AN ARCHAIC DICTIONARY

Cooper's An Archaic Dictionary

637

APPENDICES.

No. I.

ROUGH OUTLINE OF BABYLONIAN CHRONOLOGY.

From SMITH'S Chaldean Genesis.

B.C. ANTE 2000 Epoch of independent kingdoms in Babylonia. Accad the metropolis.

B.C. ANTE 2000 Era of Urukh, king of Ur. Rise of Sumir. Ur the metropolis.

B.C. ANTE 1850 Era of Ismi-dagan, king of Karrak. Karrak the metropolis.

B.C. ANTE 1700 Rise of Larsa as metropolis.

B.C. ANTE 1600 Era of Sargon, king of Accad. Revival of the power of Accad.

B.C. ANTE 1550 Era of Hammurabi, king of Babylon. Babylon the metropolis.

638

No. 2.

LIST OF CONTEMPORANEOUS ASSYRIAN AND CHALDEAN KINGS.

Contributed by W. ST. CHAD BOSCAWEN.

In the sixteenth century B.C. Hammu-rabi conquered Kurdur-mabug and founded the Kassite line. It was about this period that the formation of the Assyrian empire began, but no definite synchronism can be arrived at until the fifteenth century. For the compilation of this list I have used the following lists of kings, viz.:

(1) Lists in Smith's Assyrian Discoveries.

(2) "Early History of Babylonia," by same author in Records of the Past, Vol. III.; and

(3) Synchronous History, W. A. I., n., 65, III., 43, and unpublished fragments.

(4) List in Paper of Mr. G. Smith's on the Assyrian original "Canon of Berosus," Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch., Vol III., Part ii.

CHALDEA. ASSYRIA.

B.C. B.C.

1450 Kari-indas Assur-bil-nisi-su

1430 Buma-buryas II. Buzur-assur

1410 Kara-hardas (murdered) Assur-ubalid

1400 Nazi-bugas (usurper) "

1380 Kuri-galzu II. 1 Bel-nirari

Pudil

1350 Mili-sihu II. 1 Vul-nirari I. 1330-1300

1325 Marduk-baladan I. 1 Shalmaneser I. 1300-1271

1300 Nazi-muru-das II. Tugulti-ninip 1271

Assyrian Dynasty.

Tugulti-ninip Bel-chadressar 1240

1230 Vul-bi Ninip-palesar

1200 Qamama-zakir-idin Assur-dayan

Mutagil-nuscu 1170-1150

1 Found on a stone brought by Mr. Smith from Babylonia.

639

CHALDEA. ASSYRIA.

B.C. B.C.

1150 Nabu-chad-nezzar I. Assur-risilim 1150

Kara-buryas

1100 Marduk-nadin-ahi Tiglath-Pileser I. 1120

Marduk-sapik-zirrat Assur-bil-kala 1080

1080 . . . . sadua

After this there is a great break, and it is impossible to arrange the monarchs in any contemporaneous order until the reign of Tugulti-ninip II.

Samas-sihu, 17 years Samsi-vul III.

Hea-mukin-ziru (usurper) Assur-rab-amar

Kassu-nadin-ahu, 6 years Assur-dan II.

Ulbar-zirki-idinna, 15 years Vul-nirari II.

Nabu(?)chadnezzar II. 2 yrs. Tugulti-ninip II.

. . . saga-muna, 3 months

(An Elamite king reigns 3 years)

Vul-pal-idina 1

Nabu-zakir-iskum. (A war with Assyria, but no contemporaneous records of it.)

Isba-marduk

Marduk-baladan II.

Vul-zakir-iskun

885 Sibur Assur-nazir-pal

Nabu-bal-idinna Shalmanesar II.

Marduk-zakir-izkur "

Marduk-bel-usate revolts against him. Assur-dain-pal (rebel)

Chaldea partly under Assyrian rule(?) and

native princes. Samsi-vul IV.

" Vul-nirari III.

" Shalmanesar III.

" Assur-dan III.

" Assur-nariri

747 Nabu-nazir (Nabonnassar) Tiglath-Pileser II.

732 Kin-ziru "

Shalmanesar IV.

722 Marduk-baladan III. Sargon 721

705 Marduk-baladan III. (restored) Sennacherib

703 Bel-ibni "

1 These monarchs are from the list in Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch., Vol. III., Part ii. "The supposed Assyrian original of Canon of Berosus."

CHALDEA. ASSYRIA.

B.C. B.C.

700 Assur-nadin-sum 1 Sennacherib

693 Suzub Esarhaddon

689 Esarhaddon

Assur-bani-pal 668

668 Saul-mugina

648 Assur-bani-pal Bel-zikir-iskun

Assur-ebni-ili (?)

Assaracus } (?)

626 Nabu-pal-assar Fall of the Assyrian Empire.

605 Nabu-chadnezzar III.

562 Evil-marduk

556 Nergal-sar-uzur

Ulbar-zurki-iddina

536 Nabu-naid (Nabonidus) associated with

536 Bel-sar-ussur (in whose reign

536 Babylon was taken by Cyrus).

Fall of the Babylonian Empire.

1 Son of Sennacherib. See Taylor Cylinder. Col. iii., line 63.

641

No. 3.

BABYLONIAN COSMOGONY.

From SMITH'S Chaldean Genesis.

Tautu (the Sea) Absu (the Deep)

|_________________|

Mummu (Chaos)

____________|____________

| |

Lahma (Force, mas.) Lahma (Force, fem.)

| |

Kisar (Lower expanse) Sar (Upper expanse)

|________________________|

____________________|____________________

| | | |

Anu (Heaven) Anatu (Earth) Elu Beltis

| |[SEE BELOW]|

____________________________|_________________________

| | | |

Vul (Atmosphere) Belkan (Fire god) Hea-Davkine Ishtar (the Elder)

Merodach-Ziratbanit

Nebo-Tasmit

[FROM ABOVE]

Elu-Beltis

___________|____________

| | |

Sin Ningal Ninip

___________|______________

| |

Samas Ishtar (the Younger)

642

No. 4

LIST OF THE SUCCESSION OF THE ASSYRIAN KINGS, WITH THEIR APPROXIMATE DATES.

From SMITH'S History of Assyria.

Ismi-dagan B.C. 1850-1820

Samsi-Vul I. (or Samas-Rimmon) B.C. 1820-1800

Igur-kap-kapu About B.C. 1800

Samsi-Vul II. About B.C. 1800

Ilu-ba About B.C. 1750

Iritak About B.C. 1750

Bel-kap-kapu About B.C. 1700

Adasi About B.C. 1650

Bel-bani About B.C. 1650

Assur-zakir-esir About B.C. 1600

Ninip-tugul-assuri About B.C. 1600

Iriba-vul About B.C. 1550

Assur-nadin-ahi About B.C. 1550

Assur-nirari I. About B.C. 1500

Nabu-dan About B.C. 1500

Assur-bel-nisisu B.C. 1450-1420

Buzur-assur B.C. 1420-1400

Assur-ubalid B.C. 1400-1370

Bel-nirari B.C. 1370-1350

Budil (or Pudil) B.C. 1350-1330

Vul-nirari I. B.C. 1330-1300

Shalmaneser I. B.C. 1300-1271

Tugulti-ninip I. B.C. 1271-1240

Bel-kudur-uzur B.C. 1240-1220

Ninip-pal-esar B.C. 1220-1200

Assur-dan I. B.C. 1200-1170

Mutaggil-nusku B.C. 1170-1150

Assur-risilim B.C. 1150-1120

643

Tiglath-Pileser I. B.C. 1120-1100

Assur-bel-kala B.C. 1100-1080

Samsi-Vul III. B.C. 1080-1060

Assur-rab-amar About B.C. 1050

Assur-rabbur About B.C. 1000

Assur-nimati B.C. 930-913

Assur-dan II. B.C. 913-891

Vul-nirari II. B.C. 891-885

Tugulti-ninip II. B.C. 885-860

Assur-nazir-pal B.C. 860-825

Shalmaneser II.

Assur-dain-pal (rebel king) B.C. 827

Samsi-Vul IV. B.C. 825-812

Vul-nirari III. B.C. 812-783

Shalmaneser III. B.C. 783-773

Assur-dan III. B.C. 773-755

Assur-nirari II. B.C. 755-745

Tiglath-Pileser II. B.C. 745-727

Shalmaneser IV. B.C. 727-722

Sargon B.C. 722-705

Sennacherib B.C. 705-681

Esarhaddon B.C. 681-668

Assur-bani-pal B.C. 668-626

Bel-zakir-iskum B.C. 626-620

Assur-ebil-ili (Assuracus?) B.C. 620-607

Fall of the Assyrian Empire.

43*

644

No. 5.

THE EARLY KINGS OF DAMASCUS.

From SMITH'S Eponym Canon.

	B.C.	CONTEMPORARY WITH OR REFERRED TO IN
Rezin I.	990 to 970	Solomon; 1 Kings xi 23-25; called Hezion; I Kings xv. 18.
Tab-rimmon	970 to 950	Jeroboam; 1 Kings xv. 18.
Ben-hadad I.	950 to 930	Baasha; 1 Kings xv. 18-20.
(King, name unknown)	930 to 910	Omri; 1 Kings xx. 34.
Ben-hadad II.	910 to 886	Ahab; 1 Kings xx.
Hazael I.	886 to 857	Jehu; 2 Kings viii. 9.
Ben-hadad III.	857 to 844	Jehoahaz; 2 Kings xiii. 3. Inscriptions of Shalmaneser.
Hazael II.	844 to 830	Jehoahaz and Joash; 2 Kings xii. 17; xiii. 22.
Ben-hadad IV.	830 to 800	Joash and Jeroboam; 2 Kings xiii. 24.
Mariha	800 to 770	Jeroboam. Inscription of Vul-nirari III.
Hadara(?)	770 to 750	Menahem. Inscription of Tiglath Pileser.
Rezin II.	750 to 732	Pekah; 2 Kings xv. 37. Inscriptions of Tiglath Pileser II.

645

No. 6.

LIST OF THE KINGS OF ISRAEL, MENTIONED IN THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTION.

From SMITH'S History of Assyria.

Humri (or Khumri) Omri

Ahabbu Ahab

Yahua Jehu

Minihimmu Menahem

Paqaha Pekah

Husia Hosea

LIST OF THE KINGS OF JUDAH, MENTIONED IN THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTION.

Azri-yahu Azariah

Yahu-hazi Ahaz

Haza-qi-yahu Hezekiah

Minase Manasseh

646

No. 7.

THE ASSYRIAN CALENDAR.

THE Babylonian Year was divided into 12 months of 30 days each, with an intercalary month every 6 years. The night had originally been divided into 3 watches, but afterwards the more accurate division into hours came into use, the day and the night severally containing 6 casbu (or asli as the Assyrians called them). According to the lunar division, the 7th, 14th, 19th, 21st, and 28th, were days of "rest," on which certain works were forbidden;

ASSYRIAN NAME.	JEWISH (Aramaic) NAME.	ENGLISH MONTH (roughly).
1. Ni'sannu	Ni'san	March
2. Airu	Iyyar	April
3. 'Sivanu or Tsivan	Sivan	May
4. Duzu	Tammuz	June
5. Abu	Ab	July
6. Ululu	Elul	August
7. Tasritu	Tisri	September
8. Arakh-samna ("the 8th month.")	Marchesvan	October
9. Cisilivu or Cuzallu	Chisleu	November
10. Dharbitu	Tebet	December
11. Sabahu	Sebat	January
12. Addaru	Adar	February
Arakh-makru ("the incidental month.")	Ve-Adar	*

647

and the two lunations were divided each into three periods of 5 days, the 19th ending the first period of the 2nd lunation. Each month was under the protection of some deity, and its Accadian name answers to the corresponding sign of the Zodiac. The Assyrians seem to have once possessed a calendar of their own, in which the months had native names, like the old Jewish Calendar with its Bul, Ethanim, etc. Thus the third month was called "The Royal," and another month mukhur ili, "The Gift of the Gods." But along with the Jews they afterwards adopted the Aramaic Calendar, which was based upon that of the Accadians; indeed, the names of the months in this Calendar, wherever they are explicable, seem to be derived from the Accadian titles of the months and Zodiacal signs. This Aramaic-Accadian Calendar began with Nisan.

ACCADIAN NAME.	ZODIACAL SIGN.	DEITY TO WHOM THE MONTH WAS DEDICATED.
Sara zig-gar ("the sacrifice of righteousness," or "of Bel."	Aries (the most usual object of sacrifice.)	Anu and Bel
Khar sidi ("the propitious bull."	Taurus	Hea
Munga ("of bricks,") & Kas ("the twins.")	Gemini	Sin (the moon-god.)
Su kul-na ("seizer of seed.")	Cancer	Adar
Ab ab-gar ("fire that makes fire.")	Leo	"The Queen of the spear" (Allat)
Ki Gingir-na ("the errand of Istar.")	Virgo	Istar
Tul-cu ("the holy altar.")	Libra	Samas (the sun-god)
Apin am-a ("the bull-like founder."?)	Scorpio	Merodach
Gan ganna ("the very cloudy.")	Sagittarius	Nergal
Abba uddu ("the father of light.")	Capricornus	Papsucul
As a-an ("abundance of rain.")	Aquarius	Rimmon (the air-god.)
Se ki-sil ("sowing of seed."	Pisces	"The 7 Great Gods"
Se dir ("dark [month) of sowing.")	*	Assur

648

No. 8.

TITLES OF THE TWELVE GREATER DEITIES.

From SMITH'S Chaldean Genesis.

ANU. King of Angels and Spirits, Lord of the city of Erech.

BEL. Lord of the World, Father of the Gods, Creator, Lord of the city of Nipur.

HEA. Maker of Fate, Lord of the Deep, God of Wisdom and Knowledge, Lord of the city of Eridu.

SIN. Lord of Crowns, Maker of Brightness, Lord of the city of Ur.

MERODACH. Just Prince of the Gods, Lord of Birth, Lord of the city of Babylon.

VUL. The strong God, Lord of Canals, Lord of the Atmosphere, Lord of the city of Muru.

SHAMAS. Judge of Heaven and Earth, Director of all. Lord of the cities of Larsa and Sippara.

NINIP. Warrior of the Warriors of the Gods, Destroyer of the Wicked, Lord of the city of Nipur.

NERGAL. Giant King of War, Lord of the city of Cutha.

NUSKA. Holder of the Golden Sceptre, the Lofty God.

BELAT. Wife of Bel, Mother of the Great Gods, Lady of the city of Nipur.

ISHTAR. Eldest of Heaven and Earth, raising the face of warriors.

649

No. 9.

TABLES OF ASSYRIAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

COMPILED BY REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A.

MEASURES OF LENGTH:-

60 ubani = 1 suklu, rabtu or ammat ("cubit" = 20 inches)

6 ammat = 1 kanu ("cane" = 10 ft.)

12 kani = 1 ribu or gar

60 ribi = 1 soss

30 sosses = 1 kasbu or aslu ("a day's journey," about 7 miles)

For field measures the square of 60 yards was the unit, and the soss was called ammat-gagar, containing 360 yards. Sixty of these made one masku of 21,600 yards.

WEIGHTS AND MONEYS:-

8 ig or "royal shekels" = 1 shekel (5 dts., 4 fifteenths.)

60 shekels = 1 mana-gina (1 lb., 4 oz., 8 dts.)

2 mana-gina ("standard manehs") = 1 maneh (2 lbs., 8 oz., 16 dts.)

30 manehs = 1 talent (82 lbs.)

The talent was according to the standard either of Assyria ("the royal talent" or "the talent of the country") or of Carchemish. The contract-tablets variously give 1 talent of silver as equivalent to 5 manehs of gold, 5 manehs of silver to 2 manehs of gold, 10 manehs of silver to 1 maneh of gold, etc.

MEASURES OF CAPACITY:-

Land and grain were alike measured by the log (lagitu) which contained respectively 10, 9, and 8 subdivisions called baru, aru, and arrat. Grain was also measured by the makaru; and we find 100 makarrat of barley in a contract-tablet The arrat was divided into the "baru" or "half of wood" and the "barn of stone."

The tonnage of ships was reckoned by the gurru; thus we have ships of 15 and 60 gurri.

650

No. 10.

PHENICIAN DIADS (OR DIVINE COUPLES).

From LENORMANT'S Ancient History.

SIDON - Baal Sidon and Ashtaroth.

GEBAL - Thammuz and Baalath.

CARTHAGE - Baal Hamon and Tanith.

N. PALESTINE - Shed and Shedath.

DAMASCUS - Hadad and Atargath.

CYPRUS - Reshep and Anath.

These Deities were chiefly solar and lunar symbolisms.

651

No. 11.

THE SUCCESSION OF THE EGYPTIAN DYNASTIES, WITH THEIR APPROXIMATE DATES.

From LENORMANT'S Manual of Ancient History.

Site.	Modern Name.	Duration.	B.C.
I. This	Harabat-el-Madfouneh	253	5004
II. "	"	302	4751
III. Memphis	Mit-Rahineh	214	4449
IV. "	"	284	4235
V. "	"	248	3951
VI. Elephantine	Essouan	203	3703
VII. Memphis	Mit-Rahineh	70	3500
VIII. "	"	142	3500
IX. Herakleopolis	Ahnas-el-Medineh	109	3358
X. "	"	185	3249
XI. Thebes	Medinet-Abu	213	3064
XII. "	"	213	3064
XIII. "	"	453	2851
XIV. Xois	Sakha	184	2398
XV. Shepherd	San (Tanis)	511	2214
XVI. "	"
XVII. "	"

652

Site.	Modern Name.	Duration.	B.C.
XVIII. Thebes	Medinet-Abu	241	1703
XIX. "	"	174	1462
XX. "	"	178	1288
XXI. Tanis	San (Tanis)	130	1110
XXII. Bubastis	Tel Basta	170	980
XXIII. Tanis	San (Tanis)	89	810
XXIV. Sais (1)	Sa-el-Hagar	6	721
XXV. Ethiopian	Napata (Gebel Barkal)	50	715
XXVI. Sais (2)	Sa-el-Hagar	138	665
XXVII. Persians	Persepolis	121	527
XXVIII. Sais (3)	Sa-el-Hagar	7	406
XXIX. Mendes	Ashmoun	21	399
XXX. Sebennytus	Simenood	38	378
XXXI. Persians	Persepolis,(Takt-i-Jemshid)	8	340

653

No. 12.

SUCCESSION OF THE MONARCHS OF THE XVIIIth, XIXth, and XXth DYNASTIES.

From MASPERO'S Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient. Deuxième Edition.

XVIIIth DYNASTY.

1 AAHMES I, surnamed Ra-neb-peh-ti.

2 AMENHOTEP I, surnamed Ra-sar-ka.

3 THOTHMES I, surnamed Ra-aa-kheper-ka.

4 THOTHMES II., surnamed Ra-aa-kheper-en.

5 HATA-SU (Amen-Knoumt), surnamed Ra-ma-ka.

6 THOTHMES III., surnamed Ra-men-kheper.

7 AMENHOTEP II., surnamed Ra-aa-kheperu.

8 THOTHMES IV., surnamed Kha-khau, Ra-men-kheperu.

9 AMENHOTEP III., surnamed Ra-ma-neb.

10 AMENHOTEP IV., surnamed Ra-aa-neferu-khu-en-aten.

11 AI (Nuter-atef), surnamed Hik-nuter-uas, Ra-kheper-kheperu-ar-ma.

12 TUT-ANKH-AMEN, surnamed Hik-on-res, Ra-kheperu-neb.

13 RA-SA-AKA-KHEPERU, surnamed Ra-ankh-kheperu.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Names wanting.)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HAREMHEBI (Horus), surnamed Ra-t-seser-kheperu-sotep-en-Ra.

XIXth DYNASTY.

1 RAMESES I., surnamed Ra-men-peh-ti.

2 SETI I., MENEPTHAH, surnamed Ra-ma-men.

3 RAMESES II., MIAMEN I., surnamed Ra-user-ma-sotep-en-Ra.

4 MENEPTHAH I., surnamed Hotep-hi-ma, Ban-Ra-mei-amen.

5 AMEN-MESES, surnamed Hik-on, Ra-men-kha-sotep-en-Ra.

6 MENEPTHAH II. (Sipthah), surnamed Khu-en-Ra-sotep-en-Ra.

7 SETI II., MENEPTHAH, surnamed Ra-user-kheperu-mei-amen.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ARISU?).

654

XXth DYNASTY.

1 SETI-NEKHT, surnamed Meri-ra-mei-amen, Ra-user-khau-mei-amen.

2 RAMESES III., surnamed Hik-nuter-oo, Ra-user-ma-mei-amen.

3 RAMESES IV., surnamed Hik-ma, Mei-amen, Ra-user-ma-sotep-en-amen.

4 RAMESES V., surnamed Amen-hi-khopesh-ef-mei-amen, Ra-user-ma-s-kheper-en-Ra.

5 RAMESES VI., surnamed Amen-hi-khopesh-ef-nuter-hik-on, Raneb-ma-mei-amen.

6 RAMESES VII., surnamed At-amen-nuter-hik-on, Ra-user-ma-mei-amen-sotep-en-Ra.

7 RAMESES VIII., surnamed Set-hi-khopesh-ef-mei-amen, Ra-user-ma-khu-en-amen.

8 MEI-AMEN, surnamed Meritum . . . . . . . (rest of the surname wanting).

9 RAMESES IX., surnamed Sipthah-sek-han, Ra-mei-amen.

10 RAMESES X., MEI-AMEN I., surnamed Nefer-kau, Ra-sotep-en-Ra.

11 RAMESES XI., MEI-AMEN II., surnamed Ra-user-ma-sotep-en-Ra.

12 RAMESES XII., surnamed Kham-uas-nuter-hik-on-mei-amen, Ra-men-ma-sotep-en-pthah.

13 RAMESES XIII., MEI-AMEN III., surnamed Amen-hi-khopesh-ef, Ra-kheper-ma-sotep-en-Ra.

14 (HER-HOR-SI-AMEN, surnamed Nuter-hon-tep-en-amen.)

15 RAMESES XIV. (?)

16 RAMESES XV. (?)

17 RAMESES XVI.

Note. - The above list which has only just been issued, and which embodies the results of the researches of the continental Egyptologist, sufficiently attests the impossibility of at present fixing any synchronistic argument on the contemporaneous history of the Egyptian kings.

655

No. 13.

THE FAMILY OF THE LAGIDAE.

From SHARPE'S Chronology of Ancient Egypt.

LAGUS

_____________________|____________________

| |

B.C. 322 |

PTOLEMY SOTER I. (Saviour) Menelaus

__________________|_______________________________________________________

| | | | | | | |

| | | | B.C. 284 | | |

Leonticus Lagus PTOLEMY Lysandra PTOLEMY PHILADELPHUS Arsinöe Argaeus Philotera

CERAUNUS (Brother-loving)

(Thunderer) ______________|____________________

| | |

B.C. 246 | |

PTOLEMY EUERGETES I. Lysimachus Berenice

__|_________________________

| | |

B.C. 221 | |

PTOLEMY PHILOPATER Magas Arsinoe

(Father-loving)

B.C. 204

PTOLEMY EPIPHANES

___|_________________________________

| | |

B.C. 180 | B.C. 145

PTOLEMY PHILOMETER Cleopatra PTOLEMY EUERGETES II.

(Mother-loving) (PHYSCON, big-bellied)

_________________|__________________ |

| | | |

Cleopatra CLEOPATRA COCCE PTOLEMY EUPATOR |

_________________________________________________________|________

| | | | | | |

B.C. 116 | B.C. 106

Memphites PTOLEMY LATHYRUS Cleopatra ALEXANDER I. Tryphena Selene PTOLEMY

SOTIR II. (Vetch-blotched) | | APION

_____________________|______________ _|______________ |_______

| | | | | | |

CLEOPATRA PTOLEMY NEUS Cleopatra PTOLEMY ALEXANDER II. A daughter Seleucus

BERENICE DIONYSUS King of Cyprus Cybiosactes

___|__________________________________________________

| | | | | |

| B.C. 51 | | |

CLEOPATRA TRYPHENA BERENICE CLEOPATRA VI. Arsinoe Ptolemy Ptolemy

__________________________|_________________

| | | |

CAESARION Ptolemy Alexander Helius Cleopatra Selene

________________________________|

| |

Ptolemy Drusilla

King of Mauritania

656

No. 14

THE EGYPTIAN TRIADS.

Chiefly from WILKINSON'S Ancient Egyptians.

ABYDOS AND PHILAE - Isis, Horus, and Osiris.

CHEMMIS - Khem, Thriphis . . . . . (name lost).

DABOD - Malooli, Seb, Nut.

EDFOU - Hor-Hat, Athor, Hors-enet-to.

ELEPHANTINE - Kneph, Anouke, Sate.

ESNEH - Kneph, Neboo, Hake.

HERMONTHIS - Mandoo, Reto, Horpe-Re.

KALABSHE - Horus, Isis, Malooli.

LAPIDIS - Thoth, Nehemeou, Aroeris.

MEMPHIS - Pthah, Pasht, Imhotep.

" Pthah, Merenpthah, Nefer-Atum.

OMBOS I. - Sebek, Athor, Khonso.

" II. - Aroeris, Isont-Nope, Nebto.

SILSILIS - Ra, Pthah, Hapimou.

THEBES - Amen-Ra, Maut, Khonso.

" II. - Amun-Khem, Tamunta, Harka.

" III. - Katesh, Anta, Reschep.

PSEUDO TRIADS.

ABUSAID - Rameses II., Ra, Rameses, Atmoo.

HERMONTHIS - Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Neocaesar.

SILSILIS - Rameses II., Osiris, Rameses, Isis.

THEBES - Rameses III., Osiris, Rameses III., Pthah.

EGYPTO-GNOSTIC TRIADS.

Kosmos, Theos, Pothos.

Knumis, Nabis, Biennous.

Bait, Athor, Akori.

Serapis, Knumis, Osiris.

Serapis-Knumis, Sate, Anucis.

Bythos, Ennoia, Pneuma.

PHENICIAN.

Baal, Ashtaroth, Asherah.

657

No. 15.

EGYPTIAN CALENDAR.

CIVIL YEAR.	SACRED YEAR begins	ALEXANDRIAN 1 begins
Thoth	July 20	August 29
Paophi	August 19	September 28
Athyr	September 18	October 28
Choiak	October 18	November 27
Tybi	November 17	December 27
Mechir	December 17	January 26
Phamenoth	January 16	February 25
Pharmuthi	February 15	March 27
Pashons	March 17	April 26
Payni	April 16	May 26
Epiphi	May 16	June 25
Mesore	June 15	July 25 2

1 The Alexandrian Year was introduced in the reign of Augustus, B.C. 25.

2 Epagomenae, 24th to 28th August.

658

No. 16.

EGYPTIAN MEASURES AND WEIGHTS.

1 Suten maha Royal cubit = 7 palms.

1 Malta ur great cubit = 6 palms.

1 Maka negs little cubit = 5 palms.

1 Tser foot = 4 palms.

1 Remen aa large span = 14 digits.

1 Remen negs small span = 3 palms.

1 Khep = 5 digits.

1 Shap palm = 4 digits.

4 Teb digits = 1 palm.

1/2-1/16 Ru fractions = 1 digit

These, according to Sir Henry James, are as follows:-

INCHES

1 Royal cubit = 7 palms = 20.728.

1 palm = 4 digits = 2.961.

1 digit = .743.

1 span = 3 palms = 8. 583.

1 foot = 4 palms = 11.844

1 common cubit = 6 palms = 18.240.

1 palm = 4 digits = 3.040.

1 digit = 0.760.

1 span = 3 palms = 9.120.

1 foot = 4 palms = 12.160.

TROY GRAINS

1 Ten, pound = 10 kat = 1400

1 Kat, 1 didrachm or ounce = 140

1 Hon (hin) = 75 pints.

MEASURES OF WHICH THE EXACT EQUIVALENTS ARE NOT KNOWN.

Tna, basket. Hetp, bushel. Khersh, truss.

1 The half, quarter, two-thirds, one-sixth, and one-sixteenth, of a kat are found.

659

No. 17.

TABLES OF HEBREW AND CHALDEAN MEASURES.

From CONDER'S Ancient Metrology, Trans, Soc. Bib. Arch., Vol. IV. i.

LONG MEASURE.

2 Barley Corns Digit 2/3 Inches

8 " " Palm 2 2/3 "

40 " " Artificers' Cubit 13 1/3 "

48 " " Land Cubit 16 "

52 " " Sacred Cubit 17 1/3 "

SQUARE MEASURE.

104.15 Cubits Rebah 20.5 Sq. Yds.

416.6 " Cabus 2.67 Poles

2,500 " Satum 16.32 "

7,500 " Zemeed .306 Acre

75,000 " Kor 3.06 "

CUBIC MEASURE.

24 Cubic Inches Log .675 Pint

96 " " Cabus .675 Quart

288 " " Hin 1.0128 Gallon

576 " " Satum 2.0385 "

1,728 " " Ephah 6.2355 "

172.8 " " Omer 2.494 Quart

17,280 " " Kor .993 Quarter

44*

660

SHEKEL SYSTEM. - SILVER.

WEIGHT.

40 Troy Grains Octave

53 1/3 " " Garmes

80 " " Zuza

120 " " Half Righia

160 " " Beka Half Ducat

240 " " Righia

320 " " Shekel Ducat (Neapolitan)

SELA SYSTEM. - SILVER.

WEIGHT.

48 Troy Grains Octave

64 " " Garmes

96 " " Dinar

144 " " Half Righia

192 " " Thebah Six-Carlino Piece

288 " " Righia

384 " " Sela Piastre (Neapolitan)

SELA SYSTEM. - COPPER.

WEIGHT.

About 20 Troy Grains Prutha

" 53 1/3 " " Shemun

" 106 2/3 " " Hanitz

" 213 1/3 " " Hadres

" 40 " " Kontrinek

" 80 " " Musmes

" 160 " " Assarion

" 320 " " Pondion

" 640 " " Asper

661

No. 18.

SUGGESTIONS FOR A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY.

EGYPT is perhaps the only country of which an historical account cannot be compiled from the resources of an ordinary library and a retentive memory. It is certainly the only kingdom whose annals have for four thousand years been only tentatively written, and upon the subject of which the ingenious conjectures of classic and modem authors have been of almost equal value and nearly equally misleading. Even now, when the records of Egypt have been discovered and the legends of its contemporary monuments translated, it must still be said that many of the facts commemorated on them are self-contradictory, and that the evidence they afford must be used with great discretion. It is for these reasons, that while on the one hand there have been lately published very many popular treatises on Egypt, from Osburn's Monumental History to Keary's History of Egypt for the Young, yet there is not one of them which can be regarded as an authority; and the chief in number, from Long's History of Egypt to Ingraham's romance The Pillar of Fire, are more than useless from their being vitiated by one of two errors, and often by both, viz., the support of a preconceived idea, or false inferences from mistranslated texts. A scientific history of the country, except what is contained in Bunsen's crudely philosophical Egypt's place in the History of the World, does not exist in English. The continental scholars have in Germany Histories by MM. Brugsch-Bey (Histoire d'Egypte) and Lepsius (Königsbuch der Egypter), and in France, by MM. Mariette-Bey, Maspero, and Lenormant; of these works English translations only exist of Lenormant's and Mariette-Bey's (in press), and there is a valuable

662

but too condensed History of Egypt from the Monuments by Dr. Birch. These are the only reliable authorities. It would therefore be better for one who really desires to study out for himself the Archaic History of Egypt, to read systematically at the same time several of these histories qualifying the statements of one author by those of another, comparing both with the facts of a third, and taking as his basis different chapters from their respective treatises for different periods in Egyptian chronology, according as the researches of a particular student have been devoted to that special epoch more than another. Fortunately for the scholar the chief work-books required are neither numerous or expensive, and a few hour's examination of the costlier authorities which contain large illustrations, can be readily obtained at most of the national libraries. These reference books are principally Denon's Description de l'Egypte, valuable only for its accurately measured drawings of temples no longer extant; Rosellini's Monumenti dell'Egitto, especially the section Monumenti Civili; Lepsius' Denkmäler aus Aegypten, especially section Aelteste Reiche; Mariette-Bey's Fouilles d'Abydos and Tentyra; De Rougé's Album Photographique; Leeman's Monumens du Musée de Leide; Birch's Rhind Papyrus and Great Harris Papyrus; Lepsius' Todtenbuch; Prisse's L'Art Egyptien; Burton's Excerpta Hieroglyphica; and Devéria's Papyrus de Nebqed.

The first point to be considered by a student is the position of Egypt to the surrounding nations, the origin of its races and the nature of its country; these will be found related in an admirably succinct manner in Lenormant's Manual of the Ancient History of the East, Vol. I., Cap. iii., Sec. to Cap. iv., Sec. 5, and Maspero's Histoire Ancienne des peuples de l'Orient, Liv. I., Caps. 1 et 2; while the geography of the special district will be best found in Murray's Handbook to Egypt, Lepsius' Letters from Egypt and Nubia, and Wilkinson's Geography of Thebes and Ancient Egyptians, Vol. I. Subsequent reference should be made to the AEgyptus Antiqua, Karte von Unter-AEgypten and Geographie des Alten AEgyptens of Brugsch-Bey, the great map in Denon's Egypt, Cartes Geographiques, "Etat Moderne," and the sheets of the survey now in progress under the auspices of H. H. the Khedive.

The geography ascertained the student will have, with constant references for Egyptian words and rites to Pierret's Dictionnaire

663

d'Archéologie Egyptienne, to enter at once upon his task, and the events of the earliest six dynasties will have first to be considered. This section of Egyptian history is best contained in Mariette-Bey's Aperçu sur l'Histoire d'Egypte, Birch's Egypt, Cap. i., and especially, if it can be obtained, E. De Rougé's Histoire les six premieres Dynastes. The book of Lenormant, Cap. i. to Sec. 5 can also be read with profit if it is read with care, and especially Chabas' learned treatise Etudes sur l'Antiquité Historique; after this it would be expedient for the student, if he is able, to visit the Egyptian Vestibule of the British Museum, and to avoid seeing anything else which belongs to a later period of history, and as a companion for this purpose he will find Birch's Guide to the Egyptian Vestibule invaluable. He should then step into the Reading Room and look over the plates of the first volumes of Lepsius' Denkmaler, and of Vyse's Pyramids of Gizeh, and then dismiss the subject of pyramidology from his mind at once and for ever, or it will else prove an insufferable and inconvinceable bug-bear to him throughout all his future studies.

For the next period, or that extending from the VIth to the XIIth dynasty, Birch's Egypt is by far the most reliable general guide, Maspero's Histoire, Caps. ii. and iii., come next in order, and lastly Lenormant's History, Book II., Cap. ii. Here it would be well to read over those texts belonging to this period in Records of the Past, such as the Inscription of Una and the Instructions of Amenemhat, in Vo1. II., and the Story of Saneha in Vol. VI. Owing to the changes undergone by the religious system of the Egyptians at various times, it would only lead to confusion if texts of a later age were consulted at the same time. Points of interest are best noted down in an Index Rerum, and kept for consideration when the course of reading has been terminated.

Having closed the study of the annals of the Ancient Empire, and before proceeding to work upon the better known portions of Egyptian history, it would be proper for the student here to peruse, with much deliberation, the singularly Egyptian history of Joseph, as given in Genesis, Caps. xxxvii. to l., and he will have again to read this beautiful episode when he parts from the period, XIXth dynasty, and when he will do well to compare it with the analogous Story of the Two Brothers in Records of the Past, Vol. II., and of Setnau in Vol. IV. Referring again to continental authorities the following

664

works may be now read, Champollion Figeac's Le Panthéon Egyptien, and the figures contained therein, compared with those of the same deities in Wilkinson's Materia Hieroglyphica, Barry de Merval's Etudes sur l'Architecture Egyptienne, and De Rougé's Monnaies des Nomes; this latter book, together with Harris's Standards of the Nomes, will have again to be examined at the close of the history of the XXth dynasty.

From the XIIIth to the XVIIth dynasties, overlapping the fall of the Ancient Empire and the terrible rule of the Hykshos, perhaps the best source of general information is Maspero, Livre II., Cap. iv.; Birch's History, has little or nothing on the subject; Lenormant, Cap. ii., Secs. 3, 4, has hardly more information; Brugsch-Bey's great History is somewhat better, but at present there is only a German edition, the English translation by Danby Seymour not having yet appeared. Treatises on the Hykshos there are in abundance in the Transactions of the archaeological and literary societies, the best is Chabas' Les Pastures en Egypte, but they are all hypothetical, the only texts relating to the period in question are Sallier Papyrus I. in Records of the Past, Vol. VIII. (now in press), and the Stele of 400 Years in Vol IV. of the same issue, while of these two texts the latter one is considered by a competent authority to be more than doubtful. The lists of the kings as given by Manetho in Bunsen's Egypt, Vol. V., and again in Lepsius' Konigsbuch, Vol. I., and the names occurring on a few scarabei and wooden objects in the British and Leyden Museums are too scattered and imperfect to be depended upon. Where all is still conjecture, Josephus Contra Apion, Lib. i., Secs. 25 to 34, and Lib. ii., Secs. 1 to 4, may be read over, but more as a piece of ancient special pleading on both sides than as an historical document.

With the close of the XVIIth dynasty, to a certain extent, all chronological difficulty ceases, and the materials for the history of the three great Theban or Diospolite dynasties are abundant and authentic, and they have fortunately been repeatedly translated and published. This is also the period when classic and early Jewish associations come into connection with those of Egypt, and as a consequence thereof it follows that almost every author upon ancient history has treated these dynasties in some detail; it would be proper therefore for the student to read each of the four Histories of Egypt

665

referred to in succession, without relying upon anyone of them for absolute conclusions as to matters of fact; collaterally also should be read the first three volumes of Rawlinson's Five Great Empires of the East; Smith's History of Babylonia, contained in Records of the Past, Vols. III. and V.; and to keep au courant with the classical Egyptology of the times; Gladstone's Homeric Synchronisms, and Chabas' Recherches sur le temps de l'Exode; Brugsch-Bey's L'Exode et les Monuments Egyptiens; Lenormant's Essai sur la propagation de l'Alphabet Phenician, and Premiers Civilisations; De Rougé's Recherches sur les Monuments; Maspero's Genre Epistolaire des Anciens Egyptiens; and Ancessi's L'Egypte et Moise are all worth notice where they can be looked over; but the Annals of Thothmes III., Rameses II. and III., and Menepthah III., and the Travels of an Egyptian, in Records of the Past, Vols. II., IV., and VI., are indispensable. If at this period of his studies the student should visit the British Museum he cannot do better than examine Dümichen's Fleet of an Egyptian Queen (Hat-a-su), Bauurkunde der Tempelangen von Denderah, and the remaining volumes of Lepsius' Denkmäler, Neues Reiches.

The events which characterised the XXIInd to the XXVIth dynasties, have, like those of the XIXth, been treated with nearly equal amplitude and success by Messrs. Birch, Lenormant, and Maspero; if anything the latter author should be preferred in matters relating to the Ethiopic dynasties, and especially should his translation of the Ethiopic Annals in Vols. IV. and VI. of Records of the Past, and also Canon Cook's Stèle of Pianchi in Vol. II. of the same series be consulted. The maps, especially Nos. 1, 3, and 4, in Maspero's Histoire should be carefully looked over, and the last part of the Palestine Exploration Reports, April, 1876, be criticised to compare the identification of Syrian localities proposed by Lieut. Conder with those visited by the Mohar in the reign of Rameses II. Perhaps at this point also, the testimony, if testimony it can be called, of Herodotus in Euterpe and the first 66 sections of his Thalia may be considered. The edition by Rawlinson is incomparably the best, but no reliance can be placed upon the assertions of a credulous and ignorant romancist, whose History of Egypt is as veracious as Mandeville's Travels in the East, and about on a par with it for actual observation and critical belief. Another ancient fabulist, whom time

666

and ignorance have canonised into an historian, Diodorus Siculus, comes next to be read and disregarded. Book I. of his Historical Library contains the romantic biographies of Sesostris and Osymandyas, or possibly Rameses III., which have neither parallel nor justification in the facts of Egyptian history, still as they have served to pass current for truth till very lately they cannot be ignored, and it is quite possible that certain incidental points may here and there be confirmed by monumental evidence.

For the scanty enough materials of the Sebennytic, Mendesian, and Saitic dynasties, the student had better again trust the guidance of Birch's History and that of Lenormant's, noting, wherever it is possible to do so, the parallel statements containing the same events which are given by Herodotus, and here Rawlinson's Ancient Monarchies will once more prove of valuable assistance. The reference books for this section of his studies the student will find in Hosking's Ethiopia and Gau's Antiquités de la Nubie.

With the XXXth dynasty, with which the record of Ancient Egypt virtually closes, a new author requires to be consulted, namely, Sharpe, whose History of Egypt from the earliest period to the Arab Invasion though inaccurate, to use a mild phrase, in its earlier chapters is indispensable as a guide to the latter days of the Egyptian Empire, from the invasion of Cambyses to the edict of Theodosius, or from chapters vi. to xxi.; the indices to his work are especially admirable, as are also by the way those of Messrs. Maspero and Lenormant. Sharpe's book should however be revised by a perusal of its French predecessor, by Champollion Figeac, L'Egypte sous les Lagides. The works of Messrs. Birch and Smith have neither index nor headings to the pages, which makes a reference to them extremely tiresome. Another authority, once too highly esteemed and now too little regarded, the Greco-Jewish author of the first three books of Maccabees should also be read through, as in his narrative many details are related which by classical historians have been passed over. The translations of the Tablet of Rosetta in Records of the Past, Vol. IV., and that of Canopus in Vol. VIII. (in press); of Alexander AEgus in the Zeitschrift fur Aegyptisch Sprache for 1874, and Der Grosse Stele aus Mendes in the Vol. for 1875, all long Ptolemaic documents, will be most serviceable to the student; so also will be Sharpe's Map of Egypt under Antoninus Pius, and that of the Delta

667

in Bellefond-Bey's Travaux Publiques, of the Fayoum in Wilkinson's Materia Hieroglyphica, and Brugsch-Bey's L'Exode before referred to. A final journey should now be taken to the whole of the Egyptian collection at the British Museum, examining each period by its monumental and artistic remains in slow detail; the unique sarcophagus of Seti at the Soane Museum, if possible with the plates of Bonomi's, Sarcophagus of Oimmepthah in hand at the same time; the cover of that of Rameses III. at the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge; and, if admission could be obtained, the Egyptian collections of the Duke of Northumberland at Alnwick, and of Mr. Tyssen Amhurst, at Didlington Park, Norfolk, should also be visited; and then, as a journey to Berlin, or Boulaq, or Paris, would be beyond the resources of an ordinary English student, the elaborate handbooks of the Louvre collection by MM. Pierret and Deveria, of Boulaq by Mariette-Bey, and that of Leyden by Dr. Leemens, all moreover inexpensive works, should be read through and their details noted, and where any object is described as deviating from its usual type, that object should be again compared by a reference to others presenting the typical form in the collection at the British Museum.

A fair general knowledge of classical history having been already assumed, such a course of reading and of reference as this which is thus proposed would result in clearing away a variety of misleading theories and romantic fable which have hitherto, for want of evidence to the contrary, been accepted as historical facts, and the student would then be the better able to judge for himself of the relative value of the various propositions which are from time to time put forth by writers upon ancient history. By such a systematic course of reading it is believed that the student would be able to gauge the depth of the wisdom and of the prejudices of Egypt, and to measure the influence of her arts and literature upon classic, mediaeval, and modern civilisation.

The following are some of the incidental points which the student would do well to observe and follow up:-

The origin of the various races of Egypt.

The physical geography of early Egypt.

The change of name of various Egyptian cities.

The obliteration of the name of Amen at different epochs.

The several introductions of Set worship.

668

The original distinction between Set and Sutekh.

The several immigrations from Palestine into Egypt.

The revolt of Arsu.

The heresies of Khu-en-aten and Tumpesi.

The intercourse between Egypt and Nubia.

The position of maternal descent in the Old Empire.

The nature of animal worship.

The political offices held by one and the same individual.

The occurrence of Semitic names in Egyptian history.

The position of Horus-Haremhebi.

The genealogy of Her-Hor.

The rise of Greek influence in Egyptian polity.

The political change from an Icosarchy into a Dodecarchy.

The intercourse between Egypt and Phenicia.

The foundation of Greco-Egyptian cities.

The colonies of Egypt.

The mythological analogies of the Egyptian with the Semitic and Aryan faiths.

W.R.C.

SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS, LONDON.

Other Works by the same Author.

THE RESURRECTION OF ASSYRIA.

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RECORDS OF THE PAST. VOLS. I-VI.

BEING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE ASSYRIAN AND EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS.

Published under the sanction of the Society of Biblical Archaeology.

Edited by S. BIRCH, L.L. D.

VOL. I. ASSYRIAN TEXTS, I.

Inscription of Rimmon-Nirari; Monolith Inscription of Samas-Rimmon; Babylonian Exorcisms; Private Will of Sennacherib; Assyrian Private Contract Tablets; Assyrian Astronomical Tablets; Assyrian Calendar; Tables of Assyrian Weights and Measures. By Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A.

Inscription of Khammurabi; Bellino's Cylinder of Sennacherib; Taylor's Cylinder of Sennacherib; Legend of the Descent of Ishtar. By H. Fox Talbot. F.R.S.

Annals of Assurbanipal (Cylinder A). By George Smith.

Behistun Inscription of Darius. By Sir Henry Rawlinson, K.C.B., D.C.L.

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Inscription of Una; Statistical Tablet; Tablet of Thothmes III.; Battle of Megiddo; Inscription of Amen-em-heb. By S. Birch, L.L.D.

Instructions of Amen-em-hat. By G. Maspero.

The Wars of Rameses II. with the Khita. By Prof. E. L Lushington.

Inscription of Pianchi Mer-Amon. By Rev. F. C. Cook, M.A., Canon of Exeter.

Tablet of Newer-Hotep. By Paul Pierret.

Travels of an Egyptian. By François Chabas.

The Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys. By P. J. De Horrack.

Hymn to Amen Ra; The Tale of the Doomed Prince. By C. W. Goodwin, M.A

The Tale of the Two Brothers. By P. Le Page Renouf.

Egyptian Calendar; Table of Dynasties; Egyptian Measures and Weights.

Lists of further Texts, Assyrian and Egyptian. Selected by George Smith and P. Le Page Renouf.

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Early History of Babylonia. By George Smith.

Tablet of Ancient Accadian Laws; Synchronous History of Assyria and Babylonia; Kurkh Inscription of Shalmaneser; An Accadian Liturgy; Babylonian Charms. By Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A.

Annals of Assur-nasir-pal. By Rev. J. M. Rodwell, M.A.

Inscription of Esarhaddon; Second Inscription of Esarhaddon; Sacred Assyrian Poetry. By H. F. Talbot, F.R.S.

List of further Texts.

VOL. IV. EGYPTIAN TEXTS, 2.

Inscription of Anebni; Inscription of Aahmes; Obelisk of the Lateran; Tablet of 400 years; Invasion of Egypt by the Greeks in the Reign of Menephtah; Dirge of Menephtah; Possessed Princess; Rosetta Stone. By S. Birch, LL.D.

Obelisk of Rameses II.; Hymn to Osiris. By François Chabas.

Treaty of Peace between Rameses II. and the Hittites; Neapolitan Stele; Festal Dirge of the Egyptians. By C. W. Goodwin, M.A.

Tablet of Ahmes; Inscription of Queen Madsenen, By Paul Pierret.

Stele of the Dream; Stele of the Excommunication. By G. Maspero

Hymn to the Nile. By Rev. F. C. Cook.

Book of Respirations. By P. J. De Horrack.

Tale of Setnau. By P. Le Page Renouf.

List of further Texts.

VOL. V. ASSYRIAN TEXTS, 3.

Legend of the infancy of Sargina I.; Inscription of Nabonidus; Inscription of Darius at Nakshi-Rustam; War of the Seven Evil Spirits against Heaven. By H. F. Talbot, F.R.S.

Inscription of Tiglath-Pileser I. By Sir Henry Rawlinson, K.C.B., D.C.L., etc.

Black Obelisk Inscription of Shalmaneser II.; Accadian Hymn to Istar; Tables of Omens. By Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A.

Inscription of Tiglath-Pileser II. Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar; Inscription of Neriglissir. By Rev. J. M. Rodwell, M.A.

Early History of Babylonia, Part II. By George Smith.

List of further Texts.

SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS, LONDON.

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Sepulchral Inscription of Ameni; The Conquests in Asia; Egyptian Magical Text. By S. Birch, LL.D.

Great Harris Papyrus, Part I. By Professor Eisenlohr and S. Birch, LL.D.

Inscription of Aahmes, son of Abana. By P. Le Page Renouf.

Letter of Panbesa; Hymns to Amen; The Story of Saneha. By C. W. Goodwin, M.A.

Stele of the Coronation; Stele of King Horsiatef. By G. Maspero.

The Inscription of the Governor Nes-hor. By Paul Pierret.

Inscription of the Destruction of Mankind. By Edouard Naville.

The Song of the Harper. By Ludwig Stern.

The Tale of the Garden of Flowers. By François Chabas.

List of further Texts.

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THE ASSYRIAN EPONYM CANON:

Containing Translations of the Documents, and an Account of the Evidence, on the Comparative Chronology of the Assyrian and Jewish Kingdoms, from the Death of Solomon to Nebuchadnezzar.

By George Smith, of the Department of Oriental Antiquities, British Museum.

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