$H Via.

R. The high road. Th= ese were so constructed by the Romans that following generations used them without repair for more than a thousand years. The earliest was the Appian or the Great South Road= from Rome to Brind= isi, made B.C. 312; the Great North Road= continued through Gaul was the Flaminian Road. The construction= of a Roman road was the following: ‑ between trenches thirteen to fifteen feet apart, the gremium or foundation was made firm, if necessary, in a marsh, with piles; this was = covered with large stones of a regulated size, such as London streets were former= ly paved with (statumen), and th= is with macadamized stones cemented with lime (rudus), rammed down hard, and nine inches thick; then came sm= all shards of pottery, six inches thick, also cemented with lime (nucleus), and over this the pave= ment of large blocks of the hardest stone (see SILEX), irregular, but fitted a= nd joined with the greatest nicety, and perfectly smoothed with a slope for drainage.(1883m1)

$H Viaduct.= Architecture

(Arch.) A bridge built upon piles, at some distance from= one another connected with iron girders or archways. Viaducts are built across a river or a depression in= the ground. ILLUS. viaduct= (1891a1)

$H Viaticum.

R. A provision for a= journey. Adopted by the Christian Church in reference to the last offices of relig= ion to the dying, with the obvious symbolical significance.(1883m1)

$H Vibanus.

The satrap of Arachotia under Darius Hystaspes. He was invited to rebel by Veisdates, the rebel king of Persia, and upon his refusing to do so was attacked by Veisdates. Darius, however, sent an army to his relief, and Vibanus defeated the rebel army at the fo= rt of Capiscane, and also a second time at Gadytia, and following the rebel = leader to the town of Arshadu slew him there. (1876c1)

$H Vibia.

R. A cross‑bar= and uprights forming a trestle.(1883m1)

$H Vibrating. Painting

(Paint.) A term applied in pictures to a strongly marked, nervous, living effect of colour, obtained by skilful contrasts.(1891a1)<= o:p>

$H Vibrella. Med. Lat. A cannon.(1883m1)

$H Vice.

Vices. The seven VIC= ES commonly met with in Christian allegory are: Anger, Avarice, Envy, Lust, Pride, Revenge, and Sloth.(1883m1)

Vice. A vice such as is seen in our cut is used by cabin= et‑makers to hold fast pieces of wood, which which have been joined with size, as w= ell as in many other operations of their craft. Etchers make use of a small v= ice with a wooden handle to hold their plates with when they are heating them before laying the etching ground. ILLUS. vice(1891a1)

$H Vicessis. R. Twenty pounds weight =3D 14.987 = lbs. avoirdupois.(1883m1)

$H Victima.

R. The animals used = for sacrifices were mostly domestic; as bulls, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, or horses; each god had his favourite animals. The head of the victim was generally strewed with roasted barley meal, mixed with salt, and adorned = with garlands, and sometimes its horns were gilt. A bunch of hair was cut from= its forehead and thrown into the fire as primatiae. It was killed by a person called the popa, not by the priests; and part of the intestines were burned, or to river&#= 8209;gods, thrown into the river, &c.(1883m1)

$H Victor, St.

In Christian art representations of two martyrs, both bearing the name of St. Victor, are found. One of them is St. Victor of <= st1:place w:st=3D"on">Marseilles, who = was put to death by being crushed by a millstone, which is therefore his attribut= e, in the persecution of Diocletian. St. Victor of Milan suffered in the same persecutio= n, but the manner of his death was different. He is said to have been put into an oven, which is one of his attributes. He is frequently represented standi= ng near a broken altar.(1891a1)

$H Victoria Cross.

Victoria Cross is of= bronze, and was instituted by the Queen in 1856 to render honour to "conspic= uous bravery" in actual conflict by sea or land. It is worn on the left breast attached to a blue ribbon for the Navy, and a red for the Army. Fig. 685. Victoria Cross.(1883= m1)

$H Victoriatus.

R. A silver coin sta= mped with a figure of Victory, while its obverse represented a bearded Jupiter. (Fig. 686.) Fig. 686. Victoriatus.(1883m1)

$H Victory.

A deity or allegorical figure represented by artists as = a girl winged, crowned with laurel, placed upon a globe and holding a palm branc= h in her hand.(1891a1)

Victory is represent= ed by the ancients winged, and bearing a palm branch and a laurel crown. Fi= g. 687 is the beautiful device adopted by Martin, King of Aragon, in 1396, with = the motto, "Not in the Darkness."

Fig. 687. Victory. Device of Martin, King of Aragon.(1883m1)

$H Vicuna. A kind of alpaca wool.(1883m1)

$H Vicus. R. (Gr. (6<= /span>f:<= /span>0[=3Dkome]). A quarter in a city.(1883m1)

$H Vidae-vadata.

In Zendic mythology the book of the law against demons. It is the only one of the original sacred books of Zarathustra which has been preserved to us entire. It is now generally ca= lled by the Persians the Vendidad. (1876c1)

$H Vidrecome.

Vidrecome, Fr. A large drinking‑glass.(1883m1)=

Vidrecome. A large drinking glass used in Germany. This German glass = is generally cylindrical in form and often of considerable capacity. Vidreco= mes are frequently decorated with paintings in enamel, generally representing heraldic devices. ILLUS. vidrecom(1891a1)

$H Vielle.

Fr. The "hurdy&= #8209;gurdy," an ancient stringed instrument played with finger‑keys, and produci= ng sound by the friction of a wheel instead of a fiddle‑bow.(1883m1)

$H Vienna Lake. (See CARMINATED LAKES.) (188= 3m1)

$H Vie= nna White. (See CARBONATE OF LEAD.) (1883m1)

$H View.

A picture or drawing representing a town or site. A view= of London; a view o= f the Roman Campagna.(1891a1)

--- $H View, Dioramic. &= nbsp;

A picture or view executed to be exhibited as a diorama.(1891a1)

--- $H View, Panoramic. =

A view presenting the appearance of a panorama. Panoramic views are nowadays drawings taken from one and the same point of view. Sometimes in making conventional panoramic views, the point of view is supposed to be shifted parallel to itself. Many panoramic views, drawn, engraved, or photographed, are executed on this principle, and the skill = in their production consists in hiding the points of junction as skilfully as possible.(1891a1)

$H Vigessis. R. (See VICESSIS.) (1883m1)<= /h1>

$H Vignette.

(Fr. a little vine). A small woodcut or illustration on a page. In Architecture, a running ornament of leaves and tendrils, common in the ho= llow mouldings of Gothic Architecture; especially in the Decorated and Perpendicular styles. (Parker= .)(1883m1)

The term vignett= e, which means nothing more than a little vine, originally denoted an orname= nt used in Gothic architecture. It was also applied to the initial letters in manuscripts, which were decorated with the tendrils of a vine. The meanin= g of the word was then extended to cuts, forming head and tail pieces in a boo= k, whether they were decorative or illustrative. Here the meaning of the wor= d was quite lost, and now vignette denotes any cut or engraving illustrating a book, which is not enclosed by rigid lines, but is put in the text.(1891a1)

$H Vigourous.

A work of art is said to be vigorous when it is largely conceived and boldly treated. In painting, the term vigorous is especially applied to brushwork.(1891a1)

$H Vihuela.

A musical instrument, represented in the celebrated Portico della Gloria of Santiago da Compostella, in Sp= ain. It closely resembles the REBEC (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Vil= a.

A district bordering on Assyria which was rendered tributary by Samsi-Vul or Samas-Rimmon III. (1876c1)

$H Vili. Scandinavia<= /st1:place>

In Scandinavian mythology the son of Borr,= and the grandson of Bure, the first man. He was one of the three murderers of= the frost giant Ymir. (1876c1)

$H Villa. Rome

R. A Roman farmstead= or country house. It was divided into three distinct parts: the urbana, or house of the owner; the rustic= a, or farm building in which the slaves and animals lived; and the fructuaria or magazine for stori= ng the produce.(1883m1)

$H Villicus. R. A gardener. (See HORTUS)<= span class=3DGramE>.(1883m1)

$H Vimana. Hindu

Hind. A Hindoo temple consisting merely of a building in the form of a pyramid, allowing of sev= eral stories which recede one above the other. Vimanas are divided into five groups: the medium vimana, called santiaca; the victorious (pantica), the enormous (jayada), the admira= ble (atb' huta), and the amiable (sarvacama).(1883m1)

$H Vina. Hindu

Hind. A kind of Hind= oo lyre furnished with a small number of strings.(1883m1)

$H Vinalia. Rome

Roman festivals of t= wo kinds ‑ urban and rustic. The former were kept on = 23rd April, when the wine of the previous year was first broached; the rustic on 19th August, when the vintage opened by the priest solemnly plucking the first bunch of grapes, after a sacrifice of lambs to Jupiter.(1883m1)

$H Vinatico.

A coarse mahogany wo= od, obtained in Madeira, from Persea Indica.(1883m1)

$H Vincent, St.

St. Vincent is a Spanish saint, and was born in the 3rd century at Saragossa. He was persecuted by the proconsul Dacian, by whom his flesh was torn from his body by hot iron forks. His attributes are an iron fork and a crow, w= hich bird is associated with him on account of the legend that when Dacian had thrown the body of St. Vincent to be devoured by wild beasts it was protected by a crow.(1891a1)

$H Vinculum.

R. (vincio, to bind). A general term to denote anything that bind= s, fastens, or clasps; such as a string, lace, ribbon, chaplet, or garland, strap, dog or slave‑collar, manacles, fetters. (See AMENTUM, COLLAR= E, COMPES, CORONA, &c.)(1883m1)

$H Vindiciae.

(vindico, to claim). A fragment of any property under dispute which, under the old Roman jurisprudence, the plaintiff was compelled to bring before the court and to place beneath his foot while stating his ca= se; if the property in question were a flock, the vindiciae consisted of a tuft of wool; if an estate or field,= of a clod or turf taken from the said estate or field.(1883m1)

$H Vindicta.

R. (vindico, to deliver). The rod with which the praetor or his lictor struck a slave on the head in the ceremony of manumissio, by way of declaration that he was free. (See FESTUCA.)(1883m1)

$H Vine.

Vine. (See VITIS.) (1883m1) -- Vitis, Vine. R. and Chr. A vine or= vine‑branch with which a centurion punished any soldier who had neglected his duty. In Christian symbolism, the vine‑stock with clusters of grapes is an emblem of the Church. Representations of it are frequently met with on monuments of Christian art.(1883m1)

Vine. Throughout the country vines were grown from the Delta to Nubia= . We are told (Harris papyrus) that Ramses III. planted= numerous vineyards in the northern and southern oases as well as others, having po= nds with lotus flowers. Another papyrus speaks of a celebrated mountain viney= ard which belonged to the Temple o= f Amen at Thebes. The vine, as pictured on tomb walls, was trained over trellises, which we= re supported either by wooden pillars or, more simply, by wooden forks. (See WINE.)(1902b1)

$H Vine Black.

Ink used in copper&#= 8209;plate printing; prepared from the charred husks of grapes and the residue of the vine press.(1883m1)

$H Vinea.

R. (lit. a bower of = vine‑branches). The vineae, also called under= the emperors causiae, were a kind= of mantelets or sheds employed in siege operations, made of light timbers covered with planks and the skins of animals.(1883m1)

$H Vinum Saccatum. (See COLLUM VINARIUM.) (1883= m1)

$H Viol. (See FIDDLE.) (1883m1)

$H Viola. Music

Viola or Alto‑viola. A tenor violin; tuned an octave= above the violoncello. It is larger= than the ordinary violin and has four gut strings, of which the third and four= th are covered with silver‑plated copper wire. Its name in the ancient "set of viols" was viol= a di braccio.(1883m1)

--- $H Vi= ola d'Amore. <= /h2>

It. An obsolete spec= ies of violin producing a very sweet and peculiar tone by an arrangement of metal wires vibrating in unison with the gut‑strings.(1883m1)<= /span>

--- $H Vi= ola da Gamba.

An instrument closely resembling the modern violoncello. (See Fig. 689.)

Fig. 689. Viola da Gamba.(1883m1)

$H Violet.

Violet. A secondary colour obtained by the mixture of red and blue.(1891a1)

Violet is a combinat= ion of equal red and blue. It is complementary to yellow. In Christian art, the colour violet or the amethyst, signified love and truth, or passion and suffering.(1883m1)

$H Violet Wood.

A turnery wood of Guiana, the produce of Andira violacea.(1883m1)

$H Violin.

This instrument has = three gut strings, and a fourth of silver wire. The back, neck, sides, and circles are generally made of sycamore; the belly, bass‑bar= , sound‑post, and six blocks, of deal; the finger‑board and tail‑piece of ebony. The H= indus claim the invention of the bow, for a period about 3000 years B.C. (See FIDDLE.)(1883m1)

$H Violoncello.

A large and deepR= 09;toned instrument of the viol kind, = the two lowest strings being covered with silver wire.(1883m1)

$H Violone.

It. Contre‑bas= so or double bass; the largest instrument of the violin kind.(1883m1)

$H Virabhattaraya.

A granite figure from Mysore. It was worshipped as a deity = by the Badagas. (1876c1)

$H Viracocho. Peru

According to Peruvian tradition a primaeval king in whose reign the Deluge took place. (1876c1)

$H Virago Sleeves.

A fashion of ladies'= dress in the reign of Charles I., perpetuated in the bishop's sleeves.(1883m1)<= o:p>

$H Vire.

Fr. A barbed arrow, = used with the early cross‑bow.(1883m1)

$H Vireton.

It. A peculiar form = of arrow, the feathers in which are spirally arranged to produce a spinning = movement in its flight.(1883m1)

$H Virga.

R. A general term fo= r any kind of rod or wand; as, for instance, a riding‑whip; a switch for chastising children or slaves; a very slight stick carried by a lictor to= aid him in opening a way through the crowd for the magistrate before whom he walked.(1883m1)

$H Virgatus.

R. Striped; a term a= pplied to cloth or drapery ornamented with bands (virgae), or to anything plaited with twigs of osier, such as a basket.(1883m1)

$H Virgin.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

A picture or statue representing the mother of Christ. A virgin by Michael Angelo, for instance, or by Raphael.(1891a1)=

$H Virginal.

A musical instrument= which originated in the middle ages. A specimen of the time of Elizabeth, in the form of a miniature pianof= orte, is in the South Kensington Museum. (Fig. 690.) It was followed by the SPINET (q.v.). Fig. 690. Virginal. 16th century.(1883m1)

$H Virgins.

Virgins are usually represented soberly robed with long hair streaming down their backs. The parable of the wise and foolish virgins is a very common subject of media= eval sculpture and church decoration.(1883m1)

$H Viria. R. A very ancient term repla= ced by ARMILLA (q.v.).(1883m1)

$H Viridarium. R. An ornamental garden. (See HORTUS.)(1883m1)

$H Virtu.

Fr. The quality of r= areness, or art excellence sought in the selection of specimens of art‑work = by a Virtuoso.(1883m1)<= /span>

Such objects as are generally found in collections of antiquities and curiosities are termed articles of virtu.(1891a1)

$H Virtues.

A degree of the seco= nd order of ANGELS. They are usually represented in complete armour bearing pennons and battle‑axes. The Cardin= al virtues are: Power, Prudence, Temperance, and Justice; and the Theological virtues are: Faith, = Hope, and Charity. There are innumerable other virtues variously represented in Christian allegory, opposed to corresponding VICES.(1883m1)

$H Virtuosi and Virtuoso.

Virtuoso, It. A man = skilled in the selection of specimens of art‑work.(1883m1)

Virtuosi. A term applied to connoisseurs and those who a= re capable of passing a judgment upon works of art and articles of virtu.(1891a1)

$H Visage.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>

The human face. A visage devoid of character.(1891a1)

$H Viscount.

(vicecomes). The fourth degree of rank and dignity in the Brit= ish peerage. Originally an earl's deputy in his county, made an arbitrary tit= le of honour, next in rank to an earl, by Henry VI. in 1440. A viscount's mantle is two doublings and a half of plain fur. His coronet, granted by James I., has only a row of sixteen pearls set close = to the circlet. Fig. 691. Viscount's Coronet.(1883m1)

$H Vise. Architecture

Arch. A spiral staircase. (See NEWEL.) "Vyce, a tourning stayre, vis." (Palsgrave.)(1883m1)

$H Vishnu. Hindu

In Hindu mythology the third member of the Trimurti, and preserver of the world. He had undergone ten Avatars or incarnations, viz., a bird, tortoise, wild boar, andro-lion, the deity Khrishna, etc. (1876c1)

$H Visitation.

Chr. (It. La visitazione; German, die Heimsuchung Mariä). A frequent theme of Christian art, representing the meeting of the Virgin M= ary and Elizabeth, the mother of St. John the Baptist. (Consult Mrs. Jameson's Legends of the Madonna.)(1883m1)

$H Visor.

The part of a helmet= made to cover the face. (See UMBRIL.)(1883m1)

The front of a helmet, which opened and shut, so as to a= dmit light and air to the unfortunate person condemned to wear it.(1891a1)

$H Vispered.

In Zendic mythology one of the collections= of fragments of the lost books of Zarathustra which go to make up the Vendidad-sade. (1876c1)

$H Vistaspa, the Great.

A famous king of Bactria, the son of Auravad= aspu of the Keanian dynasty. He was converted from Paganism into the religion = of Dualism by Zarathustra, and introduced the Zendic faith into the whole of= his dominions. (1876c1)

$H Vitalis, St.

St. Vitalis was a Roman soldier, who suffered martyrdom = for burying a Christian martyr, himself being buried alive. He is the patron saint of Ravenna<= /st1:place>, and is represented in the armour of a Roman soldier.(1891a1)

$H Vitis. [See Vine - Editor]

$H Vitra.

In Vedic mythology darkness represented as= a deity, and the antagonist of Indra as the personified light. (1876c1)

$H Vitreous Wares.

Wares having a glassy surface. (See POTTERY.)(1883m1)

$H Vitrifiable.

A term applied to substances which are transformed into glass by fusion.(1891a1)

$H Vitrification.

The method or process by which substances are converted = into glass.(1891a1)

$H Vitrine.= [See Glass case.] (1891a1)

$H Vitro di Trino.

(Ital.). An ornament= al glass‑work invented by the Venetians in the 15th century, consisting of a sort of la= ce‑work of white enamel or transparent glass, forming a series of diamond‑s= haped sections; in the centre of each an air‑bubble was allowed to remain= as a decoration. (Fairholt.)(188= 3m1)

$H Vitrum, R. GLASS (q.v.). (1883m1)

$H Vitruvian Scroll. Architecture

Vitruvian Scroll, Ar= ch. A name given to a peculiar pattern of scroll‑work, consisting of convolved undulations, used in classical architecture. (Parker.)(1883m1)

Vitruvian Scroll. (Arch.) An extremely florid architectu= ral decoration, which consisted of scrolls and volutes, in which animal forms were someti= mes introduced. In our cut, which is from Pompeii, the ornament circles round a lion. ILLUS. vitruvia(1891a1)

$H Vitta.

R. A ribbon or band = worn round the head by Roman women of free birth to confine their hair. Vitta sacra was a long ribbon confining the flocks of wool which formed an infula, and worn by the priests or the victim destined for sacrifice. The term was further applied to the ribbon which passed round garlands or festoons of leaves and fruits, and thence to any ribbon emplo= yed in the decoration of an architectural motive, such as tori for instance, = as shown in Fig. 693. Fig. 693. Vitta.(1883m1)

$H Vittatus.

R. Adorned with the = vitta; a term applied to women, victims, and certain architectural ornaments.(1883m1)

$H Vivana.

The satrap of Arachosia in the reign of Da= rius Hystaspes. He was at first defeated by the rebels whom Vahyazdata, the Me= de, had urged to rebel, but being reinforced with a larger army sent by Dariu= s, he completely put down the rebellion. He was called Hyana by the Greek historians. (1876c1)

$H Vivarium.

R. (vivum, a living thing). A general term for any kind of place = in which live animals are kept; such as aviaries, warrens, fish‑ponds, game preserves, &c.(1883m1)

$H Vivianite.

A blue phosphate of = iron, occasionally used as a pigment.(1883m1)

$H Vizard.

A mask for the face. "On with this robe of mine, This vizard and this cap!" (Old Play= .)(1883m1)

$H Vizier. Egypt

vizier: the highest administrative official u= nder the king. (1894e1)

$H Vizor. (See VISOR.) (1883m1)