking towers, be= fore which generally stood two colossal statues of the king and two obelisks, = and the naos, containing the innermost sanctuary = where was kept the divine symbol. In course of time this simple plan became expanded into a most complicated structure, reached sometimes by as many = as three pylons, separated by three avenues of sphinxes, and followed by columned courts, a hypostyle or columnar hall, and flanked by numerous chambers, where the books, vestments, and treasures of the temple were ke= pt; all of which led up to the sekhem or holy place. The roof was always constructed = of flat slabs of stone, while light was admitted either by stone gratings or= by small shafts in the roofing slabs.

ILLUS. Plan of very simple form of an Egyptian Temple:- a, the Pylons; b, the Dromos flanked by Sphinxes f; c, screen; d, the Pro-naos; e, the Adytum - which in this example is within the Naos. In some cases the Adytum or sanctuary fills t= he whole of the Naos.(1902b1)<= /p>

$H Templet. (See TEMPLATE.) (1883m1)

$H Templum [See Temple]

$H Temsah. Emsah.= "A Crocodile." [See Emsah – Editor]

$H Temsu. Egypt

The Egyptian word for a crocodile. Hence t= he name of Lake Timsah in the Isthmus, which abounded with crocodiles. (1876c1)

$H Ten. Egypt

Ten. An Egyptian measure of weight, equal = to 1 lb., equal to 1400 grains tray. (1876c1)

Ten. The Egyptian name for the city and nome of Latopolis, now = called Esneh, sacred to the goddess S= uvan. (1876c1)

$H Tena.

An early Egyptian name of the town of This. (1876c1)

An Egyptian lady of rank in the XIIth dynasty. Her stele is remarkable as indicatin= g her to have been very wealthy, and to have lived unmarried. (1876c1)

An island people in the Mediterranean who were conquered by Thothmes III. They were probably the same as the Danai or Daunians. (1876c1)

Danai. Or Tena. The name of some islands in the Mediterranean Sea, rendered tributary by Thothmes III. (1876c1)

$H Tenait. Egypt

One of the feasts commemorative and representative of the death of Osiris, held on the seventh day of the month. In the great text from the tem= ple of Dendera there are directions for its celebration. Tenait is also the name of the fifth hour of the day and of certain days in the month.(1902b1)

$H Ten-amen. Egypt

An incense-bearer of Amen Ra, whose mummy = is in the British Museum. (1876c1)

$H Tenant. Heraldry [See = Tenent - Editor]

$H Tender.

Light, delicate. Bright, fresh colours are called tender.(1891a1)

$H Tendril.=

Tendrils. Tendrils o= f a vine or other creeping plant, with which it clasps the objects that support it, furnish abundant suggestions for ornamental designs in scroll‑work.= (1883m1)

Tendril. The tendril of the vine affords a charming moti= ve for decoration. It is used in architecture and frequently found as an ornament on vases and other works of art. Our cut will give some idea of = the free treatment of the tendril. It is taken from a painted vase in the mus= eum at Naples. ILLUS. tendril(1891a1)

$H Tenebrosi.

A school of Italian = artists who devoted their attention to striking Rembrandt effects of light and shade; represented by Caravaggio.(1883m1)=

(Paint.) A school of painters who worked principally at = Venice, and reco= gnised Carravaggio as their leader. Their effects were pro= duced by strong lights and shadows, and to this they owe their name.(1891a1)

$H Ten-em-haa-pthah.

A "Chief of the Singers of Pthah," in the XXVIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Tenent. Heraldry

Tenent, Tenant. A term in French heraldry applied to= human figures as SUPPORTERS.(1883m1)

$H Teni.

A prince of Kush in the reign of Rameses I. (1876c1)

$H Tenières.

A name given to pieces of tapestry, which were made in Brussels in the 17th century, and the subjects of which were suggested by= the peasant scenes of Teniers.(1891a1)=

$H Teniluki. Akkad

An Accadian ci= ty, the site of which is not known.(1876c1)

$H Ten-kheiat. Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the daughter of Oer and Isi-oer, a prie= stess of Amen Ra. (1876c1)

$H Ten-kheta. Egypt

An Egyptian queen, the wife of Amasis II. (1876c1)

$H Tennée. [See Tawney - Editor]

$H Tenon.

The end of a piece o= f wood, shaped to fit into another piece.(1883m1)

(1) (Arch.) A piece of iron, used to bind courses of sto= ne or blocks of masonry which have to be held securely together. Also a piec= e of iron or wood, cut so as to make a solid joint. (2.) (Sculp.) A piece of stone or marble which is not detached from a statue, while it = is being carved. It consolidates weak places, which the blows of the hammer = upon the chisel might break. Tenons are generally removed by a saw, when the statue is finally placed upon its pedestal. Bu= t if violent movement is expressed in a statue it is more prudent to retain th= e tenons for the support of the legs or arms. = ILLUS. tenon2(1891a1)

$H Tenor.

In Music, a high male voice.(1883m1)

$H Ten-pe-piou.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the wife of the function= ary Pe-schali-en-khons, and mother of the priest Pet-isis, which see. (1876c1)

$H Tensa.

Tensa or Thensa. R. A triumphal car, probably in t= he form of a platform on wheels, and richly decorated, upon which the images= of certain gods were paraded during the Circensian games. The ceremony was regarded as one of the highest solemnity, and the= car was escorted by the senators in robes of state, who helped to drag the carriage or to lead the horses, with thongs attached for the purpose.(188= 3m1)

$H Tent-amen. Egypt

A priestess of Amen Ra. She was the wife o= f Khons-mes, a "Keeper of the White Hall of the Deity," and of Ta-eiouih-ra, a priestess= of Amen. (1876c1)

$H Tent-es-peh.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

The wife of Prince Na= murot. the son of Osorkon= II. of the XXIInd dynasty. (= 1876c1)

A grandmother (?) of Sheshanka I. of the XXIInd dynasty. (1876c1)

The wife of Pthah-hat= -ankhef, the grandson of Osorkon II. of the XXIInd dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Tent-kheta. Egypt

The first wife of Aah= mes II. of the XXVIth = dynasty. (1876c1)

The wife of Panki, the last king of the XXIVth dynasty. (1876c1)=

$H Tent-sos-ra.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

A priestess of Amen Ra. Period uncertain. (1876c1)

$H Tenture.

Fr. Paper or tapestry hangings.(1883m1)

$H Tentyra. Egypt

Tentyra. The Greek name for the city and nome in Upper Egypt, called by the Egyptians Emsah. See Denderah. (1876c1)

Denderah. Or= Tentyra. A magnificent temple, on the roof of which an Arab village has b= een built. It was begun by Ptolemy XIII., but the edifice itself was only a restoration on a larger scale of the ancient Theban temple of the goddess Hathor. The sculptures are specially interesting to historical students, = and the most reliable contemporary portraits (coins excepted) of Cleopatra VI. and her son Caesarion are found upon the interior walls. (1876c1)

$H Tentyris. Egypt

The Greek name for Ta-en-tarert, capital of the s= ixth nome of Upper Egypt, the modern Dendera. Chief deity, Hathor.(1902b1)

Tentyris<= /span>. In Egyptian my= thology the city of Tentyra personified as a goddess. (1876c1)

$H Teos. Egypt

Teos. Or Tachos. The second king of Egypt in the XXXth dynasty, and the son and successor of Nekhtarhebi. He held the throne for two years chiefly by the help of Agesilaos, the Greek. He much oppressed the Egyptians by his taxations, and they cal= ling in Nekhtenebef, the last of the native prince= s, drove him from the throne after a short reign of two years. He was the Geos of the Greeks. (1876c1)

$H Tep. Egypt

A city in the Lower Egyptian nome of Patanut. (1876c= 1)

$H Tepidirium.

R. (tepidus, lukewarm). (1) A= warm room in a bath; used as a preparation for the SUDATORIUM.

(2) The vessel in wh= ich the water was heated.(1883m1)

$H Tept. Egypt

A mystical region of the Egyptian Kemeter. It is mentioned in the LXXVth chapter of the Ritual of the Dead (1876c1)