$H Thabasium. Egypt

In the Greek period a chief city on the Crocodile Lakes of Lower Egypt. (1876c1)

$H Thalana. Etruria

An Etruscan female divinity, who was represented as holding a fruit. She was the attendant of Thanr. (1876c1)

$H Thalamifera.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Gr. A term applied, = in describing ancient sculpture, to kneeling figures supporting tablets, on which figures of the gods or inscriptions are carved.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Thalamus.

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>2V8":@H[=3Dthalamos]). The= nuptial chamber in a Roman house; the others were called DORMITORIA.(1883m1)=

$H Thales. Greece

A Greek astronomer, who foretold an eclipse which took place during a battle between Cyaxares and the Ionians. It constitutes a datum in history, and the following yea= rs are given for its occurrence: Volney, B.C. 62= 5; Clinton, B.C. 60= 3; Bosanquet, B.C. 585; Larcher, 597; Clemens Alexandrinus, B.C. 579.(1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Thalna. Etruria

An Etruscan goddess of beauty, who was represented with a coronet, earrings, necklace, and tunic, a fillet or tw= ig in her hand, and a green branch before her face. Perhaps she personified = the Spring. On a mirror from Vulci, Thalna appears as a male god, half nude, with a coronet and staff. See Thalana= . (1876c1)

$H Thalysia. Greece

Gr. (2"8b‑F4"[=3Dthalu‑sia= ]). Greek festivals of the harvest and vintage.(1883m1)

$H Thamimasadas.= Scythia

According to, Herodotus the name of a Scyt= hian deity, answering to the Poseidon of the Greeks. (1876c1)

$H Thampsis. Egypt

According to the Greek lists the successor= of Sebercheres, king of Memphis. He has not yet been certainly identified. (1876c1)

$H Thamudites.

In prekoranic history an early Arabian race of Hamitic orig= in. Their successors were considered as impious and idolaters. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H Thana. Etruria

The Etruscan Juno. Her name enters into the composition of the name Thankvilus or Tanaquil. (1876c1)

$H Thanatos.

In Greek art of the best period, and later, Thanatos, or Death, is personified by a winged yout= h or man. He was regarded as the brother of Hypnos= , or Sleep, and was shorn of all his terrors. He was usually represented as a = boy, but sometimes (as, for instance, on a lecythus in the British Museum) he is bearded.(1891a1)

$H Thannyros.

The king of Libya, under the Persian ru= le. He was placed on the throne by Artaxerxes I., after the defeat and impalement as a rebel of his predecessor, Inarus. (Sharpe.) (1876c1)

$H Thanr. Etruria

Thanr. An Etruscan go= ddess, the attendant of Akhuvitr. She was represente= d with a dove on the finger of the right hand. See Alpanu. (1876c1)

Thanr. An Etruscan go= ddess, with wings, diadem, tunic, and necklace, who aided women in childbirth; s= he was probably the same as Thanr, the attendant= of Akhuvitr. (1876c1)

$H Thargal.

The Septuagint form of the Sulianian royal name Tidal, or more properly Turgal, wh= ich see. (1876c1)

$H Thargelia.

Gr. (2"D(Z84"[=3Dthargelia]). Ve= ry ancient festivals held at Athens on the occasion of a plague or other public disaster in honour of Apollo and Artemis; in which two persons, generally criminals, were pu= t to death for the purification of= the city.(1883m1)

$H Thaumaturgi.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

Chr. (2"L:"J@‑,D(`H[=3Dthaumato‑ergos]). Workers of miracles.(1883m1)

$H Theandrios.

The Greek form of the name of an unidentif= ied Nabathean deity. (1876c1)

$H Theatre.=

Theatrum, Theatre, Gr. and R. (2X"JD@<[=3Dtheatron], lit.= a place for seeing). The construction of the ancient GREEK theatre was similar to that of modern theatres. The seats rose one be= hind and above the other in concentric half‑circles, and the whole space enclosed was called cavea, the pit, being in most cases a real excavation from the rock. The central level space within and below the circles for spectators was covered with boards, upon which the chorus danced and performed their part. This was the ORCHESTRA, the central poin= t of which and of the plan of the whole building was the THYMELE, or altar of = Dionysus. This altar became a property = of the piece, doing duty as a funeral monument, an altar, or a pulpit for the le= ader of the chorus or flute‑player, according to the nature of the performance going on, in which it must be remembered that the part assign= ed to the chorus in the orchestra below was quite as important as any other, and in its original intention = was in fact the centre of interest, to which the performance on the stage was= accessory. The whole theatre and orchestra were open to the sky. The cavea of = the former accommodated about 50,000 spectators. The arrangements of the stage were elaborate and ingenious, and the art of scene‑painting developed at a very early period. The RO= MAN theatre differed from the Greek principally in the absence of an orchestra, that space (the moder= n pit) being used for the seats of senators, foreign ambassadors, &c. Remains of ancient theatres still exist in Greece, Italy, and France. The most perfect of= these are the Colosseum at <= st1:City w:st=3D"on">Rome, and the amphitheatre at Nismes.(1883m1)

Theatre. (Arch.) A large building, in which plays are presented. It is divided into two portions, the auditorium, reserved for = the spectators, and the stage, reserved for the actors. Ancient theatres were open to the sky. Modern theatres are covered buildings, lighted by gas or electricity. The construction of the theatre has undergone very slight modifications. The auditorium is with us as it was with the ancients a semicircular series of seats, and the stage of to‑day, though of co= urse its mechanical appliances are far more elaborate than of old, keeps quite close to the ancient type. At the close of a scene or at the end of a pla= y a curtain is let down, which shuts off the stage from the auditorium. The background of a scene consists of a curtain, as shown in our second cut, = upon which the distances are depicted; the middle distance and foreground being indicated by wings. The framework within which the scene is set may be increased or diminished in size by drawing up or letting down a curtain f= ixed at the front of the stage. The effect thus produced may be estimated from= our third cut. 3 ILLUS. theatre1, theatre2, theatre3(1891a1)

&nbs= p; &nbs= p; &= nbsp;

$H Theatrical.

Painted or sculptured figures are termed theatrical when their attitude is unnatural or exaggerated. For instance, a statue may be theatrical in pose; the rendering of a scene is said to be theatrical whe= n it lacks simplicity.(1891a1)

$H Theatrum. [See Theatre - Editor]

$H Thebaïd or Thebaid. Egypt

Thebaïd. The great district of which Thebes was the capital. Its northern frontier was at Thebaïca Phylakê, which was a fortified place where duty was levied on goods going north. T= he site is probably at the modern Darut-el-Sherif.(1902b1)=

Thebaid. T= he Grecian name of the kin= gdom of Upper Egypt, t= he centre of the civilization of the Revived Empire. (1876c1)

$H Thebe. Egypt

In Egyptian mythology the city of Thebes, sometimes personified as a goddess. (1876c1)

$H The= bes. Egypt

According to Herodotus a nome in Upper Egypt, held by the Calasirian class of warriors. (1876c1)

. A great city in Upper Egypt, the capital of the united kingdom= of Upper and Lower Egypt. It was the seat of empire of the XIth, XIIth, XIIIth (an= cient), and XVIIIth, XIXth, and XXth (or new) Egyptian dynasties. Thebes was anciently called Ous in Egyptian, and Ta-pe in Coptic, and was divided into several districts. Its chief deities were Am= en Ra, Maut, and Khonsu. It was plundered and partly ruined by the Assyrians under Assurbanipal in the seventh century B.C., who removed two obelisks from a temple there= to Nineveh, but the chief overthrow of the great buil= dings appears to have been due to an earthquake in the time of the first empero= rs of Rome. It was one of the grandest cities in ancient history, and was the Hecatompylos of Homer. The site is now called Medinet Abu. See Luxor and Karnak, and Appendices, Egyptian Triads. (1876c1)

$H Theca Calamaria.

$H Thecla, St.

St. Thecla was a maiden of <= span class=3DSpellE>Anconium, and she became a Christian at hearing the preaching of St. Paul, whom she is said to have followed on some of his journeys. She was cruelly persecuted on espousing the new faith, but the lions, sent to devour her, spared her life. She spent many years in a des= ert in Sele= ucia, and she finally disappeared in a rock, which opened behind her, when she = was being pursued by some "sons of Belial." In art she is represent= ed as holding a palm; sometimes lions crouch at her feet.(1891a1)=

$H Their.

Another form of the Arabian name Tehar. (1876c1)

$H Thenard's Blue. (See COBALT.) (1883m1)

$H Thensa. (See TENSA.) (1883m1)

$H Theo‑gamia.

Gr. (2,@‑(V:4"[=3Dtheo‑gamia]). Greek festivals held in honour of Proserpine and commemorating her marriage with Pluto.(1883m1)

$H Theorbo.

A stringed musical instrument; a kind of lute, having supplementary strings by the side of t= he finger‑board.(1883m1)

$H Theorus, Gaius.

A famous pantomimic actor, in the reign of Augustus Caesar. (1876c1)

$H Theos.

Theos. "God" The Sole and Eternal Entity; variously, and always imperfectly define= d; and variously, universally, and always inadequately worshipped. The sum a= nd substance of all religious systems. (1876c1)

$H Thermae.

(Arch.) The word thermae originally meant hot springs; then it denoted hot baths; and finally it became a general word among the Romans for a collection of baths included within one building. The thermae comprised numerous rooms, baths, and sweating rooms, and frequently covered a large tract of ground. [Baths.](1891a1)

Gr. and R. (<= span style=3D'font-family:"WP Greek Courier";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New = Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-f= ont-family: "WP Greek Courier";mso-no-proof:no'>2XD:"4[=3Dthermai], lit. = hot‑springs). Distinguished from balneae. The luxurious establishments for bathing, gymnastics, and conversation wh= ich grew up under the Roman Empire, on whi= ch all the resources of architecture and decorative art were lavished. The ruins= of the thermae<= /i> of Titus, Caracalla, and Diocletian are still visible. They contained, besides the baths properly so called, "exedrae= for philosophers and rhetoricians to lecture in, porticoes for the idle, and libraries for the learned, and we= re adorned with marbles and fountains, and shaded with walks and plantations."(1883m1)

$H Thermography.=

A chemical process f= or copying prints and drawings upon paper or metal by the agency of heat without light.(1883m1)=

$H Thermopolium.=

R. (2,D:@‑Bf84@<[=3Dthermo‑polion]). A refreshment‑room, in which warm drinks were sold, such as mulled wine, mead, &c.(1883m1= )

$H Thermulae.

(dimin. of thermae). Baths on a small scale.(1883m1)

$H Thermuthis.

Thermuthis. The Greek form of the divine name Maut, = the great mother goddess of the Egyptians. (1876c1)

Thermuthis. An unidentified Egyptian princess, to wh= om some writers have attributed the adoption of Moses, the lawgiver of the Hebrews. (1876c1)

$H Thesan. Etruria

The Etruscan goddess of the dawn. She was sometimes represented as embracing Tinthun (<= span class=3DSpellE>Tithonus), and sometimes as in company with Memrun (Memnon). (1876c= 1)

$H Thesaurus.

Gr. A treasure‑= ;house. In the monuments of the heroic period many subterranean buildings of great extent and peculiar construction have been attributed to this purpose; but they may more probably have been sepulchral. In historical times the publ= ic treasures were in the agorae = or the temples. (See AERARIUM.)(1883m1)

$H Theseum.

An Athenian temple b= uilt in the 5th century B.C., to receive the bones of Theseu= s. It was richly ornamented with statuary and sculpture. The former has been destroyed; but some metopes and sculptured fr= iezes in high relief remain, of which castings exist in the British Museum. Our illustration represents an incident of the "Battle of the gods and the giants,&qu= ot; and is remarkable for anatomical precision. In these sculptures Greek art= has entirely emerged from the archaic= stage, and they were doubtless the inspiring models for Pheidias and his contemporaries, and the forerunners of the Parthenon sculptures. = (See ELGIN MARBLES.)

Fig. 650. Part of the Frieze of the Temple of Theseus, Athens.(1883m1)

$H Thesmo‑phoria.=

Greek festivals of w= omen and maidens in honour of Demeter, in commemoratio= n of the traditions of civilized life. The solemnities opened with processions= of women bearing on their heads the books of the sacred laws (ascribed to Demeter). On the second day, of fasting and mourning, the women remained = all day grouped round the statue of Demeter in the temple, taking no other fo= od than cakes of sesame and honey, and in the afternoon walked barefoot in procession behind a waggon on which baskets w= ith mystical symbols were borne to the thesmophorion. On the third day they commemorated the smiles of Demeter, under the epithet of 6"884(X<,4"[=3Dkalligeneia].(1= 883m1)

$H Thias.

Thyas or Thias. Gr. A Bacchante, the Greek equivalent for the Latin BACCHA.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Thibet Cloth.=

A fabric of goat's h= air; called also camlet.(1883m1)

$H Thick‑pleached= .

O.E. Thickly interwo= ven. (Shakspeare.)(1883m1)

$H Thieves' Vinegar.

A kind of aromatic v= inegar for a sick‑room, consisting of the dried tops of rosemary, sageR= 09;leaves, lavender‑flowers, and bruised cloves, steeped in acetic acid and boiling water. It derives its name and popularity from a story that thieves who plundered the dead bodies during the pla= gue with perfect security, attributed their impunity to the use of this disinfectant. (Simmonds' Commercial Dictionary.)(1883m1= )

$H Thigh, The. Egypt

Thigh, The, Egyptian Khepersh. The iron instrument used by the priests in the ceremony of opening the mo= uth of the deceased. The constellation of the Great Bear was also called the Thigh.(1902b1)

$H Thimbles.

Thimbles are said to= have been found at Herculaneum. The manufacture was introduced into Engla= nd, from Holland, about 1695.(1883m1)

$H Thimonepsi.

In the Greek period the chief town in the = Aphroditopolite nome. (= 1876c1)

$H Thin. Painting

(Paint.) A term applied to a too superficial treatment, = to a modelling which lacks consistence, to the rendering of a body in a relief= by tones which lack solidity, or to the application of colour in too fine layers.(1891a1)

$H This o= r Thinis. Egypt

This. Or Teni. A town in Lower Egypt now called Harabat-el-Madfouneh, from whence the two first, or Tanite, Egypti= an dynasties took their rise. (1876c1)

This or Thinis. One of the most ancient towns in Egypt, the exact site of wh= ich has not been discovered. It was the metropolis of the eighth nome of Upper Egypt, and must have lain in the district between = Abydos and the modern Girgeh. The Ist Dynasty of Egyptian kings, called Thinite, was said to have come from the= re. MENA, the first king of Egypt, was a Thinite. It is only from this fact that the place is of any importa= nce, it having otherwise but a mean existence. A stela of the XIIth Dynasty sh= ows that the oasis of Dakhel came under a prince of This called Antef. (See ANHUR.)(1902b1)

$H Thistle.= Heraldry

Thistle. (Her.) The thistle has always been the emblem o= f Scotland= . The order of the Thistle, which is supposed to be of very ancient origin,= was revived by James V. of Scotland, and its statutes have been since several times modified by different sovereigns of the = United Kingdom. ILLUS. thistle(1891a1)

Thistle, Her. The na= tional badge of Scotland<= /st1:country-region> represented after its natural aspect and tinctured proper. The Order of t= he Thistle of Scotland was instituted a long time before the union of the two kingdoms (commemorated in the badge selected by James I. of the rose and thistle combined). (Fig. 293.) The badge or jewel is of gold enamelled, having a figure of St. Andrew holding his silver saltire and surrounded by rays, and an= oval border with the motto. It is borne from the collar of the order formed of thistles alternating with bunches of rue sprigs, or on a dark‑green ribbon across the shoulder. The order of the Ecu d'Or, instituted by Louis of Bou= rbon (1410), had also a thistle in= the jewel and girdle. Fig. 651. A Badge of the Thistle.(1883m1)

&nbs= p; &nbs= p;

$H Thius.

The old Gothic word for the Supreme Being. (1876c1)

$H Thmei. Egypt

Thmuis. Thmei, "Goddess of Truth." Accordi= ng to Herodotus a nome in Egypt which was held by the Calasirian class of soldiers. (1876c1)

Thmei. The Egyptian g= oddess of justice. She was generally represented as a sitting figure, holding er= ect the crux ansata, and wearing a single ostrich feather, the emblem of truth, on her head. She was the Themis of the Greeks, and perhaps the Thummim of the Hebrews. (1876c1)

$H Thmuis.= [See Thmei - Editor]

$H Thoeris. Egypt

Thoe= ris. Or Ta-ur. Or Ta-ouert= . "The Great." An avenging deity = of the Egyptians, and a feminine form of Typhon. She= was generally represented as a hippopotamus, standing erect and holding a kni= fe in her hands. She lived by devouring the wicked in Hades, and was the companion to Set. In Egyptian astronomy she was the constellation Ursa Major of the Greeks and Romans. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

Ta-urt, or Thoueris. The goddess represented as a hippopotamus, though occasionally wit= h a woman's head, and sometimes as a whole woman. She was the wife of Set, and was supposed by some at Theb= es, where she was worshipped as Apet= , to have given birth to Osiris. Her head-dress is usually the disk, horns = and plumes, and she is shown leaning on the the amulet which represented the blood of I= sis. She is called "mistress of the gods," also the "good nurse," for she presided at the birth of children. ILLUS. T= a-urt.(1902b1)=

=

$H Thole. Architecture

(Arch.) The keystone of a cupola; the cupola or dome itself.(1891a1)

$H Tholus. Arc= hitecture

$H Thomas, St. Christianity

St. Thomas was that one of the disciples of Jesus who, w= hen Jesus reappeared after the Crucifixion, demanded some proof that he was t= he Lord. This doubting on the part of Thomas has been the subject of many pictures. When St. Thomas is represented alone, his attribute is commonly a builder's square. This square alludes to a curious legend, according to which Thomas was sent to= Gondofures, king of the Indi= es, who wanted an architect to build him a palace. Thomas, while the king was away, did not build his palace, but gave his money away in alms. On his return, the king threw Thomas in prison, but on being told in a vision th= at Thomas by giving away his alms had built him a palace in heaven, he at on= ce released him. And in allusion to this quaint tradition St. Thomas is represented as carrying= a square.(1891a1)

$H Thomum. Egypt

In the Greek period a chief town in the Panopolite nome of the = Thebaid. (1876c1)

$H Thonosconcoleros.

In the Greek lists the name of an Assyrian= or Chaldean king; possibly the same as Nebuchadnezzar. (1876c1)

$H Thor. Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

In Scandinavian mythology the son of the d= eity lord. He was the great ruler of the elements of nature, and the protector= of all the arts of life. He fought against the great frost giants, and was t= he god of fire, of agriculture, and of the domestic hearth. He was represent= ed as a red-haired and red-bearded man, holding a ponderous hammer. (1876c1)=

$H Thorax.

Gr. (2fD">[=3Dthorax]).

(1) A breastplate; L= atin LORICA (q.v.).

(2) A bust of wax, m= arble, or bronze.(1883m1)

$H Thoth. Egypt

Thoth. Among the anci= ent Egyptians the sacred festival of the first day of the month. (1876c1)

Thoth. The first mont= h of the Egyptian sacred year, began about 20th July. (1876c1)

Thoth. An Egyptian ro= yal scribe, and overseer of the district of foreigners. = Period uncertain. (1876c1)

Thoth. Or Tahutia. An Egyptian officer in the reign of Ram= eses III., who treacherously delivered up to his master a fortress of the Emu, into which he had obtained access by stratagem= . (1876c1)

Thoth or Tehuti. One of the principal gods of Egypt, whose cult was less confined to one particular district than that of almost any other god. His name signifies "the measurer," and as such he is a lunar deity = and wears the lunar crescent and disk. Two animals are especially sacred to h= im, the ibis and the cynocephalus. Sometimes the god is represented as an ibi= s, but most frequently he appears in human form with the head of that bird surmounted by the crescent and disk, and carrying either a palette and pe= n, or the notched palm branch. He is always found in the judgment scenes, wh= ere he records on his palette the result of the weighing of the heart of the deceased. He was the inventor of all the exact sciences, letters, learning and the fine arts. He wrote the sacred books and had as great knowledge of magic as Isis. The Greeks identified h= im with Hermes. (See HERMES TRISMEGISTOS.) ILLUS. Thoth.<= /span>(1902b1)

Thoth. Or Tahutia, or Touth. The Egyptian deity of w= ritten learning, the author of the mystical Book of Life, and of the mystical treatises on medicine and sacred literature, which were afterwards called= by the Greeks the Hermetic books, and himself, as the author of them, Hermes= Trismagistus, and in his character of introducer of= the souls in Hades, Hermes Psychopompos. This dei= ty had, like many of the other Egyptian gods, a variety of names, and a variety of occupations, which led to his identification with many of the chief divinities, by virtue of a parity of offices. He was called on a statue in the Leyden Museum, "He = who is the Good Saviour," and on some of the fu= nereal papyri he takes the place of Anubis, or even = Horus, with respect to the soul of the deceased. &q= uot;He was the faithful councillor of Osiris; he aided Horus in his pious combats which he undertook on behalf of his father with the evil being Set. Like Horus, to him was attributed the special honour of having justified his father Osiris against his enemies, and by similitude the soul of the deceased, as an hypostasis of Osiris likewise. In the Hall of the Two Truths it was the duty of Thoth to weigh the soul of the deceased, and to rea= d from his tablets a record of his actions in the past life. Thoth was also the god of writing, and the founder of all the sciences. He brou= ght to the gods a translation of all the sacred books, and he was called the "Scribe of the Gods," and the "Lord of the Divine Words&qu= ot; (in this attribute he was represented on the funereal papyri and in the R= itual of the Dead as furnishing the deceased with the book of mystical instructions, armed with which he would be able to repel all the assaults= of his spiritual foes in the underworld, and to force an entrance into Amenti itself by pronouncing the secret names of the great gods). In another form the god Thoth was identified with the moon, in which case he was represented with the head = of an ibis, surmounted by the horns and lunar disk; but oftentimes he was figured with a human head, having that of the ibis as a coiffure and wearing the Atef crown (and still more rarely as a double-headed I= bis, as regarding the past and the future of human life at one time). As Thoth-Aah, or Thoth the= Moon, he was generally entirely naked, and in the figure of an infant with thin bowed thighs, possibly to indicate the moon in its first quarter. At other times he was represented as an adult man, bearded and wearing the short l= oin cloth, or Sh= enti, of the Egyptians; sometimes he carried in his hand the eye of Horus, the symbol of the full moon, and, in common = with all the other divinities, the Cucufa or Uas sceptre and crux ansata. In his latter characteristics Thoth was regarded as one and the same with Khonsu = of Thebes. The Cynocephalus ape was also sacred to the god Thoth and hieroglyphically figured for him." (De Roug= é.) (1876c1)

$H Thot-hartais.= Egypt

Thot-hartais. An Egyptian lady in the XIXth dynasty, t= he mother of the lady Hotepbeset, and the grandmother of Pe-ankh-em-tanen. (18= 76c1)

$H Thoth-hotep.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Egypt

Thoth-hotep. "Peace of Thoth." A state off= icial at the close of the IInd Thinite dynasty. (1876c1)

Thoth-hotep. The husband of the lady Salant-mouth, a= nd father of the lady Tates, which see. (1876c1)

$H Thoth-mes. Egypt

Thoth-mes. A son of Rameses II. of the XIXth dynasty. (1876c1)

Thoth-mes. A subordinate prince in the reign of Amen= hotep II. (1876c1)

Thoth-mes. A prince of the blood royal in the reign = of Amenhotep II. (1876c1)

Thoth-mes. A prince of Kush in the reign of Amenhotep III. of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

Thoth-mes. A son of Thothmes IV. of the XVIIIth dyna= sty. (1876c1)

Thoth-mes. A prophet of an unnamed divinity. He marr= ied the lady Barchas, by whom he had a son, the prophet Eintosch. Ptolemaic period. (1876c1)

Thoth-mes. The mother of the Egyptian officer named Pnaaku, which see. The name is an example of the use of masculine names applied to females in ancient Egypt. (1876c1)

Thoth-mes. An Egyptian officer who was "Spondis= t of Amen Ra," "Overseer of the Palace," "Overseer of the Bulls of Amen," and "Keeper of the Golden Crowns" of the s= ame god. He probably lived in the time of the XVIIIth dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Thothmes or Thoth-mes I. Egypt

Thothmes I , = Aa-kheper-ka-Ra , Dynasty XVIII., cir. B.C. 1541-1516. It is from the tombs of the two Court officials, Aahmes and Pen-nekheb, at El-Kab, that we learn that this king subdued the Nubians, = the "Anu of Khent," and the people of Upper Mesopotamia, as far as = the city of Niy, situated near Aleppo and on the Euphrates. Thothmes I. married Aahmes and Mut-nefert, and had three children. He was succeeded by his son, Thothmes II. His mummy is in the Cairo Museum.(1902b1)

Thoth-mes I. "Son of Thoth." Surnamed Ra-aa-kheper-ka. An Egyptian king of the XVIIIth dynasty. He followed up the conquests of his father Aahmes I. in Ethiopia, defeated the Canaanites of Palestine= , and crossing the Euphrates conquered the Rotennu = at the battle of Circesium, the Carchemish of Hebrew history. He then fought against and subdued the Assyrians near = Nineveh, being the first Egyptian monarch who led = an army into Asia, and returning to Egypt introduced studs of c= hariot horses. Thothmes commenced the great temples = of Karnak in Upper Egypt, and completely incorporated = the Ethiopians with his kingdom, making his son "Prince Royal of Ethiopia= ." He reigned twenty-one, or according to Manetho thirteen years, and was worshipped as a deity after his decease. He was t= he Thothmoses of the Greeks. (1876c1)

$H Thothmes or Thoth-mes II. Egypt

Thothmes II , Aah-= kheper-en-Ra , Dynasty XVIII., B.C. 1516-1503. Married his half sister, Hatshepsut and Aset, no= t of royal blood, by whom he had three children. His only son, Thothmes III., was his successor. Perhaps it was owing to his delicate health that this king seems to have left the government of the country chiefly in the hands of Queen Hatshepsut. He appears to have maintained his predecessor's authority in Cush, in "the land of th= e Fenkhu" (Phoenicians), and round the shores of= the Mediterranean. His mummy is in the Cairo Museum.(1902b1)

Thoth-mes= II. Surnamed Ra-aa-kheper-en. The son and successor of Thothmes I. He appea= rs to have been a weak monarch, and to have been under the regency of his siste= r Hatasu, whom according to some accounts he married.= He reigned but a few years, during which however he repressed a revolt in Ethiopia= . On his return he was apparently dethroned by a revolution, of which no records remain. He was nominally succeeded by his brother Thothmes III., but practically by Hatasu, who reigned = alone. (1876c1)

$H Thothmes III. Egypt

Thothmes III , Men-= kheper-Ra , Dynasty XVIII., cir. B.C. 1503-1449. His two queens are Meryt-Ra Hatshepset, his cousin, and Nebtu. He had one son, who succee= ded him, and several daughters. The actual pedigree of this king has for long been a matter of doubt. That he was the son of Aset<= /span>, who was a concubine and not a queen, is absolutely certain, but whether he was the son of Thothmes I. or II. h= as been under grave discussion, and Egyptologists are not yet unanimous upon= the point. Probably he was the son of Thothmes II.(1902b1)

Thothmes<= /span> III. Surnamed Me= nkhepera and Ra-men-khepera-user-mat, "Holder of the Plains of the Sati." The second son of Thothmes I.= , and the greatest king of the XVIIIth dynasty.= His empire extended over the countries now called Abyssinia, Soudan, Nubia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Arabia, Kurdistan, and Armenia. The earlier years = of his reign were passed under the regency of his sister Ha= tasu, whom he probably drove into retirement, as after her death he effaced all= the inscriptions bearing her name upon the monuments of Egypt. He opened a road for= the commerce of Egypt to Central = Asia by defeating the allied Syrian kings at the battle of Megiddo. He made no less than six expeditions into S= yria, subjugating the Rotennu and the Assyrians. He= built a fleet of ships on the Euphrates, and conquered the Isles of Cyprus and = Crete in the Archipelago, reducing the Phenicians and Pelasgic= races. Botanical and Zoological gardens were first planted by him, and the pract= ice of making slave hunting expeditions into the South dates from his time. Nearly all of the great temples of Upper Egypt were either founded or enlarged during his reign. He finally extended his conquests to the very borders of Egypt, and died in his sixtieth year after having held the throne of Egypt for fifty-four fears. The chief buildings erected or begun by Thothmes III. were the <= st1:PlaceType w:st=3D"on">temple of Ra at Amada, the temple of Osirtesen III<= /st1:PlaceName>. (as a god) at Semneh, other smaller temples at Mount= Doshe, at the Isl= e of Sai, at Korte, Ombos, Pselcis, and Talmis, all in Ethiopia. In Egypt proper he built a mag= nificent palace temple at Gourneh, which was afterwards finished by Seti I. He also erected temples a= t Esneh, Hermonthis, and = above all Thebes at Karnak. Monuments recording the reign = of Thothmes have been found even on the borders of Algeria, and in the Island of Kypros, and the chief= fictile and artistic remains of the Egyptian empire date either from his reign or that of the Ramesside kings. (1876c1)

$H Thothmes IV. = Egypt

Thothmes IV , = Men-kheperu-Ra , Dynasty XVIII., cir. B.C. 1423-1414. He married Mut-em-ua, and had two sons, one of whom, Amen-hetep III., succeeded him. He asserted the power of Egypt in Nubia and Syria, but is better known from the reference to himself upon the stela between = the paws of the Sphinx. On this the king relates how, in consequence of a dre= am, he removed the sands of the desert which was spoiling the image of the god.(1902b1)

Thothmes IV. Surnamed Kha-khau-ra-men-kheperu. The successor of Amenhotep II. Few annals of his reign remain, but he was abl= e to hold the empire of his father together. He ascribed his elevation to the throne chiefly to the favour of the god Ra, symbolised by the great sphyn= x, in front of which he built a small temple between its paws. He conquered = or re-subdued some Negro tribes to the South of Egypt, and greatly improved = the cities of Heliopolis and Memphis. Thothmes IV. died after a sh= ort reign of nine years, when he was succeeded by Amenhotep III. (1876c1)

$H Thoth-mes, Tablet of. Egypt

A famous mural inscription containing a ch= ronological selection of sixty-one of the kings of Egypt, the ancestors of Thothmes III. of the XVIIIth dynasty, to whom he was represented as maki= ng the usual offerings. As it was designed more as an architectural feature in a chamber in the palace of Karnak, than as a historical record, its value is not so great a= s that of the two tablets of Abydos, and the correct succession of the royal names is obviously disregarded. It is, however, an important document serving to complete the materials for the early histor= y of Egypt. The inscription, which is also sometimes called the Tablet of Karnak, is now in the Museum of the Louvre. (Mariette.) (1876c1)

$H Thothmoses. Egypt

The Greek form of the Egyptian royal name = Thothmes, which see. (1876c1)

$H Thoueris. Egyptian goddess [See Thoeris - Editor]

$H Thraetaona. Persia

The true form of the name of the Persian mythical sovereign Feridun, which see. (1876c= 1)

$H Three‑pile.

O.E. Rich velvet.(18= 83m1)

$H Three‑quarter.

A size of portrait; = 30 inches by 25. (See PORTRAIT PAINTING.)(1883m1)

(Paint.) A portrait is said to be three‑quarter le= ngth when it only shows the sitter as far as the hips. Technically the term is applied to portraits which measure thirty inches by twenty‑five.(18= 91a1)

$H Thrones.

Chr. An order of angels, usually represented with = double wings, supporting the Throne of the Almighty in ethereal space.(1883m1)

$H Through‑stone or Thro= wstone.

Through‑stone. (Arch.) A stone which goes right through a wall, so that its ends= can be seen on either side.(1891a1)

Through‑= ;stone or Throwstone, O.E. (variously spelt, der= ived from Anglo‑Saxon, thruh, a coffin.) A flat grave‑stone. Parker giv= es in his "Glossary" the following quotation: ‑ <= /span>

"Over the midst of the said vault did lie a fai= r throw‑stone, and at each e= ither side of the stone it was open, through which were cast the bones of the m= onks whose graves were opened for other monks to lie in; which vault was made = to be a charnel‑house to put dead men's bones in." (Ancient Rites of Durham.)(1883m1)

$H Throwing. Pottery

(Pot.) The most primitive method of fashioning pots is w= hat is known as throwing, that is= by shaping the lump of wet clay with the hands as it revolves on the wheel before the potter.(1891a1)

$H Thrust. Architecture

(Arch.) The force exerted by an arch or vault upon a pie= r. The purpose of the flying buttress in Gothic architecture is to counteract the thrust of the vaults of the nave, and the skill of the French archite= cts of the 12th and 13th centuries consisted in giving a feeling of decoratio= n to the masses of masonry indispensable to the stability of a building. ILLUS. thrust(1891a1)

$H Thunder‑bolt.

The attribute of Zeus. It assumes the form of a long kin= d of spindle, from which proceed zigzag rays, pointed like arrow‑heads.(= 1891a1)

$H Thuoris. Egypt

According to the Greek lists the name of an Egyptian king of the XXth dynasty. He is not = yet certainly identified. (1876c1)

$H Thurible.

A vessel containing incense, which is suspended by .chai= ns and swung in the processions of the Catholic Church. ILLUS. thurible(1891a1)

Chr. An incense‑burner. Generally of bronze. T= he practice of burning incense in religious functions is very ancient, and originated in the East. The illustration (Fig. 652) is a beautiful specim= en of Arabian work devoted to this object. Fig. 652. Thurible. An Arabic inc= ense‑burner in brass, inlaid with silver.(1883m1)

$H Thurles.

O.E. (holes through = the wall). The small windows of a house; 12th century.(1883m1)

$H Thuro. Phoenicia

Thuro. "The Law." A Phenician deity repres= enting the law personified as a divine being. His wife was the goddess Khusareth= or Harmony. (1876c1)

$H Thus [See Tus.]

$H Thyas. Greece

Thyas or Thias. Gr. A Bacchante, the Greek equivalent for the Latin BACCHA.(1883m1)<= /span>

$H Thymela, Thymelê.

Gr. (2L:X80[=3Dthumele]). (Lit= erally, a place for sacrifice.) An altar placed in the orchestra of a Greek theatre= and dedicated to Bacchus.(1883m1)

$H Thynis. Egypt

The Greek name for the Egyptian city Taini, which see. (1876c1)

$H Thyroma.

Gr. (2bDT:"[=3Dthuroma]). A sy= nonym for the Latin JANUA (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Thyrsus.

R. (2bDF@H[=3Dthursos]). A lo= ng staff, surmounted with a fir‑cone, or a bunch of vine‑leaves or ivy, with grapes or berries, carried by Bacchus, and the satyrs, maenads, and others, during the celebration of religious rites. Beneath the garland or= fir‑cone the thyrsus ends in the sharp point of a spea= r, a puncture from which induces madness.(1883m1)

A kind of staff or javelin, surrounded with vine‑branches or ivy and terminated by a pine‑= ;cone. It was the attribute of Bacchus and his followers, whether priests or priestesses. According to some authorities the thyrsus ending in a javelin point represented the deceit of a combat= ant, who sought to hide his arms under flowing ribbons, while the thyrsus= surmounted by a pine‑cone symbolised peaceful life. The Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks, and even the Jews carried thyrsi in their religious ceremonies. = ILLUS. thyrsus(1891a1)