$H To. Egypt

An auditor of the temple of Memphis in the period of th= e Second Empire. (1876c1)

$H Tobba-sharahbil.

A king of Saba, the successor of Dhamarali-Bayyin, of whom li= ttle or nothing is known. (1876c1)

$H Tobine.

A stout twilled silk.(1883m1)

$H Todjeser Egypt

Todjeser: the necropolis. (1894e1)=

$H To‑fall. (Arch.) (See Lean‑to.)= (1891a1)

<= /b>

$H Toga.    Costume

(Cost.) The characteristic dress of the Roman citizen. It underwent many changes of form, and, not being a rigid garment, was capab= le of an infinite variety of folds. But generally it was an oblong piece of cloth, which enveloped the body. One end of it was then brought from behi= nd under the right arm, passed across the body, then thrown over the left shoulder, until it reached the ground behind. ILLUS. toga(1891a1)

R. (tego= , to cover). The principal outer garment of a Roman, as the PALLIUM (q.v.) was= the national dress of the Greek. Among the different kinds of toga were the toga restricta, toga fusa, toga praet= exta, toga pura or virilis, toga palmata= , toga picturata, &c. The colo= ur of the toga was ordinarily white. Ca= ndidates (from candidus, white) were so called from their whitening their togas with chalk; the toga pulla, of the natural colour of black wool, was worn in mourning; the toga picta, or embroidered toga, was for generals on their triumphs. (See also PRAETEXTA, TRABEA, &c.) The illustration (Fig. 656) represents the statue of a R= oman senator of the Augustan age. Fig. 656. Roman Senator wearing the toga.(1883m= 1)

$H Togatus.

R. Wearing the toga; essentially the Roman cost= ume, opposed to p= alliatus, a man in the Greek dress.(1883m1)

$H Togula.

R. (dimin. of toga). (1) A toga of a fine texture; or (2) the short and thread‑bare toga of coarse texture, w= orn by a poor man, who then went by the name of togatulus.(1883m1)

$H To-hem-sueits.     Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the wife of Simouth, the priest of Osiris<= /span>. (1876c1)

$H To-ia.     Egypt

An Egyptian officer, the "Chief of the Great Grooms of the King," but of what king is unknown. (1876c1)

$H Toilinet.

A textile of silk or= cotton warp, with woollen weft.(1883m1)

$H Toise.

In French lineal mea= surement =3D 76 inches.(1883m1)

$H Toison d'Or.    Heraldry

Her. The Golden Flee= ce. A French order of knighthood, instituted by Philip the Good in 1429. The or= der has a king‑at‑arms called Toison = d'Or. The collar is composed of flint‑stones, alternately with double fusils placed two and two together, forming double B's. From this suspends a Gol= den Fleece. The motto is, "Pretium non vile = laborum." (See FUSIL.)(1883m1)

$H Tokens.

Small coins issued by tradesmen for current money. (Consult W. Boyne's Tokens, &c.)(1883m1)

$H To-kens.      Egypt

Ta-kans. Or To-kens. An Egyptian name of the kingdom of Nubia. (1876c1)<= /o:p>

$H Tolleno.

R. (tollo, to lift). (1) A contrivance for drawing water from a well, made of a strong cross‑b= ar poised from the top of an upright beam, with a weight at one end and a ro= pe and bucket at the other.

(2) A similar appara= tus was used in siege operations to lift soldiers up to a wall.(1883m1)

$H Tomb.

From the earliest ages tombs similar in general desi= gn to those of modern times have been used to mark the resting‑places of = the dead. Fig. 657 represents an ancient monument in <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Lycia. (See STELA, SHRINE.)

Fig. 657. Lycian Tomb of great antiquity.(1883m1)

(Arch.) A monument erected over the spot where the remai= ns of a dead man lie. Tombs vary in form according to their style and epoch. Egyptian and Roman tombs sometimes cover a large extent of ground. In the Middle Ages tombs often assumed the form of small buildings; they were th= en either attached to the outside wall of a church or placed in a chapel in = the interior. During the Renaissance, tombs were decorated with pilasters, columns or entablatures and equestrian statues. and were sometimes important constructions. In the 17th and 18th centuries the tombs of illustrious men were conceived in an exquisite spirit of decorat= ive art. In the beginning of the present century, the neo‑Greek style prevailed. Tombs were then often pyramidal in shape, and were decorated w= ith bas‑reliefs. They were generally inartistic and almost always ridic= ulous. The revival of sculpture in the present day will no doubt have the effect= of improving the public taste in monuments in honour of the dead.(1891a1)

--- $H To= mb.      Egypt

Egypt is a land of tombs. Yet with all the care bestowed on the tomb, but little remains of any houses of the Egyptians. This fact is easily accounted for= if Diodorus is correct in saying, "The Egyptians = call their houses hostelries, on account of the short time during which they inhabit them, but the tombs they call eternal dwelling-places." Hence the elaboration in every detail of the tomb. The tombs of Egypt fall naturally into t= wo classes - those excavated in the rock and those which were built. Of the former kind there are examples covering the entire historic period. The latter belong to the time of the early dynasties. They are of two kinds, pyramids and mastabas (q.v.). The great groups of rock-cut tombs are those of the VIth and other dynasties at As= wân, those of the XIIth Dynasty at Beni Hasan, those of the XVII= Ith and successive dynasties of Pharaohs at Thebes; those of Khu-en aten and his people at Tel-el-Amarna. But besides thes= e main groups there are tombs in almost every available hillside throughout the country. The idea in the construction of all these tombs was essentially = the same, though carried out in different ways. Each consisted of three parts= - (a) a chamber or series of chambe= rs forming a kind of chapel, (b)= a passage or shaft, leading to (c) the sepulchral chamber. The tomb was prepared during the lifetime of the = man. The scenes with which the walls of the chambers were decorated represente= d in the majority of cases the occupations of its owner. If, for instance, he = was an admiral, we find pictures of ships and the spoil brought from foreign lands. There are fishing and fowling scenes, representations of the chase, and other amusements. In a secret chamber (Serdab, q.v.) in the wall were placed th= e Ka statues, a small aperture sometimes being left by which the smoke of ince= nse might penetrate to the statues.

In the case of rock-cut tombs the sepulchral chamber was reached b= y a deep shaft (the deepest known is that in the tomb of Bakt III. at Beni Hasan; it is over 105 ft.) which, after the body was deposited, was filled up with rub= ble, the great object being to secure the mummy from disturbance.

The scenes on the chamber walls are sometimes in low relief, at ot= hers only painted, the accompanying hieroglyphs being sometimes incised. The f= ine limestone of the Theban hills afforded a good surface for painting on. Wh= en a flint or fossil occurred it was extracted, and the hole filled up with cement.

Inscriptions accompany the scenes, sometimes containing biographie= s, which have been of much importance in piecing together the history of Egypt= .(1902b1)

$H Tombac.

Red brass; the white= tombac is an alloy of copper and zinc, containing n= ot more than 20 per cent. of zinc.(1883m1)

$H Tombstone.<= /span>

A term applied to blocks of stone, which cover or stand = at the end of tombs. Tombstones in the Middle Ages were sometimes decorated = with incised designs of much richness, and when they represented persons of ra= nk or distinction, the races, hands, and armorial bearings were incrusted wi= th marble. ILLUS.<= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-no-proof:no'> tombston(1891a1)

$H To-meri.

An Egyptian lady, the wife of the priest <= span class=3DSpellE>Anhur-mes, which see. (1876c1)

$H Tomery.     Egypt

Tomery: the Belove= d Land, i.e. Egypt. (1894e1)

$H Tom‑tom.

Oriental small drum,= of a barrel form, covered at each end with skin, carried obliquely, and beaten with one hand at each end.(1883m1)

$H Tompion.

The plug to the mout= h of a cannon.(1883m1)

$H Tonality.    Painting

(Paint.) A collection of tones subordinated to one domin= ant tone. A vigorous tonality. A picture painted in a violet tonality.(1891a1= )

$H Tondi.

It. A name given to = a series of twelve circular medallions, painted by Luca della= Robbia, with impersonations of the twelve months.(1883m1)

$H Tondino.

It. A name given to = small plates or dishes, which it was a mediaeval fashion for the gallants to present, filled with confectioneries, to ladies. They are described as sm= all, with a wide flat brim and sunk centre; in this, the central medallion generally occupied by a figure of Cupid, hearts tied by ribbons or pierced with arrows, or by joined hands, and similar amatory devices, or with a shield of arms and initial letters, &c.(1883m1)

$H Tone.    Painting

Tone. (Paint.) Tone is defined by some writers as the variations of a colour or tint, which are produced by its admixture with white and black. It keeps the same hue and becomes lighter and darker. The term is also applied to the brilliance, the intensity of tint, the domina= nt effect, observable in the colours of a picture= . Thus we speak of warm tones, cold tones. energetic tones, &c.(1891a1)=

Tones are the modifi= cations which a colour, in its greatest intensity, is capable of receiving from white, which lowers its tone, or black which heightens it. A scale= is an assemblage of tones of the same colour,= thus modified. The pure colour is the normal tone of the scale. Hues are the modifications which= a colour receives from the addition of a small quanti= ty of another colour. (Chevreuil on Colour, pp. 34, 35.)(1883m1)<= o:p>

--- $H Tone, Local.

A term applied to the general tone covering a surface, t= he modelling which is obtained by means of dark touches, representing the shades, and light touches, indicating the light.(1891a1)

--- $H Tone, Neutral.

A term applied to a scale of broken tones, which, precis= ely on account of their neutrality, give an additional value to other brighter tones or colours.(1891a1)

$H Toned down.    Painting

(Paint.) Colours are said to have toned down when with a= ge they have become lower in tone and more sombre than they were when freshly laid on.(1891a1)

$H Ton-en-amen.      Egypt

The third prophet of Amen Ra, in the reign= of King Aspalut, of the XXV= th dynasty. (1876c1)

$H Tonometer.

A delicate instrumen= t for tuning musical instruments, by marking the number of vibrations.(1883m1)<= o:p>

$H Tonoutir.    Egypt

Tonoutir: the Divine= Land - Punt, or sometimes the = Lebanon<= /st1:place>. (1894e1)

$H Tonstrina.

R. A barber's shop; frequented only by the middle classes; the rich were shaved at their hous= es; and the poor allowed their beards and hair to grow.(1883m1)

$H Tonsure.

Chr. The clerical crown, adopted, it is said, in imitation of St. Peter, or of the Crown of Thorns, was disapproved of in = the 4th century as pertaining only to penitents; and not made essential till = the end of the 5th or beginning of the 6th centuries.(1883m1)

$H Tontisse.

Fr. Flock‑pape= r; paper‑hangings ornamented with flock‑wool.(1883m1)

$H Toothing.

Arch. Projecting bri= cks left at the end of a wall, to form a u= nion with any further buildings.(1883m1)

(Arch.) The demotion of a piece of masonry so as to bind more solidly together a portion already constructed with a portion still = in course of construction. The term Toothing stone= is applied to the stones left uneven or toothed in order to facilitate the binding of two portions of a wall built at different dates. ILLUS. toothing(1891a1)

$H Tooth Ornament.=     Architecture

Tooth Ornament, Arch= . A name of the NAIL‑HEAD moulding. It is the pe= culiar distinction of the Early English style, to which it is nearly, if not exclusively, confined. It is the regular progression from the Norman zigzag to the delicate quatrefoil of the DECORATED ENGL= ISH. It resembles a succession of low, square, pierced pyramids set on the edg= es of a hollow moulding.(1883m1)

Tooth ornament. (Arch.) A system of ornament in the form= of a series of pointed teeth. It is peculiar to the Romanesque and early Poi= nted style. ILLUS.<= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-no-proof:no'> toothorn(1891a1)

$H Toparchs.     Egypt

In the Ptolemaic period certain petty magistrates, subordinate to the nomarchs or governors of nomes, who governed the smaller divisions or counties of the province. (1876c1)

$H Topaz.

Topaz. A precious stone of a yellow tone. The burnt topa= z is somewhat darker.(1891a1)

Topaz. There are two varieties of this gem; the Brazilian yellow, which is the best known, and= the Oriental.(1883m1)

Topaz, Her. In blazo= ning arms of nobles, the names of gems= were sometimes substituted for ti= nctures; the topaz for gold (OR).(1883m1)

$H Topes.    Hindu

Hind. Bhuddist sepulchral monuments, cone‑shaped, and round at the tops, like the = dagobs = of Ava and Ceylon.(1883m1)

$H Topia.    Painting

(Paint.) A term applied by Vitruviu= s to a landscape of a purely decorative and conventional character, many fl= orid specimens of which have been discovered at Pompeii.(1891a1)

$H Topiaria.

(Ars), R. Artificial training of shrubs and trees into fantastic shapes. Painted representations of landscapes on the walls of houses were called TOPIA. (= See HORTUS.)(1883m1)

$H Topiarius.

R. A gardener skille= d in the ARS TOPIARIA (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Topographic.

A map or plan representing the form of a country with all its details is termed topographic.(1891a1)

$H Toque.

The headdress worn in former times by the Doge of Venice. The ducal toque was richly ornamented and had ear pieces. In France the term was applied to the black velvet cap, surmounted by eagles' feathers, which the imperial noblesse wore before 1815. ILLUS. toque(1891a1)

$H Torale.

R. (torus, a couch). The hang= ing valance of a couch.(1883m1)

$H Torch.

R. The emblem of mar= riage, from the custom of forming wedding processions in the evening by torch= 209;light. Upright, the torch was the emblem of rejoicing; reversed, of death or sle= ep; hence its application upon funereal monuments.(1883m1)<= /p>

$H Torchère.

An allegorical figure holding a torch, lamp, or candle. = The name is given to vases of metal which have a handle and in the interior of which some inflammable substance is put, which on combustion produces an intense flame. Also to the supports of delicate shape, upon which candela= bra are placed. ILLUS.<= span lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-no-proof:no'> torchere(1891a1)

$H Torcular.

Torcular, Toculum, R. A win= e or oil press. Hence ‑ Torcularium, R. The press‑room.(1883m1)

$H Torcularium.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    [See Torcular<= /span> - Editor]

$H Torculum.    [See Torcular<= /span> - Editor]

$H Toreador.

Sp. A bull‑fig= hter.(1883m1)

$H Toreuma.

Toreuma. The name given by the ancients to bas‑reliefs executed in metal and chased.(1891a1)<= /o:p>

Toreuma, Gr. and R. (J`D,L:"[=3Dtoreuma]). Carving upon ivory executed on t= he lathe.(1883m1)

$H Toreutic Art.=     Sculpture

Toreutic (= Sculp.) Among the Greeks and Romans the term toreutic= was applied to the chasing, carving, and boring of hard substances, such as ivory, stone or silver.(1891a1)

Toreutic Art (from J@D,bT[=3Dtoreuo], to bor= e through; or from J@D`H[=3Dtoros], clear, = distinct). Sculpture; especially of metals, ivories, metallic castings in relief, &c. A long essay on the meaning of this word occurs in the works of De Quincy.(1883m1)

$H Tormentum.

R. (1) (Torqueo, to twist.) A gen= eral term for such instruments as the balista, catapulta, onager, scorpio, &c., from the twisting of the strands of = the ropes that were used as the string to the bow.

(2) Torture. By the = Greek law the evidence of slaves was al= ways extracted by torture. In Rom= e free persons in humble circumstan= ces were also subjected to it in cases of treason.(1883m1)<= /p>

$H Tornadotus.

The name given to the Chaldean river Dhurnat by the Greek writers. (1876c1)<= o:p>

$H Tornus.

Gr. and R. A lathe or potter's wheel.(1883m1)

$H Torquatus.

R. Wearing the Gallic TORQUE. Torq= uatus miles, a soldier who received s= uch a collar as a reward, and wore it, not round the neck, but on the breast, l= ike a decoration.(1883m1)

$H Torques.

Gen. (torqueo, to twist). A nec= klace, or armlet, or collar of gold or other wire spirally twisted. (See ARMILLA, MONILE, &c.)(1883m1)

$H Torsade.

A French term denoting a system of ornament in imitation= of a twisted cable; also a twisted fringe, used as a border for curtains, draperies, &c. ILLUS. torsade(1891a1)

$H Torse.

Her. A crest wreath.= (See ORLE.)(1883m1)

$H Torso.

Torso, It. In Sculpt= ure, the trunk regarded apart from the head and limbs. The celebrated Torso of Hercules, in the V= atican, by Apollonios, about 336 B.C., is said to hav= e been the favourite inspiration of Michael Angelo. Another fine torso is that known as the Farnese, in the Naples Museum, representing probably a = seated figure of Bacchus.(1883m1)

Torso. That portion of a human figure which includes the shoulders, veins, and breast. The term is generally applied to a statue deprived of head and arms. The "torso of the Belvedere" which w= as discovered at Rome at the end of the 15th century, and is now preserved in the Museum of the Vatican, and the "torso Farnese," now at Naples, are two admirable fragments of ancient sculpture. ILLUS. torso(1891a1)

$H Torteau.    Heraldry

Her. A red ROUNDLE (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Tortoise.

Among the Egyptians the tortoise was an emblem of da= rkness and of death. Fig. 129 is the remarkable device of Cosmo, Grand Duke of Tuscany, with the motto, "Hasten slowly," i.e. have caution with energy.

Fig. 658. Tortoise. Device of the Duke of Tuscany.(1883m1)

       &nbs= p;        &nbs= p;            &= nbsp;

$H Tortoise‑shell.

Tortoise‑shell= is largely used for making combs, and for veneering on cabinet‑work. W= hen it is softened with hot water, it receives impressions which become perma= nent if it is suddenly cooled. The plates used are those found on the back of = the sea‑turtle (chelone imbricata). Five large plates are obtained from the middle of the carapace or upper buckler, and four large ones from the sides, called "blades," a= nd twenty‑five smaller plates from the edges, called "feet or noses." The belly shells are of a yellow colour= , and are used for the purposes of horn.(1883m1)

$H Torus.

Torus, R. Anything swelling like the strand of a rop= e. A bed covered with sheets or blankets (toralia).(1883m1)

Torus, Arch. A convex moulding used in architectural decoration (Fig. 659) at all periods and by all nations. Fig. 6= 59. Torus moulding.(1883m1)

<= /o:p>

Torus. (Arch.) A moulding of convex profile. This profi= le in generally a semicircle. In buildings of the Gothic style, however, we sometimes find tori which have an elliptic pr= ofile or a profile which made up of two arcs of a circle, cutting one another a= t a right angle. In mediaeval buildings archivolts often consist of one or mo= re tori se= parated from each other by small angular mouldings. ILLUS. torus(1891a1)

$H Tosertosis.     Egypt

According to the Greek writers a king of t= he IIIrd Egyptian dynasty. He reigned nineteen years. (1876c1)

$H Toses.     Egypt

An uncertain Egyptian goddess. (1876c1)

$H Tosh.     Egypt

The peculiar tall military cap of state wo= rn by the Egyptian kings. It was made of embroidered linen, and was fastened= to a framework of metal for the security of the wearer. (1876c1)<= /span>

$H Tosorthrus.     Egypt?

The Greek form of the name Tseshortsa, or Serbes, which see. (1876c1)

$H Tota.     Egypt

According to the lists a king of the IIIrd dynasty. He reigned seven years, and was know= n to the Greek historians as Tureis. (1876c1)=

$H Tothi.     Egypt

Tothi. Or Thoth. (?) The high-priest of Amen Ra, in the reign of Aahmes I. = (1876c1)

$H Toti.     Egypt

The flabellum-bearer of one of the kings of the XVIIIth dynasty, an assistant or successo= r to Neb-amen, which see. (1876c1)

$H Totouon.     Egypt

An uncertain Egyptian deity. (1876c1)=

$H Touch.    Painting

(Paint.) The method in which the colours are laid on the surface of the canvas by the painter. We speak of a light touch, a want of touch, or a square touch; it may be said that the modelling is indicated = by a few skilful touches.(1891a1)

$H Touchstone.

Touchstone is a kind= of black jasper, known as Lydian sto= ne, used for testing gold. This is done with touching needles tipped with metal in various states of alloy, and the streaks that they make on the touchstone determine the fineness of the gold. In Architecture, certain black marbles were anciently so called, from their supposed identity with the lapis = Lydius.(1883m1)

$H Tough.

Turkish. A Turkish s= tandard; a horse‑tail attached t= o the upper part of a pike which ends in a crescent and ball.(1883m1)

$H Touni.     Egypt

Another name of the city of Thinis, in the nom= e of Abyd= os, where the god Anhur and the goddess Tafne were worshipped. (1876c1)

$H Toura.     Egypt

A town on the West of the Nile, in Middle Egypt, from whence the stone for the great pyramid was obtained. The town was afterwards called by the Greeks Mons Troicus. (1876c1)

$H Tourelle.

Fr. A small tower on= a castle, with a winding staircase.(1883m1)

(Arch.) A tower of small diameter running up the height = of a building, in which a circular staircase is generally placed. [Turret.](1891a1)

$H Tourmaline.

A hard stone formed of a silicate with a base of limesto= ne or magnesia, and containing boric acid and fluor. It is sometimes colourless, sometimes of a dark green or brown red, coming very near to black.(1891a1)

$H Tournure.

The characteristic aspect of a drawing; grace or grandeu= r of line.(1891a1)

$H Touth.     [See Thoth - Editor]

$H Tou-tou-ea.

An Egyptian lady, the mother of Amenhotep, a priest of the temples of Pthah and Sekhet, at Memphis. (1876c1)

$H Tower.

Towers. (See ROUND TOWERS.) (1883m1)

Tower. (Arch.) A building of great height in proportion = to its breadth with a circular, polygonal, or square base. The towers of cas= tles serve an a donjon, to connect curtains and to protect the angle of a fortified enclosure. In the 12th century towers we= re square; in the 13th they were circular; from the 14th to the 16th century they nearly approached the square, especially when they were donjons. The clock towers of churches are called towers, when their base is square, th= eir upper stories polygonal, and when they do not terminate in a pyramid. 3 <= /span>ILLUS. tower1, tower2, tower3(1891a1)

        &nbs= p;              &nbs= p;            &= nbsp;

--- $H Tower, Clock.

(Arch.) The tower of a castle or church in which a clock= is placed. Its face generally an opportunity for decoration.(1891a1)

$H Toys.      Egypt

Several children's playthings have been discovered during excavations. There are dolls of many sorts - from wooden and ivory ones of the XIth Dynasty with movable arms to the Roman rag doll. Some have still hair lef= t on their heads, others show the holes where the h= air had been inserted. One figure is jointed at the arms and legs, fixed on a stand, and, being worked with a string, simulates a man crushing corn. A crocodile with a movable jaw has also been found. Many balls have come to light. Some are of wood painted two colours in sections, others are of leather stuffed with rushes.(1902b1)

$H Tphous.     Egypt

An Egyptian lady, the daughter of Heraclius Soter and Sarapous. She died A.D. 127-8. Her mummy and coffin are in the <= st1:PlaceName w:st=3D"on">British Museum. (1876c1)